本 실험은 林間草地의 改良과 管理 및 利用에 관한 基鍵資料를 얻고자 趣光程度를 0%區(無週光區), 25%, 50%, 75%로 인위적으로 조절하고. orchard grass, timothy, perennial ryegrass, ladino clover를 供試하여, 일반成分, 세포벽構成物質(CWC),,消化率, 可溶性탄수化物 (WSC) 함량 및 실산유실요 (NO, - N) 含量등을 分析하였으며 1985년도 축산시험장 草地시험포에서 수행되었다. 1. 一般成分과

To examine the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis, corn and sorghum species were grown under shade cloths, which reduced light intensity by 25,50 and 75%. Photosynthetic rates were measured between 10 a.m. to noon on a clear day in early and mid

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of shading degrees (0:full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic activity of grasses for obtaining the basic data on the developmen

This study was carried out to investigate the relationships and the variations of agronomic characteristics in the shoot and root part of grasses for the basic data of the development, the management and the utilization of pasture in the forest. This stud

Four foreign pasture cultivars such as Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, Trifolium pratense cv. Deben, Lolium perenne cv. S23 and .Dactylis glomerata cv. S26 were tested with "Kwisan" series, a common upland soil in Southern part of Korea. The cu

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 임간초지개량(林間草地改良)과 관리(管理) 및 이용(利用)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 차광정도(遮光程度)를 0%구(區)(自然光狀態), 25%, 50%, 75%차광구(遮光區)를 설치(設置)하고 Orchardgrass, Timothy, Perennial ryegrass를 '84년(年) 8월(月) 25일(日)에 파종(播種)하여 목초(牧草)의 동사(凍死) 및 월동전(越冬前) 초기생육특성(初期生育特性)을 조사(調査)하였던바 그 결과(結果

Production of lettuce under indoor cultivation is highly affected by light intensity. In this study, we used shade cloth (commercial black net) to examine the effect of these condition on growth without an associated yield penalty of container-grown lettuce. Four levels of shading treatments (0%, 35%, 55%, and 75% referred to as Cont., S35, S55, and S75 with respect to Cont.) and two lettuce varieties (red and blue) were evaluated. Variety-specific growth responses were observed with respect to different levels of shading treatments. High growth of red lettuce was occurred in Cont. treatment despite plant height and leaf length being higher than Cont. However, under 35% shading treatment blue lettuce was higher than in control plants. The highest root length was observed 0% shading (Cont.) of both varieties. These results reinforce the idea that blue lettuce is the better leafy vegetable rather than red lettuce for indoor cultivation related to lower light intensity environment conditions.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth characteristics of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus seedlings under different shading treatments. Methods and Results: The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level (non-shaded, 35%, 55%, and 75% shading). Photosynthetic activities, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, stomatal transpiration rate, and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS)were the highest under 35% shading (4.36 μ㏖ CO2·m−2·s−1, 54.2 m㏖ H2O·m2·s−1, 0.66 m㏖ H2O·m−2·s−1, and 1.3, respectively), and the lowest under 75% shading. This implies that the decrease in net photosynthetic rate may be due to an inability to regulate water and CO2 exchanged through the stomata. Thechlorophylla, b, and a + b contents were increased with elevating shading level and the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed non-significant differences. It was found that the dry weight (leaf, shoot, and whole) was the highest (1.14 g, 0.49 g, and 2.31 g, respectively) under 35% shading and the t/R ratio was the highest under 75% shading. Conclusions: It is concluded that 75% shading exhibited a strong reduction of photosynthetic activity, and 35% shading showed the best conditions for the early growth and cultivation of A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus.

