국내 양송이 생산량은 2010년에 2만2천여톤으로 팽이, 느타리, 새송이에 이어 4번째로 많이 생산된 버섯이다. 생산액으로 비교를 해보면 팽이버섯과 느타리를 추월하여 생표고와 새송이 다음으로 많은 152억이나 된다. 이처럼 많은 양이 소비되고 농가소득에 중요한 작목임에도 불구하고 국내에서 육성된 품종은 극히 미약하다. 본 연구는 순수 국산품종을 육성 보급하여 캐나다 등에서 수입되는 외래품종에 대응하고 국내 양송이 농가의 소득을 증진하고 소비자들에게 좀 더 고품질의 버섯을 제공하고자 추진하였다. 새로운 고품질 품종을 육성하고자 2010년 육성 보급된 양송이 품종 ‘새아’를 모본으로 하여 S737-110 단포자를 di-mono 교잡하여 B417 교잡주를 선발하였다. 클램프가 형성되지 않는 양송이의 특성상 교잡의 유무는 DNA분석을 통해 이루어졌으며 대량생산검증과 농가실증을 통하여 “새정”품종을 최종 육성하였다. “새정”는 균사배양 최적온도는 23-25℃이며, 버섯발생온도는 13-15℃이나 자실체 생육온도는 13~20℃로 약간 중고온성으로 초여름까지도 재배가 가능하다. 자실체의 형태를 살펴본 결과, 대조구인 새아보다 갓이 조금 더 크고 순백색으로 특히, 경도가 높아 육질이 단단한 특징을 보였다. 갓의 색깔은 전형적인 순백색이며 갓에 대한 대의 부착형태는 중심형이다. 재배시 복토후 발이까지 소요되는 일수는 대조구에 비해 1일정도 늦으나 수량은 37% 증수되는 차이를 보였다. 농가실증 시험결과, 주기가 확실하지 않고 꾸준하게 조금씩 버섯이 발생되어 가족단위로 재배하는 농가에는 유리한 품종이며 새아보다 초발이소유일수가 다소 늦은 감이 있으며 온도를 19℃ 고온재배에서도 재배가 유리하며 새아보다 버섯 색깔이 더 좋으며(순백색) 육질이 단단하여 품종으로서의 가치가 인정되었다.

A xylanase bacteria, isolated from Waste Mushroom bed of Agaricus bisporus in Sukseong-myeon, Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, was used to produce an xylanase in shaker buffle flask cultures containing oat spelt xylans. This strain was screen onto xylan agar congo-red plate by the xylanolysis method. The phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA sequence data showed that Bacillus subtilisstrain 55 had the highest homology (99.0%) with Bacillus subtilisand it was named Bacillus subtilisstrain 55. Bacteria grows and activity maximum during 2 days. The xylanase enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (50~80%), gel filtration on sephacryl S-300, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE sepharose FF. The molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE method. Enzyme size was 44kDa. The optimal pH of the xylanase activity was pH 7, and stability pH 6. The optimal temperature for the xylanase activity and stability was showed same temperature at 50℃. The purified xylnase had Kmvalue and Vmax of 20㎎/㎖ and 2500μM/min respectively. The enzyme was active on oat spelt xylan, beechwood xylan and little activity on starch substrate specificity. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Fe2+and Mn2+and strongly inhibited by Hg+.

Cobweb disease symptoms were observed in a mushroom farm in Buye, Korea during a disease survey in 2008-2011. Five isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were obtained from the infected caps and stipes. These isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were identified as C. mycophilum based on their morphological, cultural characteristics and analysis of the ITS sequences. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. Optimal temperature and pH for mycelial growth on MEA is 23℃ and 6.0. Microscopically the spores of the fungus are large and most 2~3 celled produced on vertically branched conidiophores. Mushroom caps turned dark brown and shrunk due to soft rot. Testing of sensitivity to selected fungicides showed that isolate was highly resistance to Mancozeb and Thiophanate-methyl, moderately sensitivity to Iprodione, and highly sensitivity to Benomyl, Prochloraz-Mn and Carbendazim.

