To improve functionality and palatability of Korean Campbell Early wine. Campbell Early and aronia were fermented by either individually or at 5:5 (v/v) mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermivin and Pichia anomala JK04. Blending was carried out using those two wines with different mixing ratio. Antioxidant activity analysis and sensory evaluation of blending wines were conducted. The Campbell Early wine and aronia wine blended with 9:1 (v/v) ratio showed excellent antioxidant activity and sensory scores. Total anthocyanin compound, DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic compound of blending wines were higher than those of Campbell Early wine (control). Hue and intensity values increased in the order of A, B, C and D, E, F depending on P. anomala JK04 use. Anonia wine contributed the increase in a and b values of blending wine. Although blending wines fermented by P. anomala JK04 increased small amounts of aldehyde and acid compound, ester compound, the most important factor for wine aroma was also increased sharply. Adding aronia wine fermented by single culture of P. anomala JK04 (A, D) got higher color, taste, sourness and overall preference scores than other wines in the sensory evaluation. All of blending wines showed higher flavor scores than control did. This research shows a possibility of blending and utilizing non-Saccharomyces yeast for Korean wine industry.

Shoot and the fruit growth characteristics of ‘Campbell Early’ grape cultivar were investigated after vine thinning using the main branch leader. Before vine thinning, branch diameter was 11.8 ㎜, but it decreased to 9.3 ㎜ after vine thinning. The number of shoots per vine increased to 55.9-64.5 after vine thinning. The number of fruit clusters per shoot was higher (1.5-1.75) in the vine thinning plot than in the control (0.8). Consequently, the number of clusters per vine was 98.1–106.5 in the vine thinning plot, while that in the control was 24.4-28.0. However, soluble sugar content (SSC) and tartaric acidity showed no significant differences between the control and the vine thinning plot. The proportion of >351 g fruit cluster weight after vine thinning (81.0%) was significantly higher than that of the control (32.5%). These results imply that fruit quality based on the variation in cluster weight and fruit yield was enhanced by vine thinning using the main branch leader.

The experiment of grape leafroller (Herpetogramma luctuosalis) was carried out at Okcheon area from 2007 to 2009 and 2015. The grape leafroller had been occurred at a campbell early’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. It’s larva was rolling the leaf of grape and ate the leaf. So the leaf of grape decreased. In organic vineyards, adult grape leafroller’ generation rate per year showed the first peak in mid-June, the second peak in early –August and the third in mid-September. The larva showed the first peak in early July and the second peak in late August-early September. The grape leaf roller had three generations per year. And it took 60.9±1.09 days from egg to adult in growth chamber (VS-91G09M-1300) which the relative humidity conditions was 60±10%, temperature 25±2℃ and photoperiod 16L:8D (The egg : 12±0 days, larvae : 22.2±0.22 days, pupa : 10.6±0.75 days and adult : 16.1±0.45 days). It was conducted to find out the effect of microbial pesticide treatments to control H. luctuosalis. The 4 microbial pesticides (Bacillus thurigiensis) were treated twice on the grape leaves in June 11 and 21 at an organic vineyard in Okcheon. On 10 days after last treatment, the control value of all microbial pesticides were more than 95%. When the dates of spraying to the grape leaves were on May 22, June 12 and July 2 each, the effects of microbial pesticide were 73.9%, 93.5% and 43.6% respectively. As a result, it was effective that Bt was sprayed to grape leaves on mid and late June for controling the H. luctuosalis in organic vineyard. And microbial pesticide Bt was thought to be useful to control the grape leafroller in organic vineyard.

Grape cultivar “Campbell Early” account for 70% of table grape in Korea and Leaf Spot Disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis is one of a major disease in greenhouse and field grown area during late summer season in both of organic and conventional grape farm. Leaf spot disease can cause lowing of sugar content in fruit and vine growth and very difficult to control especially in organic field. Photosynthesis ability and chemical components are compared between leaf spot disease infected leaves with degree of necrotic area. With increase of disease necrotic area, CO2 differential value, water use efficiency and CO2 assimilation and respiration ratio are decreased proportionally and on the other hand, stomatal conductance value is not affected by disease necrotic area. Chlorophyll contents are also decreased by 50% in heavily infected leaves and imply decrease of chlorophyll contents is a major source of photosynthesis ability decline. With increase of disease necrotic area in leaves, total nitrogen and phosphate contents are decreased and on the other side, total carbon, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents are increased. From this research, we can infer that not only chemical control program is important in control of leaf spot disease but also fertilizing program is significant especially in organic agronomical control of fungal disease in grape cultivar “Campbell Early”.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of weed control on disease incidence, plant growth and fruit quality, and to provide effective method to farmers at the vineyard. At the raincoat greenhouse cultivating ‘Campbell Early’, several weed controlling methods were compared to the control. Mean temperature of plots between soil covering (C.B., W.F., S.N., P.F. and R.H.) and non soil covering (M.W.2, M.W.3 and U.T.) were similar with 26.2℃ (July) and 25.8℃ (Aug.), but humidity of soil covering was sharply decreased in late-July under 40%. Soil water were all higher in soil covering plots than that of non-soil covering, however, soil temperature was recorded lower in soil covering plots. Disease incidence of Peudocercospora vitis according to soil coverings had effect on black plastic film mulching by decreasing grapevine leaf spot to 85% in July, 69% in August, compared to the control, with showing the smallest lesion incidence in FMB. Among growth characters, internode length and internode width of black plastic film mulching was higher than that of the control. SPAD value of black plastic film mulching was recorded the highest. It was not significant among the treatments, but brix was recorded highly in black plastic film mulching with 14~15°Brix.