Background : The cultivation method of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been introduced not only in the existing shading facilities but also in the cultivation method using the rain shelter house. In addition, direct seedling cultivation of ginseng is increasing in order to save labor. Ginseng cultivation area in the northern area is increasing with the disappearance of first planted field. Proper shading method in the northern ares is needed to grow direct grown ginseng using rain forest house. Methods and Results : Shading method using rain shelter house was Polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated PE film 85%, blue-white duplicated PE film 90%. Plant materials is 5-years-old Ginseng using direct seedling cultivation. In order to select proper shading materials of the rain shelter house in northern area, we investigated photosynthetic properties and growth of 5-years-old ginseng in rain shelter house. The temperature and humidity were slightly different between the traditional conventional shade facility and the rain shelter house, but the light intensity of the shading facility tended to decrease with the passage of time. The difference in shading method in rain shelter house was the highest at polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%. As a result of the growth characteristics of the top part, 90% of blue-green double-sided film showed the greatest growth with 89.8 ± 1.5. The difference in top part between rain shelter house and shading facility is about 23 ㎝. Conclusion : Although the above growth characteristics of the ginseng shows this tendency, the root growth characteristics of the ginseng must be further observed.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a multi-year-cultivated plant that causes many insects and disease damage during the growing season. The Ginseng Rain-sheltered Shade House is one of the efficient cultivation techniques as reducing the damages caused by natural disaster such as blight, high temperature & humidity, dry, and heavy rain & snow. This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of 4-years-old ginseng using rain-sheltered shade house suitable shading materials for the Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods and Results : The rain-sheltered shade house shading materials were PE film with layered polyethylene net 90%, Light diffusion film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated film. In order to determine proper shading materials of the rain-sheltered shade house, ginseng growth characteristics such as plant length, stem diameter, leaf length, root length and root diameter were investigated at 4-years-old ginseng. As a result, the evaluations of aerial part growth by measurements were good in the following order: PE film + polyethylene net 90%, Blue-white duplicated film and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The evaluations of root weight by measurements were heavy in the following order: Blue-white duplicated film, PE film + polyethylene net 90% and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The net photosynthetic rate was higher in blue-white duplicated film than other shading materials treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. Conclusion : In the 4-years-old ginseng cultivation in Gyeongsangbuk-do using the rain-sheltered shade house, aerial part growth in PE film + polyethylene net 90% was better than other shading materials. In addition, root weight in Blue-white duplicated film was heavier than other shading materials. It will be possible to know which shading material is the most suitable for Gyeongsangbuk-do area after further growth.

Background : This study researches on the microclimate, photosynthesis and growth characteristics for the development of shading materials proper for the wide and inclined ginseng cultivation facility which can respond to climate change and save labor. Methods and Results : The wide shading facilities were installed on the area of 1,000 ㎡ in 2014 and 4 facilities were installed on the test ginseng cultivation area. On Mar. 29, 2017, 2 blue shading nets [with the sun blocking rate of 85% (200 g/㎡) and 90% (220 g/㎡)] were installed each for 4 facilities. On June 26, 2017, the aluminum screen and black shading net (with the sun blocking rate of 40% each) were installed during the period of high temperature (30℃ or higher) for each facility. The maximum light intensity under the shading facility was high with blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, or blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%, higher than other treatments. They were higher by 4.8 - 7.3%, 5.3 - 7.8% each in July and August. Among the coating materials for reducing the high temperature, the aluminum screen coating had less water leakage in early July, late July, mid-August and late August when the precipitation was more than 100 ㎜. The death of the aerial part of ginseng occurred less until October. The growth of the aerial part of 4-year ginseng was better in blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40% or blue shading net 90% and PE black shading net 40% than in blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% The photosynthesis rate was the highest in June with 3.67 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% and with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40% for K-1. As for the land races ginseng, it was the highest with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%. For the growth of the underground part of the 4-year ginseng, the blue shading net 85% + PE black shading net 40% or the blue shading net 85% + aluminum screen 40% was the best with respect to the growth of the ground part of the ginseng such as the length of root, the length of main root, diameter of root and weight of root than other treatment. Conclusion : Best coating materials for the wide shading facilities are the blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%.

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the growth, yield, and carbohydrate content in the whole Allium hookeri plant with shading treatment in hot summer. Methods and Results: Different shading rate, including 0 (control), 35 or 55%, was employed from the June 21st to August 31st. Daily average air and soil temperature, which were approximately 2.5℃ and 3.8℃ lower, respectively, were observed with both 35% and 55% treatments in July and August, with no significant difference in daily maximum air temperature. Dry weights were high, approximately 40% and 48% for the shoot and 20% and 12% for the root, with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively, 8 weeks after shading. Division number was increased by 13% and 19.8% with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. The mortality rates of 150 plants were 9.1%, 4.0%, and 1.3% with the 0 (control), 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 4 weeks after shading, the highest and lowest sucrose levels in both shoot and root were observed with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 8 weeks after shading, there was no significant difference in the sucrose content in the shoot among the treatments. Conclusions: The highest plant growth rate and yield with the 55% treatment may be related with the decrease in both air and soil temperatures, resulting in reducted leaf respiration and thus compensate net photosynthesis.

