This study developed an up-flow wetland providing either an eco-friendly follow-up process of medium-sized public treatment facility for livestock manure or a non-point source pollution controller near livestock farms. The four bench-scale up-flow wetlands were operated with four different bed media sets. The removal efficiencies of the wetland effluent for CODCr, TN, TP, SS were 35.2 %, 29.5 %, 31.2 % and 52.2 % for set 1(Blank, without reed, with bio-ceramic), 40.6 %, 43.4 %, 42.2 % and 55.4 % for set 2(with bio-reed&without bio-ceramic), 45.2 %, 48.7 %, 46.6 % and 66.3 % for set 3(with bio-reed&bio-ceramic), 32.9 %, 27.3 %, 29.3 % and 54.1 % for Set 4(with reed&bio ceramic), respectively. The set 3 condition having a mixture of bio-reed and bio-ceramic showed the highest efficiency in the bench-scale evaluation. This study suggests a mixture of bio-reed and bio-ceramic as suitable bed media in the construction of artificial wetlands near livestock farms. Soils including the bed media were monitored during the evaluation for trace elements. Soil analysis results were satisfied with the Korean Soil Contamination Standard. This study showed that the up-flow constructed wetland was feasible to treat the effluent livestock wastewater treatment facility.

본 연구는 SWRO/PRO 조합공정에서 PRO 공정 유입수로써 적합한 유입수질 조건과 전처리 기술을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 유입수로는 P시의 하수처리장 방류수를 사용하였으며, 유도용매는 역삼투막 농축수를 활용하였고, 이때 사용한 PRO막은 Toray사의 CTA재질막을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 응집-침전, 모래여과, DMF, 활성탄여과, 정밀여과공정, 역삼투공정 등 총 6가지 전처리공정을 선정하여 평가하였고, PRO 공정 성능에 영향을 크게 주는 것으로 확인하였다. 향후 SWRO/PRO 조합공정에서 안정적인 에너지 절감 효과를 기대할 수 있는 최적 공정을 도출할 계획이다.

최근 셰일가스전 산업이 발전함에 따라 시추 용수 공급 및 폐수처리가 셰일가스전 개발의 중요한 과제로 부각되고 있다. 셰일가스전 폐수는 총용존고형물의 농도가 10에서 200g/L로 높아 기존의 폐수처리 공정으로 처리하기에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 정삼투막을 이용하여 셰일가스전 폐수를 농축하는 공정을 다루고 있다. 260g/L의 NaCl을 유도용액으로 사용하고, 폐수 및 유도용액의 농도 변화에 따른 정삼투막의 플럭스를 측정하였다. 정삼투막 내,외부 농도 분극 현상을 감안한 모델식은 실측된 정삼투 플럭스와 유사함을 확인하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 정삼투 모듈의 성능을 예측하였다. 정삼투 공정은 유도용액을 희석시켜 시추 용수로 재이용하며, 발생폐수의 부피를 줄여 폐수 운반비용을 줄이는 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

최근 방류수 수질 강화에 따라 총인 처리시설의 설치와 응집제 사용량이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 유입하수에 포함된 응집제 성분(Al3+, Fe3+ 등)을 활용하여 PO43-와 응집시킴으로써 하수처리공정에 별도의 응집제 주입 없이 총인 농도를 0.2mg/L 이하로 제거할 수 있는 MBR 하수처리공정을 개발하는 것이다. 활성슬러지와 차아염소산나트륨으로 제조한 알칼리슬러지를 MBR 공법의 생물반응조에 주입하여 적정 pH를 유지시킴으로써 유입하수 중의 용존성 이온을 상호 응집시켜 고형화 하였고 분리막으로 고액 분리하여 하수처리수의 총인 농도를 0.2mg/L이하로 달성하였다. 이 연구를 통해 개발한 공법은 응집제 주입 없이 하수처리수의 총인 농도를 0.2mg/L이하로 제거하여 약품비용을 절감에 기여할 것으로 예상된다.