본 연구에서는 인산가용화 균주인 Kluyvera sp. CL2 처리시기가 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 토양의 화학성 변화는 경핵기 처리구에서 인산이 가장 많이 증가하였고, K, Ca, Mg도 증가됨을 알 수 있었으며, pH의 변화는 토양 완충능에 의하여 적었다. 인산가용화균 처리에 따른 수용성 인산의 변화는 처리 시부터 20일 까지 효과적이었으며, 과립연화기 처리구부터 인산가용화율이 좋았다. 또한 과립연화기 처리구에서 과방중과 당도가 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 인산가용화 균주 처리구에서 안토시아닌, 명도, 적색도, 황색도가 경핵기와 과립연화기 처리구에서 유의성을 보였으며, 특히 적색도가 향상되어 착색증진 효과가 있었다. 결론적으로 과실특성과 과실품질을 모두 비교하였을 때 과립연화기에 인산가용화 균주를 투입하는 것이 수량성과 품질면에서 가장 효과적이라고 생각된다.

포도 송이다듬기는 많은 노동력이 필요하므로 노동력을 감 소시킬 수 있는 새로운 송이다듬기 기술을 개발하기 위하여 연 구를 수행하였다. 포도의 송이다듬기 기술은 지경솎기가 알솎 기에 비하여 작업효율성이 6.7배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 과실 품질은 지경솎기 및 알솎기가 무처리구보다 과방과 과립수가 적지만 가용성 고형물은 높고, 산도는 낮게 나타났으며 압상률 도 적은 것으로 나타났다. 송이다듬기에 의한 포도의 송이 품질 균일도를 조사하기 위해 송이의 기부, 중간 및 선단 부분의 가용 성 고형물 함량과 산도를 측정한 결과 350~450 g의 과방중을 가진 포도송이가 송이 내 위치에 따른 품질의 차이가 나타나지 않아 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

국산 캠벨얼리 포도의 자연발효 특성을 알아보는 한편 아황산 처리가 캠벨얼리 와인의 자연발효에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 발효 중 가용성 고형분의 함량은 아황산 처리구보다 아황산 무처리구에서 더욱 빠르게 감소하면서 알코올의 함량이 빨리 증가하였다. 그러나 발효 종료 후 알코올의 함량은 모두 유사한 수준으로 나타났다. 효모 생균수는 아황산 무처리구에서 빨리 증가하였으며 아황산 처리구에서는 발효 1일 후 오히려 생균수가 감소하다가 그 이후 급격히 증가하여 발효 7일 후부터는 더욱 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 임의로 분리한 효모의 PCR-RFLP 분석 결과 아황산 무처리구는 4일 후부터 S. cerevisiae가 나타나 5일 후부터 S. cerevisiae가 우점종으로 작용하였으나 아황산 처리구는 발효 1일 후부터 H. uvarum과 S. cerevisiae가 함께 발견되었으며 발효 3일 후부터 S. cerevisiae가 우점종으로 나타났다. 발효 후 여과한 와인의 유기산으로는 사과산, 주석산, 호박산들이 검출되었는데 아황산 처리구에서 사과산과 주석산 함량이 다소 높게 나타났다. 메탄올, 아세트알데히드, 프로판올의 함량은 아황산 처리구에서 다소 높았으나 이소아밀 알코올 함량은 낮았다. 아황산 무처리구의 경우 에틸아세테이트 함량은 375.5 mg/L로서 아황산 처리구보다 약 5.3배로 높았으며 와인의 향과 전반적인 기호도 면에서 높은 점수를 얻었다.

