Korean historical literatures offer numerous records on astronomical phenomena such as eclipses, comets, and close approaches, etc. Records of close approaches often use specific terms to describe the angular distance, which lack translation into modern numerical values. We study the usage of the five commonly used terms, namely, Entry (入, En), Invasion (犯, In), Occultation (掩, Oc), Eclipse (食, Ec), as well as the unit Chi (尺). Our analysis is based on more than 2,300 records from Goryeo (918–1392 CE) and Joseon (1392–1910 CE) Dynasties. Through statistical analysis, we determine their quantitative definitions. We convert the lunisolar calendar to the Julian and Gregorian date and utilize the modern ephemeris DE431 to calculate the angular distance between celestial bodies. We find that the angular distances of the terms En, In, Oc, and Ec correspond to respectively 1.78◦+2.36 −1.11, 0.89◦+3.54 −0.51, 0.44◦+1.15 −0.31, and 0.29◦+2.61 −0.16 for the Goryeo Dynasty and 1.36◦+1.15 −0.64, 0.51◦+1.11 −0.32, 0.25◦+0.27 −0.17, and 0.21◦+0.25 −0.11 for the Joseon Dynasty. Additionally, we determine the angular size of the unit Chi by using the records from Korean chronicles along with the drawings of comets’ tails in the Daily Log (天變謄錄). We estimate the unit Chi to be 1.11◦+0.46 −0.40 and find that the numerical definition was consistent throughout the two dynasties in Korea. Furthermore, we find that the terms were used to describe the closest approach and that there is no observational bias in the angular distances against the apparent magnitudes of the objects. We show that the terms En, In, Oc, and Ec represent decreasing angular distance in that order and this ordering was consistent in both dynasties.

In the hospitality and tourism sectors, service robots have become increasingly adopted by companies to facilitate frontline service to reduce human labor, improve efficiency and provide better customer experience. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified consumers’ demand for service robots to reduce human contact. To better understand the impact of service robots in the service sector, researchers have been examining user behavior of different technologies. While prior empirical studies have mainly focused on utilitarian-based acceptance models, other perspectives, such as the interpersonal relations, have been largely overlooked. With the ubiquitous of social media, people become connected but alone, leading to negative effects on interpersonal relations.

Although the phenomenon of lead categories is well-documented in the marketing literature, our understanding of this important store choice factor remains limited. Lead categories are defined as those product categories that are so important for the shopping trip that they influence the consumer’s store choice decision. The purposes of this paper are to offer theoretical bases that explain why lead categories form and to understand how overall images of product quality, selection, and price affect lead category formation. The authors use theories of anchoring effects and automatic cognitive processing to offer theoretical explanations regarding why consumers form lead categories and how overall images of product quality, selection, and price affect lead category formation. Using survey data collected from consumers at two grocery stores, the authors find that positive overall product quality and selection images facilitate lead category formation and that an overall low-price image hinders it.

In addition to humanoid and robotic designs, an increasing number of AI-powered services are being represented by non-human species (i.e., zoonotic design). Yet, little is known about the consequential effects of such zoonotic AI on consumer adoption of these services. Drawing on the concept of speciesism and Cognitive Load Theory, the current research seeks to uncover how does using zoonotic (vs. robotic) designs affects consumer adoption.

This study examines the impact of others' reviews (reviews, product ratings) on consumer responses (helpfulness & buying intention) in an online shopping platform. We propose that review features, such as review message construal and review inconsistency between review message valence and rating, determine review credibility as product-related information, which in turn influences helpfulness of review and buying intention toward the product. Specifically, low- level construal review messages will be perceived as more credible than high-level construal review messages, which affect helpfulness and buying intention. In addition, the effect of review message construal will be moderated by review inconsistency. The effect of the review message construal will be enhanced in the condition of review consistency (positive content-high rating & negative content-low rating), but it will be disappeared or attenuated in the condition of inconsistency (positive content-low rating, negative content-high rating).

This research demonstrates that consumers with high (vs. low) usage of social networking sites (SNSs) prefer NFTs representing a partial but the only digital piece (vs. one of the limited digital copies) of artwork. NFT uniqueness is identified as the psychological mechanism underlying the SNS usage effect on NFT preference.

A new type of food created in laboratories – lab grown meat (LGM) is an alternative to traditional animal farming and attracting attention of media, industry experts and consumers. Why is this new product so controversial? It is claimed that cell-based meat production is more environmentally friendly, ethical and sustainable than traditional methods that involve animals. Hence, being less harmful and potentially slowing down environmental degradation that leads to climate change. However, consumers have concerns regarding product quality, sourcing of cells used for production and use of growth serums. So many differing views are present, even before LGM is introduced as a marketable product. This paper examines what drives public discourse regarding how this new industry can be regulated, technology and how social media posts, fake news and publicly available rhetoric address consumer concerns and consumer acceptance regarding this new food category.

In this research, we investigate the effectiveness of bleed brand logos for the metaverse shopping travelers from the viewpoint of a container metaphor. Bleed is a technique that enlarges parts of a logo while omitting others. Many firms use a bleed logo to improve visibility and allow the metaverse shopping travelers to retrieve the brand-related information quickly. Regarding the issue, we conducted three studies and found that in a metaverse space not filled with other traveler avatars, travelers would feel that the environment is in their control, and they could enjoy the experience. In this instance, firms could earn a high brand evaluation with a high bleed logo. However, when the metaverse space is crowded with other traveler avatars and, thus, travelers experience negative feelings brought up by their sense of being out of control, a high bleed logo results in their low evaluations of the brand because shopping travelers feel like some contents in the logo are out of the frame.

