폭발물을 사용한 폭력적 극단주의나 테러사건은 자주 발생하는 사건은 아 니지만, 폭발물 테러나 범죄사건은 그 영향력이 매우 심각하고 다수의 사상 자를 발생시켜 엄청난 사회적 파급력을 남긴다. 최근 국내외에서 발생한 사 제폭탄을 이용한 공격들은 이러한 위협이 실존하는 위협이라는 것을 명확히 보여준다. 문제는 오늘날에는 악의를 가진 범죄자나 극단주의자들이 폭발물 을 제조하는 방법이 알려지고 관련 화약류 등의 물질을 손쉽게 구할 수도 있 다는 점이다. 그러나 학계에서는 사제폭탄을 비롯한 폭발물 범죄와 테러의 위협에 대한 연구가 매우 부족하고, 법령이나 담당기관들이 변화하는 유통망 이나 사회환경, 그리고 잠재적 극단주의자들의 발생가능성 등에 대한 정비가 미진하다고 판단된다. 특히 국내의 경우는 폭발물 관련 테러나 극단주의범죄 사용에 대한 미국의 대응에 비교하면 더욱 그러하다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 국내의 폭발물관련 대응을 분석하기 위해 관련 법령과 폭발물질에 대한 관 리ㆍ감독에 대한 분석하였다. 그리고 국내의 상황을 미국의 폭발물 관련 입 법례와 연방정부기관의 활동을 비교 분석하였다. 이 연구는 특히 미국의 입 법례들 중 the Safe Explosives Act of 2002(이하 SEA)의 미국 폭발물 관 련 형법들의 개정과 미국 연방정부기관들 중 폭발물관리에 대한 가장 핵심 적 역할을 수행하는 ATF의 활동을 규정하는 데 미친 영향을 분석하였다. 또 한 ATF의 최근 강화된 폭발물 관리ㆍ감독과 관련된 업무를 분석하고 이에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 특히 ATF업무들 중 민간영역의 파트너들과의 협 력, 교육강화 등에 대해 초점을 맞추어 분석하였다. 분석결과는 미국의 입법 례와 ATF의 활동이 국내의 폭발물 법령과 담당기관의 활동에 중요한 정책 적, 법적 함의가 있다고 분석되었다. 특히 국내의 민간영역의 파트너들과의 긴밀한 협력과 이를 가능하게 할 수 있는 전문담당인력의 양성을 위해 관련 법령의 개정의 필요성이 강조되었다. 이 연구의 분석결과, 정책적 함의, 학 문적 공헌 등은 결론과 논의 부분에서 논의되었다.

One of the promising candidates for accident-tolerant fuel (ATF), a ceramic microcell fuel, which can be distinguished by an unusual cell-like microstructure (UO2 grain cell surrounded by a doped oxide cell wall), is being developed. This study deals with the microstructural observation of the constituent phases and the wetting behaviors of the cell wall materials in three kinds of ceramic microcell UO2 pellets: Si-Ti-O (STO), Si-Cr-O (SCO), and Al-Si-Ti-O (ASTO). The chemical and physical states of the cell wall materials are estimated by HSC Chemistry and confirmed by experiment to be mixtures of Si-O and Ti-O for the STO; Si-O and Cr-O for SCO; and Si-O, Ti-O, and Al-Si-O for the ASTO. From their morphology at triple junctions, UO2 grains appear to be wet by the Si-O or Al-Si-O rather than other oxides, providing a benefit on the capture-ability of the ceramic microcell cell wall. The wetting behavior can be explained by the relationships between the interface energy and the contact angle.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is well known as a suppressor in osteoblast differentiation and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) could be induced by a various extracellular signals including cytokines, hormones, DNA damage. Up to date, although the role of ATF3 have been studied, the function of ATF3 in osteoblast differentiation is still not clear yet. Our study showed that expression level of ATF3 could be incresed by tunicamycin which is ER stress inducer in preosteoblasts. BMPs, which are secreted by osteoblasts, can be important regulators in osteogenic differentiation. The stress-responsive transcription factor ATF3 is a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, we verified that BMP2-stimulated osteoblast differentiation could be inhibited by over-expressed ATF3 through regulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activation.

On the voyage into explori ng a research question: Where is an interactional interface to interrelate a focus on form to a specific task in designing a task-based syllabus?, this study identifies three problems, i.e., the learnability, the performability, and the interactionability problem from the reviews of the research on task-based sy llabuses (Ellis, 2003; Prabhu, 1987; Snow, Met, & Genesee, 1989) to be settled in designing a task-based syllabus. In order to search for a poss ible solution to these problems, it proposes an interactive approach to a task-based sy llabus called the Ability-Task Function (ATF) Model. The ATF constitutes a linear function, 'y=ax+b', in which 'y ' represents the levels of language abi lities on the Parallel Developmental Sequence (Kim & K won, 2007) and 'x' the hierarchies of task performances on the target language use domain continuum (Kim, 2006c). Hence, the vertical y axis (i.e., the levels of language abilities) and the horizontal x ax is (i.e., the hierarchies of task performances) comprise the ATF Coordinate or Map on which we are able to explore a possible answer to the three problems. Finally, this study demonstrates how the A TF fades the three problems out, and hence comes to a conclusion: The A TF is, in a sense, a kind of metric by which not only we are able to plot, analyze, and evaluate all the pedagogic tasks on the line (i.e., y=ax+b, a= l, b=O), but also select and sequence them along the line on which they are all in direct proportion of the levels of language abilities to the hierarchies of task performances. Thus, the ATF Model can provide a conceptual framework for designing an interactive abilitydifferentiated task-based syllabus.

Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1 via interruption of the NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of inflammatory. However, inflammation-regulatory activity of wood-cultivated ginseng has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of wood-cultivated ginseng and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : Inhibitory effects of the old wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-O), young wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-Y) and ginseng (G) on NO and PGE2 production were examined using the Griess assay and ELISA kit. Suppressive effects of WCG-O on inflammatory gene expression, transcriptional activation, and inflammation signaling events were investigated using Western blot analysis, RT-PCR analysis and luciferase activity reporter gene assay. WCG-O dose-dependently suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, WCG-O attenuated LPS-mediated overexpression of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, WCG-O blocked the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, WCG-O inhibited the activation of IκK-α/β, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, and degradation of IκB-α, which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, WCG-O suppressed the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that WCG-O may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, WCG-O has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Mistletoe has been used as the herbal medicine to treat hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, arthritis and viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of branch from Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) using in vitro model. Methods and Results : TY-NS-B significantly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. TY-NS-B was also observed to inhibit LPS-mediated iNOS COX-2 expression. In addition, TY-NS-B attenuated production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. TY-NS-B blocked LPS-mediated inhibitor of IκB-α, and inhibited p65 translocation to the nucleus and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, TY-NS-B reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38 and JNK, but not ERK1/2. In addition, TY-NS-B increased ATF3 expression and ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated TY-NS-B-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression. Conclusion : Collectively, our results suggest that TY-NS-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation, and increasing ATF3 expression. These findings indicate that TY-NS-B could be further developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

세포의 대사과정에서 생성되는 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species : ROS)은 세포의 성숙과 발생 과정을 저해하며, 인간의 생식 수관에서 불임의 원인이 된다. 많은 세포생물학적 연구를 통해 ROS에 대한 세포 내의 보호 기작이 밝혀지고 있다. Activating transcription factor 4(ATF4)는 세포 내에서 산화적 스트레스를 비롯한 여러 스트레스 요인으로부터 세포를 보호하는 기작에 관여하는 중요한 인자로서, 스트레스