Background : The use of the rain shelter facility gets more prevalent in the Ginseng cultivation area these days. This study is designed to establish a technique for the stable cultivation of Ginseng in the rain shelter facilities in high temperature (above 30 ℃) without the damage from high temperature Methods and Results : This study was carried out on 3-year Ginseng roots in 2016 in order to find out how to stably cultivate Ginseng in high temperature without suffering the high temperature damage during the cultivation of Ginseng under rain shelter facilities. The rain shading materials were coated with scattering film (scattering film + black shading net 90%), bluish white double-sided film (shading 85%) and PE film (PE film + black shading net 90%). The damage reduction by high temperature was made to the scattering film and bluish-white double-ended film only. An aluminum screen (shading rate: 40%) was installed when the high temperature (above 30℃) was reached while the isoprene (solution of 2000 times) was sprayed 4 times every 7 days from the full development stage. The light transmittance was 12.6 - 13.4% for the scattering film, 10.5 - 10.8% for the bluish-white double sided film and 7.1% for the PE film in the first coating while it was 7.3% for the scattering film and 7.1% for the bluish-white double-sided film when the aluminum screen was installed in high temperature. The high, average and low values in the relative humidity were higher inside the facility than in the outside during the survey period. The area of leaf was the largest under the scattering film. The area of leaf was the largest for the scattered film under the aluminum shade of 40% shading followed by that of spraying of isoprene 4 times, and that of the no-treatment. As for the growth under ground, the growth of underground shoots increased by 40% in aluminum screen, 53.7% in shading and 26.1% in the spraying of isoprene 4 times than non-shading while there was no difference among other rain shelter materials. Conclusion : The result of the research showed that when the scattering film is selected as the rain shelter material film for the cultivation of Ginseng, it is necessary to shade the sunlight as much as 40% by using the aluminum screen or the shading net to reduce the high temperature damage.

Background : This study was conducted to examine the suitability of the blue/white vinyl for ginseng cultivation greenhouses in different regions in an effort to develop a stable ginseng cultivation technology and contribute to popularizing ginseng greenhouse farming. Methods and Results : For comparison purposes, ginseng plants were cultivated in the traditional shading and greenhouse shading facilities. The average temperature in the greenhouse shading facilities during the period of May through October was 20.5℃ in Namwon, 21.4℃ in Jinan, and 23.3℃ in Iksan, with Iksan recording a 1.9–2.8℃ higher average temperature, presumably due to its location in a plain area with low elevation. The average temperatures in the traditional shading facilities ranged between 22.9℃ and 25.7℃, 2.4–2.6℃ higher compared with the greenhouse shading facilities. As for the incidence of disease and pest, as low as 0.1–0.3% of the plants grown under greenhouse shading were infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, and Rhizoctonia solani, whereas much higher incidences were noted in the control plants, with 3.3–11.3%, 4.7–17.0%, 0.1–0.5%, and 3.0–5.7% infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora cactorum, respectively, throughout the regions. Heat injury occurred only in Iksan (0.3%) in the case of greenhouse-shaded plants, whereas the control plants suffered from much severer heat injury: 3.5% in Namwon, 10% in Jinan, and as high as 35.3% in Iksan. As for the roots, Namwon outperformed other regions in root length (29.7 ㎝), taproot length (8.7 ㎝), and taproot diameter (25.3 ㎜), and also the root fresh weight (53.4 g), followed by Jinan (48.7 g) and Iksan (40.4 g). In yield as well, the greenhouse in Namwon outperformed other regions with 1,297㎏/10a, followed by Jinan (1,183 ㎏) and Iksan (932 ㎏). The effect of greenhouse blue-white vinyl shading on yield by region was analyzed to increase of 177% in Namwon, 209% in Jinan, and 173% in Iksan with respect to their respective traditional shading facilities. Conclusion : The suitability of the blue/white vinyl shading in ginseng cultivation greenhouses was tested experimentally in three different regions. As a result, greenhouse-shaded ginseng plants were found to be much less affected by heat injury compared with traditionally shaded ginseng plants, resulting in much higher yields in all regions. This allows the conclusion that greenhouse ginseng cultivation can contribute to more stable ginseng yield and popularization of ginseng cultivation.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the optimal ginseng greenhouse shading material for minimizing heat injury and maximizing the yield of ginseng plants in an effort to develop a stable ginseng cultivation technology and contribute to popularizing ginseng greenhouse farming. Methods and Results : Three different types of greenhouse shading material were used: polyethylene (PE) film + black screen (95%), light scattering film + black screen (75%), and blue-white vinyl. Important experimental details were implemented in accordance with the Analysis Standard of Agricultural Test and Research set out by the Rural Development Administration. The average greenhouse temperature for the period of May through October was 20.0℃ under the PE film + black screen, 20.2℃under the light scattering film + black screen, and 19.7℃ under the blue/white vinyl. High average photosynthesis rates of ginseng plants were demonstrated by light scattering film+black screen (2.35 μmole CO2/㎡/s) and blue-white vinyl (2.38 μmole CO2/㎡/s), with the PE film + black screen showing a considerably lower photosynthesis rate (1.55 μmole CO2/㎡/s). Heat injury occurred in 0.3%, 10%, and 0.1% of the plants grown under the PE film + black screen, light scattering film + black screen, and blue-white vinyl, respectively. As for the roots, the blue-white vinyl outperformed the other shading materials in root length (25.7 ㎝), taproot length (5.9 ㎝), and the number of fine roots (23.2). The blue-hite vinyl also yielded the greatest root fresh weight (30.2 g), followed by the light scattering film + black screen (29.1 g), with the PE + black screen yielding by far inferior average weight (22.0 g). The highest crude saponin content was yielded by the light scattering film+black screen (16.61 ㎎/g), followed by blue-white vinyl (11.36 ㎎/g) and PE + black screen (11.0 ㎎/g). Conclusion : Comparing the effects of three different shading materials on greenhouse-cultivated 3-year-old ginseng plants, the blue/white vinyl outperformed two other shading materials in most of the growth characteristics, whereas the and the light scattering film + black screen yielded the highest ginsenoside content.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the changes of the growth of ginseng in the house when the light intensity was increased. Three shading screens were used: shading materials 85%, 77%, and 55% net. Changes in the growth of ginseng and the quality of red ginseng were investigated in these shading materials. Methods and Results : The test site was a three house constructed in the Punggi Ginseng Research Institute, Gyeongsangbuk - do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. The entrance to the house is located east-west, and the structure is double steel frame. The inside of the house is covered with vinyl, and 85%, 75%, 55% shading net is installed for each shading treatment. From the end of June to the middle of August, a 55% shading net was double covered to reduce the high temperature damage. The test material was grafted on March 20, 2013. The management of the irrigation water was from 30 kPa to 10 kPa. The aM-21A data log of Wise Sensing Co., Ltd. was used to measure the cultivation environment in the house. Photosynthesis was measured using Lci Compact Photosyntheisi System, adc, UK. Surveys were carried out in accordance with the inspection standards of the Rural Development Administration. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS. Conclusion : The summer temperature of shading method was more than 2℃ higher than other treatments in 55% shading treatment and more than 6℃ in autumn. The light intensity of 90 μmol/s/㎡ was lower than that of August, and the light intensity was higher than 400 μmol at the end of September. The 55% shading method showed twice as much light in summer and more than four times in autumn. The amount of photosynthesis increased due to the light intensity of 55% treatment, especially in the morning of May. In the light of shading method, 85% light shading method showed the best growth at 2 years, but 55% at 3 years and more, and 5 years at 5 years.

