The purpose of this study is to validate and verify a head nose exposure inhalation system for nano particle inhalation toxicity studies. Carbon nano tube(CNT) particles were generated by a chemical vapor deposition(CVD) generator. And purchased single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNT) and multi wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) were generated by an atomizer. CNT particle distribution was measured by Scanning Nano-Particle Spectrometer(SNPS) and Condensation Particle Counter(CPC). Diameter and length of MWCNT generated by CVD were 10~40 nm and 220~20 μm respectively. Particle number concentration of MWCNT generated by CVD were 1.3×105, 4.1×104, 5.6×103#/cc in high, middle, low chamber respectively. Distribution of particles which were less than 100 nm was 45%. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 8.5×106, 5.3×105, 1.1×104#/cc and after sonication 6.7×106, 4.1×105, 9.5×103#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. Particle number concentration of SWCNT generated by atomizer after magnetic stirring were 6.7×106, 4.6×105, 8.6×103#/cc and after sonication 7.7×106, 5.1×105, 1.3×104#/cc in high, middle, low chambers respectively. We set up head nose exposure inhalation system to conduct a study on nano particle inhalation toxicity. There were sufficient particle number concentrations of nano particles generated in each chamber.

Diesel particulate matter is one of the major harmful emissions under strict regulations. The exhaust after-treatment devices are added to the diesel engines as stricter regulations are introduced worldwide. In the present study, new system of smoke reduction of diesel engine is proposed. This new system is using suction equipment and fiber glass filter included moisture for capture smoke. For verification of new system experiments are performed at diesel engine. As a result it is founded that smoke is decreased.

Sucking spray type liquid dispenser does to ply piston by exclusive use cylinder, did so that dispenser may can do pumping, and control sucking and interception of dispenser by sucking piston and interception node in main cylinder interior and control coating emperor's the spray amount more minutely in main cylinder, various coating emperors of low viscosity so that fixed quantity spray is possible spray type liquid dispenser be. In this paper, spray angle and theoretically cover extent in actuality cover extent is difference, spray form, spray air, spray high, over lap extent according to use usage becomes different and actuality cover extent applies over lap 20[%], and succeed to reduce error of cover extent maximum theoretically with actuality cover extent and got near result in cover extent of 10[%] withins.

A study is conducted to improve the suction performance of suction devices which are used to remove polluted air generated by welding or machining process at a spacious working place in industries. Air-curtain is applied around the suction inlet not only to prevent absorbing fresh air from the downstream region but also to improve the suction performance from the upstream region. Four different type air-curtain devices, such as forward, sideward, 45^° backward and fully backward, are adopted. Suction effect was investigated depending on the mass flowrate blowing to generate air-curtain. Suction condition is selected to 110,000 Reynolds number which has been widely used on typical suction devices, and a width of blowing passage is chosen to 10% of suction duct diameter. Comparing the computed results, the 45^° backward air-curtain method was superior to others. When the blowing mass flowrate was 42% of the suction mass flowrate, the suction region was improved to 38% compared to that of without air-curtain.

방사성물질의 대기 누출 사고시 환경에서 핵종 거동을 모사하는 동적 섭식경로모델 DYNACON을 개선하여, 가축 (육우)의 공기 흡입과 토양 섭취가 육류 (쇠고기)의 방사능 오염에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 이들 두 오염경로는 누출이 육우의 비방목 기간에 일어나는 경우에 육류의 오염에 있어서 결코 무시될 수 없는 경로라는 사실을 확인하였다. 특히 누출 후 대부분 기간에 걸쳐 토양 섭취에 의한 육류의 오염 영향이 공기 흡입에 의한 영향에 비해 우세하였다. 누출 기간동안 강우는 토양 섭취에 의한 육류의 오염에 중요한 요소로 작용하였으며, 이러한 현상은 단반감기 핵종인 보다 장반감기 핵종인 의 경우에 보다 뚜렷하였다. 이전에 수행된 우유에 대한 분석 결과와 비교하여 공기 흡입과 토양 섭취는 육류에 대해 보다 중요한 오염경로로 나타났는데, 이는 상대적으로 육류에서 핵종의 긴 생물학적 반감기 때문이다. 방목기간에 방사성물질이 대기로 누출되는 경우 누출 기간동안 강우의 유무에 관계없이 목초 섭취에 의한 오염 영향이 지배적이었으며, 결과적으로 토양 섭취와 공기 흡입에 의한 오염 영향은 우유의 경우와 마찬가지로 무시할 수 있는 수준이었다.