본 연구에서는 분리막을 이용하여 안정적인 혐기소화조 전처리 농축공정에 대한 적용성을 평가하는데 목적을 두었다. 실험결과 슬러지 감량율의 경우 혐기조건에서 약 47.16%, 간헐폭기 조건에서 약 41.17%으로 나타났으며, 반류수의 농도의 경우 간헐폭기 조건이 평균적으로 혐기조건보다 낮은 반류수 농도를 나타냈다. Flux 감소에 대한 영향인자로 TTF, MLSS, CODcr, 및 EPS의 상관관계 분석결과 Flux 감소에 TTF가 가장 높은 연관성을 보였으며, 이외에 MLSS, CODcr 및 EPS도 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 도출되었다. 이러한 결과 혐기소화조의 전처리 공정으로 관형막을 이용한 경우 막오염 및 반류수 부하를 고려한 농축조 간헐폭기 조건이 안정적 전처리공정으로 적절할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the applicability of a stable anaerobic digester using a separator membrane to the preprocessing thickening process. The results of the experiments showed about a 47.16% weight loss rate for the sludge under anaerobic condition, and about 41.17% under intermittent aeration condition. The concentrations of rejection water were SCODCr 25 mg/L, T-N 16.6 mg/L, and T-P 1.4 mg/L on the average under the intermittent aeration condition, which were lower than the concentrations of rejection water under an anaerobic condition. As for the factors affecting the reduction of the flux, correlation analyses of TTF, MLSS, SCODCr, and EPSProtein, EPSPolysacchride resulted in -0.97, -0.95, -0.84 and -0.86, -0.95, respectively, which showed that TTF had the highest correlation to the reduction of the flux. In addition, it was concluded that MLSS, SCODCr and EPSProtein, EPSPolysacchride also have close correlations. The results are considered to show that, in the case of the process using a tubular membrane in the preprocessing process of an anaerobic digester, an intermittent aeration condition of the thickener considering the contamination of the membrane and load of rejection water is appropriate for the stable preprocessing process.

This study was performed to determine the total anthocyanin contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and SODlike activity of extracted anthocyanins from Bokbunja for analyzing the optimal conditions of enzyme treatment by response surface methodology (RSM) based on three factors: concentration of Pectinex Ultra SP-L, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The optimal enzyme treatment conditions of Pectinex Ultra SP-L concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and overall desirability by analysis of multiple response surface methodology with the same weighed value of each dependent variable were 0.5 mL/100 L, 20oC, 2 hr, and 0.63, respectively. Total anthocyanin content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity of the conditions stated above were 5.2 mg/ 100 g, 61.3% and 30.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, those of the control were 1.1 mg/100 g, 11.8% and 1.1%, respectively.method.

This study were performed to control color and satisfy discharge permission standard of effluents operating a small dyeing factory based on a fiber. The color removal efficiency was very high when the injection site of Sodium Hypochlorite(NaOCl) was more discharge site of second sedimentation tank than of first sedimentation tank. Although NaOCl usages was reduced from 1.0 ㎥/day to 0.8 ㎥/day, the removal efficiency of BOD, COD and SS were similar. At the time, the optimal Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT) was calculated to twenty five minute after NaOCl injection until effluent discharged finally. After controlling NaOCl usages and HRT, the effluent quality of BOD, COD, SS, Color and Chloroform were 8.6 mg/L, 24.7 mg/L, 43.3 mg/L, 191.2 degree and 0.346 mg/L, respectively, so that was satisfied to discharge permission standard.