Considering the popularity of virtual influencer (VI) marketing while its effectiveness remains fully unexplored, there is a need of academic attention testing consumer responses to VIs in comparison with human influencer marketing. Hence, this study aims to fill this gap by comparing consumers’ perceptions of a human versus virtual influencer’s endorsement. Specifically, based on the construal level theory and psychological reactance, this study investigates how consumers differently evaluate human and virtual influencers’ endorsement motives, which may further influence their attitudes toward a brand, advertising (i.e., endorsement), and an influencer and purchase intentions. Additionally, the moderating role of the number of endorsements (single vs. multiple) and perceived innovativeness are examined.

The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of mycotoxins and the concentration of preservatives and antioxidants in commercial pet food. 106 pet foods were purchased from online in Korea. Mycotoxin analysis were performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and preservatives and antioxidants were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contamination of the mycotoxins in all samples was proved to comply with the Korea legislation with regards to animal feed, the analyses revealed presence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins, with values below 1.6 ㎍/㎏, 12.1 ㎍/㎏, 478.5 ㎍/㎏ and 1873.5 ㎍/㎏, respectively. Furthermore, the simultaneous presences of different mycotoxins were observed in most of positive samples. The levels of dehydroacetic acid (DHA), sorbic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA) were, respectively, with values below 0.24 g/㎏, 4.82 g/㎏ and 6.35 g/㎏. The concentrations of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were demonstrated to be acceptable, with values below 0.04 g/㎏, and 0.02 g/㎏. This indicated the need for further investigation into the potential risk deriving from chronic exposure to low doses of mycotoxins. Additionally, a co-contamination of mycotoxins which interact in synergic manner are more concern. As DHA that not accepted was detected and very high levels of SA were identified in samples, an upper limit for preservatives in pet foods should be established in pet foods. BHA and BHT were detected within the recommended levels for antioxidant content, so these are considered as safe.

인간에게 도움을 주기위해서 개발되고 운용되고 있는 드론은 인간의 삶을 풍요롭게 해주며 인간의 존엄 성을 높여주는 역할을 하고 있다. 드론은 우리에게 경제적 요구의 충족, 위험업무의 감소와 인명구조, 미려 한 디자인, 아름다운 영상촬영과 같은 만족감을 가져다주는데 이러한 만족감을 인문학적 가치라고 표현할 수 있다. 일손이 부족한 농촌에서 많은 노동력을 절감해주는 드론은 힘든 일로부터 인간을 벗어나게 해주는 역할뿐만 아니라 경제적 효율성을 제공해줌으로써 우리에게 풍부한 인문학적 가치를 제공해주고 있다. 경 찰과 소방에서 사용되는 드론도 위험한 업무로부터 인력을 보호하는 동시에 효율적으로 업무를 처리할 수 있도록 함으로써 인문학적 가치를 높여주고 있다. 취미용으로 사용되고 있는 드론은 미려한 디자인의 외모 와 아름다운 영상촬영을 가능하게 해줌으로써 우리의 삶을 더욱 풍요롭게 해줌으로써 높은 인문학적 가치 를 현시해주고 있다. 향후에도 다양한 분야로의 사용 확대가 예상되는 드론은 그만큼 인문학적 가치를 높여 줄 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 디아코니아 실천의 대상으로 사회적 취약계층에는 주목하고 있지만 행복취약계층에는 상대적으로 낮은 관심을 보이고 있는 점을 주목했다. 이를 위해서 행복에 대한 관점에 대해서 살폈으며, 행복에 대한 연구자료에 근거하여 행복취약계층을 인식하고 그들의 행복과 삶의 질을 높이는데 실질적으로 기여하는 디아코니아 실천을 통한 선교적 방안을 마련하고자 했다. 이 연구를 통하여 우리의 이웃 중에는 고립과 외로움, 종사상의 지위, 나이가 많다는 이유로 그리고 가정과 사회에서 책임을 다하면서도 행복을 놓치는 사람들이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 기독교는 행복의 사각지대에서 존재하는 그들에게 디아 코니아 실천을 통한 선교를 통해서 참 행복을 선물할 수 있어야 한다. 기독교의 예배는 하나님과 단절된 영혼을 이어주는 행복한 사건이 되고, 교회를 통해서 세상은 행복한 환대를 경험해야 할 것이다. 그리스 도인들은 ‘자기’라는 경계를 넘어서 이웃과 세상으로 건너가 행복을 선물할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 이웃을 사랑하는 기독교의 진정성은 이웃의 몸과 마음 그리고 그 영혼까지 건지는 전인적인 행복을 그들에게 줄 수 있다

Gwaebultaeng is a cultural property of painting, a large Buddhist painting used for special ceremonies in Buddhism. It is stored in an indoor temple environment, and there is a greater risk of contamination and damage due to environmental factors compared to other cultural properties. In 2021, the treasure Hanging Painting of Anguksa Temple and storage chest stored in Geungnakjeon Hall of Anguksa Temple in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do were investigated. As a result, one genus and three species fungi, one species bacteria were found on the surface of the painting. In addition, five genera and 11 species fungi, eight genera and 12 species bacteria were confirmed on the surface of the storage chest. Among them, the same three species of Aspergillus genus were identified in both Gwaebultaeng and the storage chest. These results suggest the possibility of introduction and spread from airborne fungi in the indoor air outside the chest. Among the identified microorganisms, one genus and two species fungi in Gwaebultaeng and three genera and four species fungi, four genera and five species bacteria were identified as those that could cause damage to the storage chest. In addition, it was confirmed that one species fungus in Gwaebultaeng and one genus and two species fungi could cause harm to the human body. The results of this study will serve as a basis for careful discussion and management regarding the storage of cultural properties in the future.