목재의 건조 균열방지를 위한 진공흡입기술의 새로운 목재처리방법에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 목재의 건조균열 방지를 위해 사용된 ployetylene grycogen(PEG) 처리재들은 PEG-1540, PEG-2000, PEG-4000, PEG-10000이었으며, 진공펌프의 감압정도는 85kPa과 39kPa 이었다. 시험결과, 진공흡입처리에 의한 PEG액의 흡입은 방사단면에 걸쳐 고르게 이루워졌음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 PEG의 분자량이 증가할수록 단위시간당 PEG의 분자량이 증가할수록 단위시간당 PEG의 흡입량과 처리전.후의 함수률의 차인δ M.C 는 PEG-2000을 변곡점으로 하여 감소하였다. 그리고 리기다 소나무의 건조균열 방지를 위한 약제 흡입처리에 있어 최적의 PEG 분자량과 농도 그리고 감압력의 조건은 각각 PEG-2000과 30%(wt.)그리고 85kPa임을 알 수 있었다.

관상동맥 스텐트 혈전증 치료에 있어서 혈소판 당단백 IIb/IIIa 수용체 차단제와 카테터를 이용한 혈전 흡입술을 동시에 시행한 경우의 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 2008년 07월부터 2017년 07월까지의 일대학교병원 심혈관센터에서 경피적 관상동맥 스텐트 삽입술 후 관상동맥 조영술에서 스텐트 혈전증이 발생한 환자 267명(64.6±12.1년, 187남자) 그룹 I(혈전용해술과 혈전흡입술 동시 시행한 경우, n=32명), 그룹 II (혈전용해술이나 혈전흡입술 한 가지만 시행한 경우 혹은 둘 다 시행하지 않은 경우, n=235명)로 분류하여 주요심장사건, 사망 발생률, 표적병변 재개통술 그리고 스텐트 혈전 등을 1 년동안 추적 관찰하였다. 두 군 간에 임상 특성에서 연령(그룹I: 60.8±12.9 vs. 그룹II: 65.1±11.9, p=0.603), 남성(그룹I: 75.0% vs. 그룹II: 69. 4%, p=0.681), 좌심실구혈율(그룹I: 58.1±9.0 vs. 그룹II: 59.5±11.9, p=0.127)등 양군 간에 차이는 없었다. 주요 심장사건은 두 군간에 차이를 보이지 않았으나(그룹I: 12.5% vs. 그룹II: 23.8%, p=0.180), 세부적으로 살펴보면 사망발생률(그룹I: 0% vs. 그룹II: 13.2%, p=0.034), 표적병변 재개통술(그룹I: 9.4% vs. 그룹II: 6.4%, p=0.4 61) 그리고 스텐트 혈전증(그룹I: 3.1% vs. 그룹II: 4.7%, p=1000)으로, 사망발생률은 혈소판 당단백 IIb/IIIa 수용체 차단제와 혈전흡입술을 동시에 시행한 군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 결론적으로, 관상동맥 스텐트 혈전증 치료에 있어 혈전용해술과 혈전흡입술을 동시 시행하는 경우에 비교군보다 사망 발생율을 감소시켰다.

Background : Brain waves are generated by the neurons in the brain. Many scientists fixed the electrodes of the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the scalp to record the signal expression of continuous cerebral activity. EEG is widely used in clinical diagnosis. It can be used to screen epilepsy, depression, ementia, stroke, encephalitis, ADHD and other brain diseases. Also, many local and foreign studies on aromatherapy focused on the discussion of human skin absorbing essential oils. This study discusses the level of relaxation efficacy of inhaled essential oils via the human olfactory organs. Thus, this study intended to observe the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma on EEG activity. Methods and Results : We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma by the supercritical extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum in 20 healthy participants. EEGs signals were recorded using QEEG-8 system (LAXTHA Inc., Daejeon, Korea) from 8 grounding electrodes. The subjects were instructed to sit quietly, close their eyes and to breathe normally during the measurement. The fragrance stimulus was dipped in a paper (14 ㎝2) then placed about 3 cm in front of the subject's nose. EEG was recorded before and during the fragrance exposure for 30 seconds. The mean power values (μV) calculated for fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis indicators. The results were as essential oils of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma decreased the overall brain relative theta (θ waves), but increased relative beta (β waves), absolute gamma (γ waves), spectral edge frequency (SEF) and spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF95). Conclusion : The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of Aucklandiae Radix and Cyperi Rhizoma suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.

