이 논문의 목적은 악셀 호네트의 인정투쟁이론과 칼 슈미트의 정치개 념으로부터 발전시킨 ‘적대와 인정의 정치’ 틀로 공산체제 이후 헝가리 정치변화를 고찰하는 데 있다. 헝가리에서는 1990-2010년의 체제전환 기간에 온건다당제와 양당제를 가진 비교적 공고한 민주주의가 자리잡고 인정의 정치가 유지되었다. 정치세력 사이에 경쟁과 갈등은 존재했지만, 상대방을 정치무대에서 제거하고자 하는 적대의 정치를 발견하기는 어려 웠다. 그러나 2010년 이래 헝가리의 정치는 엄청나게 변모하였다. 2010 년에 복귀한 오르반정부는 포퓰리즘을 대변하였고 3연임에 성공하였다. 오르반정부의 포퓰리즘은 비자유적 민주주의로 정당화되어왔다. 그의 정 부는 민주세력이나 반대세력을 억압하였고 언론자유를 침해해왔다. 또한 민족주의적 감정을 동원하거나 조장하였고, 반EU정책이나 반난민정책을 전개하였다. 오르반정부의 포퓰리즘으로 인해 헝가리에서는 인정의 정치 가 적대의 정치로 변모한 것이다. 2010년 이후 헝가리 민주주의는 후퇴 하고 악화되었으며, 헝가리정치는 민주주의와 권위주의 사이에서 표류하 고 있다. 지오반니 사르토리의 정당체제이론을 헝가리에 적용하면, 헝가 리는 일당우위치제와 패권정당체제의 경계선에 위치한 것으로 보인다.

Ooencyrtus nezarae lshii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a major egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). One of the components of the aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), is known to attract O. nezarae female. Response of O. nezarae females to E2HZ3H and its isomers was studied using electro-antennogram (EAG) and field tests. O. nezarae females showed higher antennal response to E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H isomers than E2HE3H and Z2HZ3H. In field tests, O. nezarae females were attracted to E2HZ3H traps, but not to Z2E3 traps. Interestingly, the blend of E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H showed significant antagonistic activities to the attraction of O. nezarae females in the field. We conclude from this study that Z2HE3H is a potent antagonist to the behavioral response of O. nezarae.

A harmful fungus occurred seriously in bed-log of shiitake(Lentinula edodes) in Jangheung-Gun, Korea. The fungus was identified as Bjerkandera adusta by its morphology and ITS(Internal Transcribed Spacer) analysis. The fungus was reported as causal agent of stem-rot of Populus euramericana in Korea, but not reported in bed-log of shiitake until this notification. Thus, studies were made to investigate inside condition of bed-log of shiitake damaged by B. adusta, physiological characteristics of B. adusta and antagonism between these two fungi. First of all, B. adusta is white-rotting fungus like shiitake and wood-rotting condition is similar to that of shiitake. But, there are a lot of small spots in damaged wood tissue under bark which are not seen in case of shiitake. Optimal temperature for mycelial growth of B. adusta is ca. 30℃ while that of shiitake is ca. 25 ℃. When confrontation cultures were made between these two fungi under 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃, B. adusta has antagonistic ability against shiitake in all the temperatures. From the results of experiments, if the bed-logs of shiitake are exposed to high temperature, there should be mass propagation of B. adusta, and shiitake mycelia will be seriously injured by the fungus. Therefore, to prevent the damage by B. adusta, it is needed to grow the mycelia of shiitake fast in the bed-log, and to avoid exposure of the bed-log to high temperature in summer.

고추의 뿌리에 서식하고 있는 근권미생물을 30여종 분리하여 고추 검은 곰팡이병원균 A. alteranta에 길항하는 미생물을 분리한 결과 분리주 No. J-24 균주가 가장 길항력이 우수하였으며 Bacillus subtilis로 동정되었다. B. subtilis J-24는 검은곰팡이병균(Alternaria alternata)에 대해서는 생육저지 효과가 99%로 나타났으며, 그외 갯빛곰팡이병균(Botrytis cinerea), 역병균(Phytophthora capsici), 잘록병균(Pythium ultimum), 탄저병균(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), 겹무늬병균(Stemphylium botryosum)에도 생육저지효과를 강하게 나타내었다. 고추 유묘의 생장활력은 미생물제제가 첨가된 상토가 일반 상토 보다 엽면적이 15%, 줄기길이가 12%, 뿌리길이가 12% 증가하였고 전체 건물중이 약 13% 증가하여 고추유묘의 생장활력이 증가되었다.

Background : Endophytes are generally regarded as beneficial microorganisms that live in plant tissues without disease symptoms. The endophytic species may differ depending on the plant age, the sampled time, the plant genotype, and the tissue. Although numerous endophytes have been identified from various plants, little is known about the endophytic bacteria of Panax quinquefolius, a useful herb plant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate diversity and distribution of endophytic bacteria from 2-years-old to 6-years-old P. quinquefolius and to evaluate antimicrobial activity of isolates. Methods and Results : Initially, 2-years-old to 6-years-old plants were collected and sterilized with 70% ethanol and sodium hypochlorite, subsequently we prepared individual suspensions which were mixed with sample and sterile distilled water. A total of 88 single colonies were obtained from the LB agar plates spreading suspension. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, the taxonomic status of the isolates were determined consequently 42 species were identified. The 42 species were classified into 4 phylum; Proteobacteria (64%), Firmicute (27%), Actinobacteria (8%), and Bacteroidetes (1%). Based on age, the isolates of 5-years-old plant showed highest diversity. Moreover, Actinomycetales, Bacillales, and Pseudomonadales were equally dispersed as predominant orders in 5-years-old plant. The antagonistic activities of isolates against a phytopathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 : GFP (Pst : GFP) were performed using dual culture assays. We measured antibacterial activity by quantifying fluorescence of Pst:GFP which representing pathogen growth. As a result, 36 isolates inhibited growth of Pst:GFP. Interestingly, all species belonging Pseudomonas in this study showed strong antibacterial activity against Pst : GFP. Conclusion : These results improve our understanding of the structure and diversity of the endophytic bacteria of P. quinquefolius. Furthermore, we suggest that bacterial endophytes with antimicrobial activity might have useful as materials for biocontrol agents.