This study examined a feasibility of coagulation as post-treatment to remove sulfide and phosphorus for the effluent of anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) treating domestic wastewater. Removal efficiencies of sulfide, phosphorus and COD by coagulation were not affected by pH in the range of 5.9 to 7.2. Alkalinity requirement could be estimated by the amount of Fe3+ to form Fe(OH)3(S) and to remove sulfide and phosphorus. At coagulant aid dosage of 2 mg/L, anionic polymer showed best results regarding size and settleability of flocs. Sulfide removal for the AFBR effluent at the Fe3+/S2- ratio of 0.64, close to the theoretical value of 0.67 found with a synthetic wastewater, was only 75.2%. One of the reasons for this low sulfide removal is that the AFBR effluent contains, phosphorus, hydroxide and bicarbonate which can react with Fe3+ competitively. Concentrations of sulfide and phosphorous reduced to below 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, at the Fe3+/S2- ratio of 2.0. Average effluent COD of 80 mg/L, mostly soluble COD, was obtained at the dosage 50 mg Fe3+/L (Fe3+/S2- ratio of 2.0) with corresponding COD removal of 55%. For better removal of COD, soluble COD removal at the AFBR should be enhanced. Coagulation with Fe3+ removed sulfide, phosphorus and COD simultaneously in the AFBR effluent, and thus could be an alternative process for the conventional wastewater treatment processes where relatively high quality effluent is not required.

To elucidate the effects of a pretreatment process on the uniformity of Ag electroless plating on Cu flakes, pretreatment time was mainly considered with a mixed solution of 0.15 M ammonium hydroxide and 0.0375 M ammonium sulphate. Optical inspection of Ag-coated Cu flakes determined that the optimal pretreatment time is 120 s. Repetition of the sequence in which Ag plating was done immediately after the pretreatment of 120 s clearly enhanced the plating uniformity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that holes were formed irregularly on some Cu flakes during the period from the asdropping of an Ag precursor solution to 5 min. The hole formation was judged to be due to continuous removal of Cu on the local surfaces by the repetitive formation and elimination of Cu2O or Cu(OH)2 layers. However, the increase of the amount of Ag coating suppressed the hole creation and increasingly enhanced the antioxidant property.

하수방류수 재이용을 위한 RO 전처리로 부유물질 및 콜로이드 물질의 제거를 위해 가압식 MF를 사용하였다. 남양주 J 하수처리장의 생물학적 처리와 모래여과를 거쳐 방류되는 방류수를 원수로 사용하였으며 100 톤/일 규모의 pilot plant를 1년 이상 운전하여 성능을 검토하였다. 가압식 MF에 의해 원수 수질 및 온도의 변화에 상관없이 flux 40 LMH 운전이 가능하였으며 전처리로 응집제를 넣어 용존 유기물을 응집할 경우 60 LMH 운전이 가능하였다. RO 공정에서 장기간 정지 이후 운전을 재개하였을 때 1단 pressure drop이 급격히 증가하는 현상이 나타났고 이러한 결과는 배관 내 형성된 유기물과 이온물질의 복합오염물질이 1단 RO막에 침적된 결과로 사료된다.

Various treatment system for residuals have applied to save water resources, but most of them were not be satisfied with legal standard consistently. In this study, submerged membrane treatment system was operated to treat water treatment plant residuals and operation parameters was evaluated. Result of this experiment, high concentration organic matters contributed to high increase Transmembrane pressure(TMP) of membrane system(from 0.05 bar to 0.35 bar). And backwash process was effective to stabilize membrane system operation. After Cleaning-In-Place(CIP), permeability was recovered about 100 % from first operation condition. Inorganic matters (Fe, Mn, Al, Ca, Mg) were not effective membrane filtration performance. The quality of residual treatment was satisfied with drinking water quality standard and a treated water from that system was suitable for water reuse.

Fundamental experiences have been studied for development of pre-treatment process of Sn by-prod-ucts such as solders. Dry and wet separation/recovery processes were considered by the differences of physicalproperties. The by-products, which are analyzed by solder metal and oxides. The metal and oxide were simplyseparated by dry ball-milling process for 12 hours, after that recovery metal powder might be reusable as lead orlead-free solders. In terms of wet separation process, samples were dissolved in HNO3+H2O2 and the precipita-tion were analyzed by SnO2. Overall efficiency of recovery might be increasing via developing simple pre-treat-ment process.