There are reports that inhaling hypertonic saline with bronchodilator is helpful in the treatment of bronchiolitis. However, further studies are needed to determine if it is helpful to inhale hypertonic saline with bronchodilator in children with recurrent wheezing. We aimed to investigate the effect of hypertonic saline inhalation in children with recurrent wheezing. A total of 40 patients under 6 years of age admitted to Kwangju Christian Hospital from December 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive salbutamol. In the control group (n=21), salbutamol (2.5-5 mg / 0.5-1 mL) was inhaled four times a day with physiological saline (0.9% normal saline 1-3 mL). In the experimental group (n=19), the same amount of hypertonic saline (5% saline 1-3 mL) was inhaled four times a day instead of physiological saline. We compared the duration of wheezing remission between patients who had recurrent wheezing (n=40). There was no difference in the duration of wheezing remission in patients who had recurrent wheezing. But the hypertonic saline inhalation group had a lower post treatment clinical score on the 2nd-3rd day of admission than the physiological saline inhalation group. In this study, hypertonic saline inhalation therapy was not significantly effective in the treatment of recurrent wheezing. More additional research is needed to determine whether inhaled hypertonic saline is effective in the treatment of recurrent wheezing.

This study was conducted to examine how inhaling woody essential oil during work influences attention. The indoor experiment was conducted using woody essential oil that blends Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.) and pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) and the control experiment was done with odorless air. The subjects were 19 high school and college students (male: 8, female: 11, average age: 19.47±3.20) and double-blind cross-over trial was conducted to identify the effect of essential oil on the body and attention. The subjects sat on the chair and closed their eyes for stabilization for 30 seconds. Then, they inhaled woody essential oil and odorless air for three minutes each. During each stimulation periods, the subjects calculated a multiplication of two digit-numbers in their minds and their heart rate variability (HRV) was measured. Physiological changes were measured using the total variation of LF/HF, which is an indicator of activities of sympathetic nerves and psychological changes were measured using the Semantic Differential Method (SD method) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). As a result, inhaling woody essential oil increased total variation of LF/HF (diffrence of LF/HF in stimulation and LF/HF in rest; ΔLF/HF) compared to inhaling odorless air and led to the activation of sympathetic nerves. Also, it increased tranquility and reduced anger (A-H) and total mental disorder (TMD) among the psychological indicators. In case of calculations, it significantly increased the number of multiplications solved, number of correct answers, and percentage of correct answers. Overall, this study showed that inhaling woody essential oil during work effectively improved the subjects' attention.

최근 기후변화에 따른 집중호우로 도시홍수의 피해가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 도시홍수를 효과적으로 방어하기 위해서는 내배수시설의 성능 개선이 선행되어야 한다. 이러한 내배수 시설의 성능 개선을 위해서 현재 기 설치되어 있는 빗물펌프장의 설계 및 운영에 대한 성능평가가 필요하다. 성능평가가 이루어져야 유입부 및 흡입부의 설계를 개선하거나 펌프의 용량을 증대하는 대안을 제시할 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 현재 설계기준에는 빗물펌프장의 설계 및 운영에 대한 성능 평가 방법이 부재한 실정이다. 따라서 빗물펌프장 내 흐름특성을 분석하여 설계 및 운영에 대한 성능 평가방법을 제시할 필요가 있다. 배수능력 평가 기준을 마련하기 위한 빗물펌프장 내 흐름특성 분석은 수리모형실험을 통하여 분석하는 것이 가장 이상적이나 현실적인 문제로 인하여 수치모의를 통해 분석하는 것이 적당할 것으로 판단된다. 수치모의를 사용하기 위해서는 수치모의의 검증이 필히 선행되어야 하므로 본 연구에서는 국내 빗물펌프장 흡입부의 설게기준과 기설치된 빗물펌프장의 형상을 고려하여 수치모의의 검증에 필요한 수리실험을 수행하였다. PIV(Particle Image Velocimety)를 이용하여 빗물펌프장 흡입부 주변의 유속장에 대한 자료를 확보하였다. 확보한 유속장 자료와 ANSYS CFX 모의 결과와 비교하여 3차원 수치모형의 검증을 수행하였다.

