Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is a cost-efficient method which can be useful for SNP marker discovery in a population of interest. GBS is genome reduction sequencing method using restriction enzyme. The quality of DNA is a key factor which could have an influence in downstream analysis. However, there have not been many studies which investigated the impact of DNA degradation and the quality of the data on marker discovery. In this study, GBS data of 6 Hanwoo samples (H1~6) showing differing level of DNA degradation were compared. Re-sequencing pipeline was followed to investigate the impact of DNA degradation on marker discovery. As a result, we found that the quantity and quality of SNPs were not affected in the sample H5 and H6 with moderately degraded DNA. On the other hand, marker discovery was greatly affected in samples with severe DNA degradation (H3 and H4). The findings in this study support that GBS is a robust genotyping method towards moderate DNA degradation.

The present study is aimed at determining how teaching and learning in Japanese translation/interpretation classes are linked to the modality relationships among hearsay markers, which are schematized after dividing the difference of pragmatics in the three following relationships: information and speaker, information and listener, and speaker and listener. Information about seven Japanese hearsay markers was collected through a questionnaire over native Japanese speakers. The findings revealed that people, first, chose [youda] and [toiukotoda] usually as the hearsay expressions, considering the relationship between information and speaker. Second, people divided [tonokotoda] into two relationships between information and speaker, or between information and listener. The responses about [souda] were split considering the relationship between information and speaker and speaker and listener. [Rashi] and [toka] were chosen the most, considering the relationship between information and listener, and there was a relatively large number of [toiu(utte)].

쇠검은머리쑥새(Emberiza yessoensis)는 국내 및 중국, 일 본 등에서 월동하는 겨울철새로, 이들의 번식지는 국내를 제외한 러시아, 몽골, 중국, 일본의 일부지역에 분포하는 것으 로 알려져 왔다. 그러나 최근 국내 번식 사례가 최초로 관찰되 어, 이후 이들 개체군을 보전하기 위한 기초연구 필요성이 대두되었다. 쇠검은머리쑥새는 국제자연보전연맹(IUCN)에 서 준위협(NT)종으로 취급되고 있으며, 국내의 경우 멸종위 기야생생물 II급으로 지정되어있다. 이들의 국내 서식지는 현재까지 지속적으로 감소하고 있어, 월동 및 번식개체군 모두 위협받고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 개체군 크기, 서식지 면적 등 이들의 정확한 국내 개체군 기초정보는 현재까지 알려지지 않아 이들의 멸종위기 위험정 도를 객관적으로 파악하는데 어려움이 있다. 우리의 연구목 적은 쇠검은머리쑥새의 국내 멸종위기 등급을 판정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 유전정보를 제공하는 것이다. 우리는 이를 위해 10개 이상의 microsatellite 분자표지자를 개발하고 있 다. 현재까지 29개의 분자표지자를 디자인 하였으며, 10개의 다형성을 나타내는 microsatellite 유전자좌를 관찰하였다. 이 중 4개 유전자좌의 유전다양성을 경기 안산지역에 서식중 인 32개체의 쇠검은머리쑥새 번식개체군을 대상으로 분석한 결과, 대립유전자수(A)는 2~16개, 관찰이형접합빈도(HO)와 기대이형접합빈도(HE)는 각각 0.06~0.78, 0.12~0.90의 범위 를 나타냈다. 향후 10개 이상의 microsatellite 분자표지자를 개발하여 쇠검은머리쑥새 번식개체군의 유전다양성 및 유전 구조를 파악 할 것이며, 이를 통해 개체군 기초정보가 알려져 있지 않은 국내 쇠검은머리쑥새 번식개체군 보전방안 수립을 위한 객관적인 기준을 제시할 것이다. 이 연구에서 개발한 microsatellite 분자표지자는 국내뿐만 아니라 국외에 서식중 인 쇠검은머리쑥새 개체군 보전 연구에 유용하게 활용될 것이다.

OBJECTIVES : A fog generated field test was conducted to analyze the relationship between different sizes of variable speed limit signs and the legibility distance under various fog density conditions. By using this study, appropriate sizes of signs can be selected depending on the density of fog. METHODS : An actual tunnel was selected as the area for this test, as other places cannot maintain the fog condition because of rapid air current. A total 121 subjects were recruited for this test, which took place over the course of four days. The test on the first day was conducted under normal weather conditions for comparison. Visibility-distance detecting sensor was used to measure the visibility distance due to the fog density time, simultaneously with the evaluation of legibility distance by subjects. RESULTS : The test results show the relationship between the different sizes of signs and the legibility distance corresponding to the visibility distance due to both non-fog and fog generated conditions. According to the technical test results, appreciable amount of reduction in legibility distance due to fog was resulted in all sizes of signs. Moreover, the legibility distance is reduced proportionately with the decrease in the visibility distance due to fog. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can be used to select appropriate sizes of valuable speed signs under fog conditions. Hence, drivers can expect to have more room to respond to adverse weather conditions, thereby reducing the risk of accidents.