The purpose of this study was to breed new white strains of Agaricus bisporus with high yield and high quality by single spore crossbreeding program. In Agaricus bisporus the compatibility of strains is controlled by one mating type factor and different alleles are needed for fertility in . Fertile vegetative mycelium called heterokaryon consists of a network cells, each of which has a variable number of two genetically distinct nuclei with opposite mating type. In the basidia, specialized cells on the lamellae, a normal meiosis takes place after nuclear fusion and produces two spores, each containing two non-sister nuclei (n+n). Fruiting tests show that these single spore cultures can produce mushrooms, i.e. that they contain both mating types. Because of this secondarily homothallism, only a small percentage of the basidia produce 3 or 4 spores, which are mostly haploid (n) and do not fruit. Single spore cultures derived from these types of spores produce a vegetative mycelium that also contain a variable number of genetically identical nuclei per cell called homokaryon. Other characteristics of A. bisporus is the lack of clamp connections in heterokaryons. The typical life cycle and the lack of differences between homo- and heterokaryons are a serious drawback in breeding. Therefore, the availability of uninucleate self-sterile homokaryons is a pre-requisite for producing hybrids in crossbreeding program. Two homokaryons were isolated from two parental strains, SSU413 and CM0299021. They were crossed and cultivated on a small scale and on a commercial scale at a farm. For this, the spawn was made by a commercial spawn producer and the spawned compost by a commercial compost producer. The mature cap shape of new strain CM021002 is oblate spheroid and the immature cap shape is round to oblate spheroid. The cap diameter ranged from 30-43mm, with an average of 39mm. In comparison with white strain 505 Ho, the strain had a yield that was on average 9% higher. It produced fruiting bodies which had a higher weight on average per fruiting body and were 19% firmer with a good shelf life.

Agaricus bisporus is a nutritious edible fungus that is cultivated worldwide. Because of its secondarily homothallic life cycle, 90% or more of the basidia lining the gills at fruit bodies are predominantly two-spored, with each spore receiving two of the four meiotic nuclei. Such homothallic system results in scarcity of monokaryotic basidiospores in its progeny but the availability of uninucleate self-sterile homokaryons is a pre-requisite for producing hybrids in breeding program. This experiment screened 64 single spore isolates collected from CN0210-021, which is white button mushroom cultivated in Chungnam area. They were germinated on PAD meduium at 25℃. After 30 days of incubation colony diameter and morphology type of each isolates was determined. Based on growth rate, 5 strains showing very slow growing morphology than that of parental heterokaryotic strain were selected. Out of 5 slow growing isolates, 2 of them fruited and the rest 3 isolates did not fruit, which were considered as putative homokaryons. These data will provide the outcrossing sources that could be used in commercial breeding programs later. However, in the identification of homokaryotic strains, there is no direct morphological distinguishing features such as a clamp connection that would permit the reliable sorting between homokaryons and heterokaryons. Traditional method to verify a homokaryon thorough the fruiting trial is also time-consuming and not perfect. Therefore, to accelerate the breeding of Agaricus bisporus, quick and reliable methods such as molecular markers to identify the infrequent homokaryons from heterokaryons are needed to be carried out.

다향(CM061202)은 충청남도농업기술원에서 양송이 신품종 육성을 위해 갈색종에서 161개의 담자포자 균주를 분리하여 선발된 계통중의 하나로 705호와 생산력을 비교한 결과 수량, 균사생장 및 품질특성이 우수하여 신품종으로 선정되었으며 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 다향 균사를 퇴비추출버섯 완전배지(CE/MCM)에 접종하여 25℃ 온도에서 15일 배양시균사생장 길이는 63㎜로 705호(38㎜)에 비해 양호하였다. 볏짚을 이용한 균상 재배시 다향의 생육 온도는15~19℃로 705호(15~17℃)에 비해 2℃ 높았다. 다향의 갓 색깔은 갈색이고, 초발이소요일수는 30일로 705호(29일) 보다 1일 느렸다. 수량성은 49.1㎏/3.3㎡으로 705호(35.8㎏/3.3㎡)보다 37% 증수되었다. 다향의 개체중은 16.0g으로 705호 (14.0g)보다 무거웠으며, 갓의 두께와 직경이 705호 보다 두꺼웠다. 또한 다향은 705호에 비해 대의 길이가 짧고, 굵을 뿐만 아니라 경도, 탄력성 등 물리성이 양호하였다.