허혈성 심장 질환을 진단하기 위해 입원하여 관상동맥 조영술을 시행하는 환자에게 검사 전 불안 상태를 감소시키고 이를 통한 수 면 증진을 위한 효과 검증을 위해 아로마요법을 이용해 실험군과 대조군의 상태불안, 수면상태 및 수면만족도를 비교 분석하였다. 아로마 향기흡입법은 관상동맥 조영술 시행환자의 상태불안을 46.67±11.76점에서 39.00±7.35점으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이 로 감소시켰다. 수면상태의 경우 실험군이 52.94±10.00점에서 52.78±11.25점으로 낮아진 반면 대조군은 48.76±12.42점에서 43.19±14.89점으로 낮아져 통계적으로 유의한 차이로 대조군보 다 좋은 수면상태를 유지하였다. 수면만족도는 실험군이 3.33±.77 점에서 3.44±.86점으로 증가하여 수면상태를 개선하는데 효과적 이었다. 그러므로 관상동맥 조영술을 시행하기 위해 입원하는 환자 의 상태불안 감소와 수면의 질 개선을 위한 중재방법으로 라벤더와 버가못, 일랑일랑 향유를 이용한 아로마 흡입법을 적용하는 것은 매우 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

Introduction : The obesity can be a serious problem that frequently induces a great deal of complications. Numerous methods have been applied to control obesity and one of them is aromatherapy. This study is a first attempt to verify the effect of the inhalation of essential oils on the obesity. This study was designed as the animal study, because the human study has many socio-psycho compounding variables. Methods : This study was designed to verify the effect of inhalation of essential oils on the body weight, feeding amount, food efficiency rate and serum leptin of SD rats. The research design is repeated measures over time, equivalent control group pretest-posttest experimental design. The subjects of this experiment were obese SD rats. They were allocated to one of four groups, the Fennel G., the Patchouli G., the Bergamot G. and control G. The experimental treatment was the inhalation of aromatherapy essential oils (Fennel, Patchouli, Bergamot). The experimental treatment was applied two times a day for 10 minutes each during 8 weeks. To evaluate the effect of inhalation of essential oils, the body weight, feeding amount and food efficiency rate was measured every week and serum leptin was measured before and after the experiment. The collected data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, Greenhouse-Geisser, ANOVA, Tukey, Kruskal Wallis test and χ²- test with SPSS program. Results : The results were as follows. The subjects of this study was 84 obese SD rats(40 males and 44 females). The means of age and body weight in obese SD rats were 30 weeks and 344.6g. The food efficiency rate was significantly lower in the Patchouli group and Fennel group than in Bergamot group and control group(P=.000). No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for SD rat's body weight, feeding amount and serum leptin. Conclusions : In conclusion, these findings indicate that the inhalation of essential oils could be effective in lowering the food efficiency rate. 2)

The purpose of the study was to find out what the lavender aroma have an influence on changes in human brain electroencephalogram(EEG). We have conducted an experiment on 10 men and women in their twenties. After comparing digtal EEG(dEEG) with statistical EEG(SEEG) that put advantages of two methods together was applied to this experiment. The measurement was made through 19 channels using 32 channel digital EEG system, and it was made for 20 seconds with the sampling rate set to be 250 Hz. Then the part, which was not polluted by artifact, was adopted. After a clinician judged, the data without the artifact were gathered from the ones, which were measured 9 times in 19 channels, to construct statistical data base. Lavender fragrance had such an influence that δ wave was found in frontal lobe and temporal lobes of both side brains(FP1, FP2, T7, T8, F7, F8, C3, C4, Cz, F3, F4). This can be considered a characteristic of lavender, and more study on another effects of it should be continued. The influence of lavender aroma on human brain EEG will contribute to reducing the stress from which humans suffer.

An air suction skimmer was selected as a potable skimmer to be developed among the many reviewed skimmers because of its advantages such as simple structure, excellent transportability, and easy deployment. A prototype of the skimmer was fabricated. It was shown that the skimmer operated by a commercial vacuum cleaner has good performance. The maximum suction rate of water and the maximum suction head were 18㎥/㏊ and 2.7m, respectively.