OBJECTIVES : A fog generated field test was conducted to analyze the relationship between the luminance of variable speed-limit signs and the legibility distance under various fog density conditions. By using this study, appropriate luminance values can be selected depending on the density of fog. METHODS: An actual tunnel was selected as the area to conduct the test, as other places cannot maintain the fog condition because of rapid air current. Ninety-two subjects were recruited for this test, which took place during the course of three days. Visibility-distance detecting sensor was used to measure the visibility distance due to the fog density time, simultaneously with the evaluation of legibility distance by subjects. RESULTS: The test results show the relationship between luminance values and the legibility distance corresponding to the visibility distance due to fog. According to the technical test results, lower luminance value such as 7000 cd/m2 corresponds to less legibility distance compared to higher values such as 20000 cd/m2 or 40000 cd/m2. However, the amount of difference between 20000 cd/m2 and 40000 cd/m2 is negligible in our test. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be used to select appropriate luminance of valuable speed signs under fog conditions. Hence, drivers can expect to have more room to respond to adverse weather conditions, thereby reducing the risk of accidents.

현재 항로표지시설에 대한 객관적 지표 및 평가기준에 따른 적정성 및 효용성 등 사후평가는 설치 이후 항만 운영 중 변경될 수 있는 위험요소 및 환경 변화를 고려하여 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 항로표지시설에 대한 객관적 지표를 설계하여 모든 항로표지시설에 공통된 평가기준 및 분석모델을 적용하여 환경 및 항만 여건 변화에 따른 적정성 및 효용성을 분석할 필요성을 인식하고, 이 연구에서는 우선적으로 항로표지시설 중 전국 37기가 운영 중인 유인등대를 중심으로 20개의 기능평가 지표를 설계하고 적용하였다. 객관적 평가지표에 따라 기능평가 후 계층분석과정(AHP, Analytic Hierarchy Process) 기법을 통해 항만 운영의 특성, 국가정책, 전문가 의견 등을 반영하였으며, 항로표지시설의 특수성 평가를 위해 리커트척도(Likert scale)를 적용하여 사후평가 하였다. 효용성분석 결과 전체 37기 중 영도등대, 가거도등대, 거문도등대, 죽변등대의 기능 및 효용성이 높은 것으로 분석되었으며, 울릉도등대, 가사도등대, 송대말등대, 울기등대의 경우 세부적인 적정성분석이 이루어질 필요가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 항로표지시설 효용성분석은 항로표지시설의 관리체계의 효율성 향상, 항로표지의 재배치 및 정책결정을 위한 기초자료 등으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

항로표지란 해상교통의 안전을 도모하고 선박운항 능률을 향상시키기 위한 해양교통안전시설로 새로운 위험물(New Danger)은 측방표지, 방위표지, 고립장해표지 등을 이용하거나 비상침선표지(Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy)를 사용하여 적절하게 표시하여야 한다. 그러나, 침선표지의 경우 설치의 신속성, 정확성, 부표의 특성 등의 문제로 인해 실질적인 설치·운영상의 문제가 제기 되고 있으며, 선박침몰 사고의 경우 기상악화, 해역의 특성, 사고 위치의 확인이 어려워 신속한 신위험물표지(New Danger Mark) 설치가 어려운 실정이다. 이 연구는 항상 선박 상갑판에 부착된 해양안전설비 중 하나로 Maritime Buoyage System(MBS)에 근거한 자동이탈식 비상침선표지를 개발하였다. 자동이탈식 비상침선표지Auto Releasing Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy)는 총 3개의 세부기술(자동이탈, 자동릴체인, 자동구동등명기)로 구성되며, 선박 상갑판에 부착된 자동이탈식 비상침선표지가 선박의 좌초 전복 침몰 등 해양사고 발생 시 일정수압에 의해 자동으로 이탈(Auto Release) 후 자기 부상(Auto Buoyance)하여 사고 발생 지점에 신속하고 정확하게 설치된다. 이러한 자동이탈식 비상침선표지는 선박의 항해안전을 위협하는 장해물로부터 해당 해역에서의 2차 사고를 방지하고, 신속한 수색 및 구조가 이루어질 수 있도록 한다.

Cho Yong‐joon･Ha Ji‐hee. 2016. “On the sociolinguistic variation of Korean mirative markers ‘‐kuna’, ‘‐ney’ and ‘‐ta’”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 241~269. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sociolingustic variation of Korean mirative markers ‐kwuna, -ney and ‐ta, through an experimental method. A 7‐point Likert scale task was adopted for this purpose. The participant’s age was the significant social factor of the observed linguistic variation, but gender does not play any significant role. Particularly, the elderly generation prefers ‐kwuna for a mirative marker, but this tendency declines for young generation. ‐ta seldom functions as a mirative marker for elderly generation, but it gets an independent status as the mirative marker for young generation. The negative semantico‐pragmatic properties of ‐kwuna affects this change.