The standard does much to improve merchantable quality, distribution efficiency and fair dealings by shipping of the standard agricultural products. Mushrooms notified as the standard are five items; Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum. But many farmers are suffering from a strict standards. So these standard is required modification to fit farmhouse situations. This study was carried out to investigate mushroom quality of farm shipping and quality change during preservation at various treatment. Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus bisporus preserved at different temperature( 4℃, 10℃, 20℃) to investigate quality changes. Pileus diameters of Flammulina velutipes was 67% of first grade and 33% of second grade at the early stage. After two weeks, pileus diameters was not signigicant changes; 50% of first grade, 50% of second grade at 4℃ and 50% of second grade, 50% of third grade at 10℃. Although there were no significant changes of diameter at 20℃, most of the fruit bodies were decayed. In case of Agaricus bisporus, pileus diameter was 15% of first grade, 81% of second grade and 4% of third grade at the early stage. The more storage period longed, the more the color of the fruit body was browned. But pileus diameters was not signigicant changes. Hardness and chromaticity of these mushroom was declined as time passed. Now we are carrying out more research on some mushroom’s standards for improve consumer confidence.

This study was conducted to determine changes in quality and microbial population of intact and fresh-cut button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Freshly collected mushroom was cut into approximately 0.5 cm thick slices and washed in tap water or 100 ㎕L-1 chlorine solution (pH 7) for 60 seconds. Intact mushrooms were washed in the same condition as cut samples. Both intact and fresh-cut samples were then dried, packaged in 50㎛ poly ethylene bags, and stored at 5 ℃ for up to 9 days. Quality and microbial safety parameters such as gas composition, color, off-odor, visual quality, electrical conductivity, E. coli / coliform count, and total aerobic population were evaluated during storage. All sample packages exhibited a rapid depletion of O2 (to ~0 kPa) and accumulation of CO2 (10.3 to 12.6 kPa) throughout the storage period. No significant color difference was found between tap water and chlorine. However, chlorine treatment was effective in reducing off-odor development of intact and fresh-cut samples at the end of storage. The chlorine application also reduced aerobic bacterial populations. Both Intact and cut mushrooms had ≤ 5 log CFU/g of total aerobic plate counts until the end of storage. Fresh-cut samples regardless of chlorine sanitation had higher overall visual quality score than intact samples. Results indicated that fresh-cut mushrooms treated with chlorine maintained quality and shelf-life throughout the 9 day storage period.

This study was conducted to investigate optimum processing procedure of fresh-cut button mushrooms. The experiments were done with different processing parameters including washing method, washing time, sanitation, and cutting time. Fresh mushrooms were washed by swirling water (SW), lift type-immersion washing (LIW), or combined LIW and water spray (LI+WS). Mushroom samples were washed by LIW for 0, 1, 3, and 5 minutes separately. Mushrooms were sanitized with 0, 50, or 100 ㎕L-1 chlorine solution (pH 7) for 60 seconds. Mushrooms were sliced at different times (before washing, after washing, or after drying). The combined washing treatment, LIW+WS was effective in maintaining better appearance and higher Lightness color value among treatments. Optimum washing time to remove foreign materials and maintain color was 3 minutes when mushrooms were washed by LIW. Samples sanitized with 50 ㎕L-1 chlorine reduced initial aerobic bacterial population and had only slight residual chlorine odor. Fresh-cut mushrooms sliced after washing had the lowest loss among samples. The optimized washing, sanitation, and cutting time parameters can be used for sequential processing of fresh-cut button mushrooms.