본 연구는 축산분뇨 처리장(바이오가스 플랜트) 액비의 고도처리에 적합한 공정을 도출하기 위한 기초 연구이다. 액비를 고도처리하기 위하여 나노여과 및 역삼투(reverse osmosis) 공정을 각각 사용하였고, 전처리공정으로서 담체를 첨가하지 않은 MBR과 담체를 첨가한 MBR을 각각 적용하여 비교하였다. 액비의 질소는 주로 암모니아성 질소의 형태로 존재하였다. MBR의 운전에서 담체(biomedia) 유무에 따른 COD, T-N 및 T-P의 제거효율에서 큰 차이는 없었으나, 담체를 첨가한MBR의 TMP는 담체를 첨가하지 않은 MBR에 비해 매우 서서히 증가하였다. 전처리 공정으로 담체를 첨가한 MBR 공정을사용한 경우, NF에 의한 COD, T-N 및 T-P의 제거효율은 각각 99.8, 86.5% 및 99.8%이었으며, RO에 의한 제거효율은 각각99.9, 86.8% 및 99.9%이었다. MBR과 NF/RO 공정을 이용하여 처리한 액비의 최종 수질은 분뇨처리장 방류수 수질기준과비교하였을 때, COD와 T-P는 방류수 수질기준을 만족하였으나, T-N은 수질기준에 부적합하였다. 따라서 T-N에 대한 방류수 기준을 만족시키기 위해서는 MBR 조업 cycle의 조정 또는 나노여과/역삼투에 의한 2차 재처리 등의 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

This research is carried out to investigate the odor emission characteristics in a sewage treatment plant. The plantwas divided into four areas (boundary areas, sewage treatment processes, sludge treatment processes and odortreatment plants), and measured around 27 sampling points. Odor characteristics from each areas were evaluatedby air dilution olfactory method and NH₃/SO₂/VOCs passive sampler, mainly in terms of spatial distribution. Themain odor emission sources were found out to be dewatering plant (S-4) of sludge, sludge transshipment place(S-5), and the outlet of odor treatment plant (B-2, B-3). The correlation between dilution number (OU) and ammoniaconcentration of passive sampler appeared to be low; correlation coefficient 0.49, but correlation coefficient for theresults of sulfur dioxide and toluene were very high, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. These results indicate that odorcompounds form sewage treatment facility are mainly due to sulfur compounds and volatile organic compounds.

주류를 제외한 과일 및 탄산음료 등을 제조하는 비알코올성 음료품 제조시설에서 발생되는 폐수는 높은 농도의유기물과 낮은 농도의 질소, 인 등을 함유한다. 이러한 폐수의 처리 시설은 주로 호기성 공정과 약품응집 공정으로 구성하고 후단에 사여과지 또는 활성탄 공정을 추가하기도 한다. 하지만 이러한 방식은 긴 체류시간과 침전지 설치로 인해 많은 부지를 필요로 하는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 부지소요 문제와 슬러지 유출로 인한 수질저하 문제를 해결하고자 W식품공장 폐수처리장 인근에 MBR pilot plant를 설치하고 장기간 운영을 통해 데이터를 확보하고 처리 효율을 평가하였다. 약 3개월간음료수 제조공정 폐수를 평막을 적용한 MBR pilot plant로 운전조건을 변화하며 처리한 결과, 처리유량 20 m3/day, HRT 29hr, 4Q 반송조건까지는 유기물 제거율 97% 이상으로 안정적인 처리가 가능했다. 하지만 그 이상의 운전조건에서는 생물반응조의 오염물질 제거율이 감소하였고 TMP가 급격히 증가하는 모습을 보였다.