Bhark Gwang-gyu. 2016. “A Study on Singaporean's Discourse Markers: The case of hor, meh, lah”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 115~147. This study aims to show the characteristic and use aspect of Singaporean's discourse markers such as ‘hor, mah, lah'. This study analyzes features in each type based on gender, generation, occupation, religion, race, educational background through an internet questionnaire survey. The conclusion is presented below. First, Singaporean's discourse markers are used at end of the sentences. Second, Singaporean's discourse markers and Chinese discourse marker(‘哈[ha]’) are used not only oral conversation but also in written conversation. Third, the ‘哈[ha]’ which lexicon is used as discourse marker by chinese in china is grammatized. Forth, There are not much differences based on occupation, race, educational background in the use of discourse makers. However women use discourse markers more than men and young generation use discourse markers more than old generation. Also the buddhist were found to use discourse markers more than the christian and the Roman catholic.

PURPOSES: While road networks are becoming increasingly complex, traffic signs are being indiscriminately installed and operated, which makes drivers who depend on traffic signs to reach their destination confused and unable to understand road information efficiently. In order to promptly and exactly guide road users to their destinations, traffic signs should be able to satisfy the functions of connectivity, visibility, and location suitability. However, the results of a site survey shows that most of the traffic signs currently installed in the Jeollanam-do Province do not satisfy these functions. METHODS: This study analyzed the problems of traffic signs after an actual site survey and focused on a total on 9,353 traffic signs and 70 road routes in Jeollanam-do Province. RESULTS : This study analyzed the problems of traffic signs based on their required functions (connectivity, visibility, suitability) and suggested improvements by establishing a guide system that considered the problems found in the study. CONCLUSIONS : The guide system can be utilized as a basic material that provides efficient road information for future installation and maintenance of traffic signs in Jeollanam-do Province.

PURPOSES : Expressways experience chronic and recurring congestion, especially during weekends and holidays, because of the increased demands for leisure-related travel. The alternatives to solve chronic and recurring congestion may be three-fold: (1) physical expansion of expressway capacities, (2) road pricing, and (3) temporal and spatial distribution of traffic demands. Among these, the third alternative may be the most cost-effective method for the Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) that can be achieved by using the existing ITS infrastructure. METHODS : KEC initiated a pilot study in which the traffic on congested expressways was managed by providing traffic condition information (i.e., travel times) of neighboring national highways for taking detours via variable message signs (VMS). This study aimed to estimate the detour rate, and the two pilot studies on Seohaean and Yeongdong expressways yielded many benefits. RESULTS: It was revealed that the total length of congestion segments decreased by 7.8 km, and the average travel speed increased by 5.3 km/h. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it was concluded that the propagation of detour information via VMSs during congestion hours can help reduce congestion on expressways and increase the benefits of the entire network.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of variable message signage (VMS) on traffic safety as a function of road curve radius using statistical methods. METHODS: In order to analyze the impact of VMS installations on traffic safety, travel speed, lateral distance, and geometric data relating to road curvature in each study area was acquired and analyzed for the impact of providing VMS information on driver performance and traffic safety using statistical methods including student t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Anderson-Darling test for estimating traffic safety hazard zone in each lane. RESULTS: As a result of analyzing driver performance characteristics before and after providing VMS information, it was determined that by providing VMS information, mean travel speed is deceased and vehicles are driven with increased precision, following the centerline in the first and second lanes. Also the results of analyzing traffic safety impacts of VMS indicate that traffic safety performance factors in the first lane of the Gapyeong section can, on average, increase in the left and right side of the lane by 19.22% and 68.98%, respectively, and in the case of the second lane, safety impacts, on average, can increase in both sides by 100%. For the Hongcheon section, traffic safety impacts in the first lane, on average, can increase along the left and right sides of the lane by 32.31% and 47.18%, and within the second lane, traffic safety can be increased along the left and right side of the lane by 10.97% and -0.01%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, the impact on traffic safety obtained by providing VMS information for road sections with smaller curve radii is greater than can be obtained for road sections with larger curve radii.

As a preparation of a design standard regarding road facilities, such as cantilever columns for traffic lights, street lights on highways is proposed. Currently these minor structures are designed based on guidelines which are mixed with multiple old foreign specifications without any criteria in terms of safety and economy, which could lead irregular safeties and the loss of national properties. In the considered two cases for effective projected area, it is found that following efficient way of design without critical analyses could make significant errors and miscalculations. Therefore, a fundamental research on the minor structures is urgently needed.