양송이 단위면적당 생산량이 1990년부터 지속적으로 감소하여 1980년대의 절반에 가까운 수량을 보이고 있다. 따라서 수량감소 요인을 분석하고 그에 따른 대책을 마련하기위하여 본 시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 농가에서 사용하는 배지의 품질이 기계화되는 과정에서 하락하였고, 병해충발생으로 인한 피해 문제가 크게 대두되었다. 양송이 재배농가의 퇴비배지 입상시 배지의 질소함량은 권장량보다 낮고, 입상량은 120~150kg/3.3㎡로 기존 입상량 보다 적으며, 현장에서 질소 수준별 시험에서 질소함량별 퇴비제조에서 질소원 수준이 1.5%가 수확량이 가장 높았으며, 배지량이 증가하면 수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 병해충의 발생으로 후주기 수확을 하지 못해 다수확하지 못하였다. 병해충은 주변의 청결성에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났는데 주변의 미생물상 및 병해충발생정도는 시기별로 조사한 결과 양송이 농가의 재배사 내외의 미생물상은 일관된 결과는 아니지만 대조지역에 비하여 높은 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있다. 이를 해결하기위한 방법으로 청결하고 위생적 관리를 위해서는 병해충 발생의 오염원이 되고 있는 재배사 주변에 방치되어 있는 폐상배지를 처리하는 것과 재배사 주변의 살균 소독방법의 개발이 매우 시급한 실정이다. 대조지역인 대천해수욕장 주변과 대비하여 버섯재배지역은 수십배 이상의 미생물 밀도를 보이고 있었다. 특히 폐광을 이용한 냉·이용 터널에서 재배사의 냉풍 유도터널 내의 바닥 및 환풍기에 곰팡이균사가 생장하고 있었으며, 재배사 바닥에 곰팡이가 발생되어있는 등의 문제가 발생하고 있었다. 간이시험에서 재배소독약으로는 벤잘코늄액에 대한 살균을 효과를 검정하기 위하여 재배사 공기중 분리세균을 대상으로 0.005% 처리에서도 저지원이 나타났으며, 살균효과가 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

볏짚 대체 배지를 개발하기 위해 밀짚 혼용 비율에 따른 볏짚 대체 효과를 구명한 결과는 다음과 같다. 후발효 배지의 화학적 성분을 분석한 결과 밀짚을 20% 혼용한 배지의 질소 함량과 C/N율은 각각 2.2%와 16.7이고, 볏짚 단용 배지는 2.0%, 17.9로 조사되었으며, 볏짚 단용 배지보다 초발이소요일수가 빠르고, 수량도 30% 증수되어 대체 효과를 기대할 수 있었다.

This study examined the effects of adding Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes on the quality characteristics of cookies and multiple purposes ofwheat powders. The water content, crude protein content, mineral content， color value and sensory evaluation of mushroom cookies and multiple purposes ofwheat powders were measured. In the case of cookies, the water content was 1.10-1.24% and crude protein content was 8.20-9.80%. General preferences， such as appearance, color, taste and texture， increased when mushroom was added to the cookies, especially flavor, which showed a much higher preference. In the studies where mushroom was added to wheat powders, the water content was 0.57-0.92% and crude protein content was 11.90-12.80%. The addition of mushroom to both of the cookies and multiple purposes of wheat powders resulted in a remarkable increase in the mineral content, especially Fe, K. In addition, an increase in the amount of added mushrooms resulted in an increase in the hunter L and a values; however, this also resulted in a decrease in the b value.

양송이의 관행적 재배방법인 볏짚배지를 방울솜으로 대체하여 고품질 다수확을 하는 몇가지 배지 배합비율에 관한 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 하절기에 방울솜을 4,000, 4,500kg, 동절기에는 5,000, 5,500kg을 주재료로 처리하고 첨가재료는 주재료에 대한 비율로 왕겨 4.5%, 계분 50%, 석회 1.5%, 요소 2%, 담배가루 2.5%, 깻묵 5%, 석고 5%를 혼합한 결과, 하절기에는 64.33kg, 동절기에는 65.21kg으로 대조구에 비해 57.2%가 증수되었다 2. 면실피 1.25%, 왕겨 4.5%, 계분 50%, 석회 1.5%, 요소 2%, 담배가루 2.5%, 깻묵 5%, 석고 5%를 혼합한 결과, 하절기에는 61.0kg, 동절기에는 62.3kg으로 대조구에 비해 49.6%가 증수되었다 3. 면실피를 1.25% 혼합한 시험구와 왕겨 대신 볏짚(세단) 2.5%와 면실피 1.25% 혼합여 처리한 결과, 하절기에는 59.0kg, 동절기에는 61.3kg으로 대조구에 비해 49.6%가 증수되었다 4. 하절기에 방울솜과 면실피를 각각 2000kg, 동절기에 방울솜과 면실피를 각각 2500kg으로 처리하고 첨가재료는 주재료에 대한 비율로 왕겨 2.5%, 계분 37.5%, 석회 1.5%, 요소 2%, 담배가루 1.25%, 깻묵 2.5%, 석고 3%를 혼합한 결과, 하절기에는 57.33kg, 동절기에는 58.34kg으로 대조구에 비해 40.4%가 증수되었다.