Background : Recently, some of the previous stuies reported that was useful technique on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a rain shelter greenhouse. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum method of greenhouse shading for ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivaton in the northern area of Ganwon, Korea. Methods and Results : We carried out to select optimal shade materials and light-penetrated ratio among polyethylene film with two-layered polyethylene net(PEF+PEN) and blue-white duplicated PE film(BWD-PEF) in the condition of greenhouse for ginseng cultivation. The order of light-penentrated ratio by shade meterials was PEN(75%)+PEF 〉 PEN(85%)+PEF 〉BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) and the order of air temperature was BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) 〉PEN+PEF(85%) 〉PEN+PEF(75%). The net photosynthetic rate was higher in PEN(75%)+PEF than other shading material treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. The root weight and yield were increased by 31.2~55.0% and 25.6~52.2%, respectively under PEN+PEF(75%) compared to other shading materials. Conclusion : We concluded that the PEN+PEF(75%) could be a good shading meterails of the greenhouse for organic 4-year-old ginseng cultivation in northern area of Gangwon, Korea.

Background : This experiment was carried out to improve the labor-intensive task to construct of the traditional ginseng shading system in Korea. In this experiment the selected shading materials was new 6 kinds that HDPE - knitted- monofilament and taped PE Net, with taking into account of the amount of light and the amount of leakage to screen the UV stabilized 0.3% - 0.6%. Compared with the traditional shading material, the black-shading material (wt. 200g/㎡) and the yellow shading material (wt. 300g/㎡) was suitable for the ginseng growing environments in Korea. Methods and Results : The installation of shading system was the 45 degree slope -2 meter height from the ground with the selected shading materials for the wide structure ginseng cultivation. Temperature and light intensity was measured with a week interval from the surface to a height of 30cm. The two kinds of the 1st selected materials and the traditional black + blue two layer shading materials, aluminum screen, Canada Gintec shading material, total 5 kinds of materials were installed in wide structure. The growing environmental analysis was measured using data logs (watchdog 1600series). Conclusion : In the first selection of shading materials for Ginseng wide structure, the levels of light intensity were higher in order of blue-shading> Aluminum- shading> black-shading order. The temperatures of the under wide structures were lower in order of the black-shading< aluminum-shading screen< blue-shading order, especially the temperature of the black shading material was lower than the outside temperature. For the second selection of shading material of the ginseng wide structure, the black and yellow shading material were superior to the other materials, in the amount of light shading material and growing conditions and the degree of leakage etc. The temperatures of mid-May in wide structures of ginseng cultivation were higher in order of aluminum-screen> Canada shading materials (Gintec Co.) 2 layer material> Yellow shading> black shading order, and also the amounts of light intensity also was shown to be with the same manner