To obtain geographical range and growth–kinetics parameters of mottled sake (Beringraja pulchra) populations in the Yellow Sea, three mark–recapture experiments were carried out. Overall, 991 tagged individuals were released, and 4.1% of them were recaptured with the mean release period of 339 d (range, 8–1,420 d) and the mean growth rate of 1.4 cm mon–1 (female, 1.5 cm mon–1; male 1.3 cm mon–1). In the first experiment, 667 individuals were released at Heuksan Island from April to June, 2007–2009, and 30 individuals were recaptured mainly at the north and the north–east coasts of the island, indicating absence of migration to the south of the island. In the second experiment, 323 individuals were released at several fishing grounds scattered in the Yellow Sea in 2010–2013, and 11 individuals were recaptured at points deviated to all directions from the releasing points. As the last, one individual was released with pop–up satellite archival tag at a costal point (34°37.2’N, 124°59.3’E) off Hong Island on May 21, 2010. The tagged individual migrated to a north–east location (35°50.4’N, 126°03.6’E) of Eocheong Island by Aug. 25, 2010. The data archived for the three months in the tag indicated that the migration path had depths of 48–80 m and temperature of 12.6–14.4°C. The results indicated that mottled sake populations had a localized habitat ranges at the north of Heuksan Island and the west of Hong Island while growing at the rate of 1.4 cm mon–1.

‘的’ is the most frequently used word. This paper is a study of the Tense-Aspect [时体] mark ‘的’. And it can be defined as follows. First, The Tense-Aspect [时体] mark ‘的’ is tenses and Aspect is present both in the transition period like English. Tense-Aspect [时体] mark ‘的’ has both the past tense and the certain aspect. Second, The ‘的’ is positioned between the center verb of the predicate and the object, and role to emphasize, and shows the certain aspect more clearly. Third, I contend that The ‘的’ in the structure ‘是 + VP + 的 + NP’ is also Tense-Aspect [时体] mark ‘的’. In that structure, ‘是’ is the adverb and it is not the center verb of the predicate. ‘的’ is Tense-Aspect [时体] mark.

포도 신품종 육성에서 내한성 계통의 조기 선발을 위하여, 다양한 품종을 대상으로 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)를 수행하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로‘Campbell Early’x ‘Kaiji’, ‘Golden Muscat’x‘Tamnara’,‘Campbell Early’x‘Neo Muscat’와‘Alden’x‘Kaiji’의 포도교배조합 실생계통을 이용하여 내한성 관련 sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) 분자표지를 개발하였다. 400여개의 primer를 사용하여 bulk집단에서의 RAPD 분석을 통해서 6개의 UBC random primer를 최종적으로 선발하였고, RAPD 산물을 클로닝한 후 염기서열을 분석하였다. 6개의 SCAR primer (UBC123-428, UBC196-353, UBC221-503, UBC317-800, UBC342-500, UBC344-451)를 제작하고 교배조합 실생에 재검정한 결과 내한성과 관련한 특이밴드를 확인할 수 있었다. 포도나무의 내한성과 관련한 특이적인 밴드출현양상은 수피의 탄수화물함량, 전해질전도도, 포장에서의 신초생존율과 유사한 양상을 보였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 SCAR marker는 포도의 염색체상에서 위치를 확인할 수 있었으며, 그 주변에는 주로 cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, leucine-rich repeat, pleiotropic drug resistance 12, ribosomal protein 등의 유전자가 분포하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 포도 내한성 관련 SCAR marker는 내한성 포도 품종의 조기선발과 육종효율 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 항로표지 시뮬레이터에서 구축된 항로표지 데이터베이스를 쉽게 관리하고 활용할 수 있는 방안과 항로표지 배치에 대한 의사결정을 지원하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 시나리오와 같은 계층 구조와 이력카드, 상태 부여 등을 통해 항로표지 데이터베이스를 관리하는 방안을 검토하고 항로표지 배치안에 대하여 시각적, 청각적, 정량적인 검증을 할 수 있도록 돕는 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어를 구현함으로써 본 연구의 목적을 달성한다. 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어는 항로표지 신설, 이설 등과 같이 자유로운 제어뿐만 아니라 조건 검색, 가상운항 및 정량 평가 결과 전시 등의 다양한 기능을 통해 항로표지 배치계획에 대한 의사결정을 돕는다. 이를 활용하여 여러 설계안에 대해 선박이나 선원에게 미칠 수 있는 영향을 예측하거나 설계안의 효율성 및 적절성 여부를 판단하는데 도움을 주고, 수월해진 검증 방법을 통해 더 다양한 설계안을 비교할 수 있기 때문에 항로표지 설계 및 배치 계획 시에 발생 할 수 있는 실패비용과 항로표지 관리비용을 감소시킬 것으로 기대된다.