경북 상주와 영주 일원에서 수확한 캠벨얼리 포도의 자 연발효 중S. cerevisiae가 처음으로 나타나면서 효모의 천이한 결과, 40℃의 온도에서도 비교적 양호한 생육도를 나타 내어 S13 균주는 30℃에 비하여 약 63%, D8 균주는 약 81%의 생육도를 나타내었다. 두 균주 모두 pH 7.0에서 생육 도가 가장 높았으며 pH 5.0과 9.0에서도 비교적 양호한 생 육도를 나타내었다. 특히 균주 S13은 pH 9.0에서도 생육이 양호하였으며 pH 7.0에서의 생육도와 비교하여 약 93%의 생육도를 나타내었다.

The indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains S13 and D8 were isolated at the microbial succession stage during spontaneous fermentation of Campbell Early wine as a resistant to potassium metabisulfite and a high sugar concentration. In this study, the fermentation characteristics of Campbell Early wine were investigated and compared with those of S. cerevisiae W-3, an industrial wine yeast. Alcohol production by the two strains was delayed at the initial fermentation stage, but increased fast when the fermentation continued. After the fermentation, the S13 and D8 wines contained 12.6% and 13.2% (v/v) alcohol, respectively, which were significantly higher than the alcohol content of the W-3 wine (12%, v/v). No marked differences were observed in the residual soluble solid content and the pH. However, the S13 and D8 wines showed high levels of total acid content, including malic and lactic acids. Especially, the lactic acid content was 8.9-fold in the S13 wine and six-fold in the D8 wine, compared with that of the W-3 wine. The two strains produced a higher level of acetaldehyde and a lower amount of methanol in the wine than the W-3 strain. The iso-Butanol content was lower in the two indigenous yeast wines with similar levels of n-propanol and iso-amyl alcohol contents than that in the W-3 wine. In the sensory evaluation, the S13 and D8 wines had higher scores for their color, flavor, taste and overall preferences than the W-3 wine. Especially, the S13 and D8 wines had much higher scores than the W-3 wine for flavor and color, respectively.

To investigate the anti-diabetic activity of ethanol and aqueous peel and seed extracts obtained from three different grape species (Cambell Early, MBA, and Kyoho), alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was examined. All extracts showed anti-diabetic activity, especially aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory effect above 70%. Thus, we used aqueous extract to check the potential hypoglycemic effects in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice model. The results showed that the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic mice decreased drastically after 3 hr when the aqueous extract of Cambell Early seed was treated to the mice model. The aqueous extract of Kyoho seed lessened blood glucose level by 60%. Together, these data indicate that extracts of grape peel and seed (aqueous or ethanol) may have potential in improving hypoglycemic effects in the diabetic symptoms, suggesting that further investigation on biomarker expressions should be rewarding.

The 1830s was a crucial decade within the shifting context of American religious culture in the nineteenth century. This changing context had an influence on the way religious conversion was viewed, especially on the Frontier. One significant religious leader in this period was Alexander Campbell (1788-1866). In an attempt to position himself in relation to both Calvinist and Arminian theologies, Campbell was further required to respond to the growing tide of both revivalism and restoration in America. In the end, with the rise and spread of both revivalism and Joseph Smith and the Latter-day Saints on the American frontier, Campbell offered his own morphology of religious conversion. Based upon his reading of the Scriptures, he proposed “immersion” as the spiritual act that procures religious conversion in the individual. Campbell’s The Christian System (1839) offers a full reading of his view of religious conversion, being the most systematic of his written theological statements. Within the pages of The Christian System, Campbell develops an apologia for religious experience, one that he identifies as biblical and at the same time avoids two perceived extremes: “Enthusiasm” (revivalism) and “delusion” (Campbell’s response to Joseph Smith and the Latter-day Saints).

Carbonic maceration 처리는 포도주 제조 시 사과산을 감소시키는 방법으로 사과산 감소의 원인 중 미생물의 영향을 알아보고자 사과산을 감소시키고 젖산을 생성시키는 미생물을 분리, 동정한 결과Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum 및 Streptococcus thermophilus의 젖산균이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 분리된 균들은 대부분 당에서 젖산을 생성하는 균으로 알려져 있으며 사과산을

Carbonic maceration처리 포도주에 있어 유기산 특히 사과산 함량을 감소시키는 주요 원인을 찾고자 포도를 2주 동안 온도별 carbonic maceration 처리하며 시기별로 산함량 및 사과산대사 관련 효소활성을 측정하였다. 온도별 carbonic maceration 처리 포도의 pH는 CM-와 CM-에서 처리 시간이 경과할수록 가장 높았으며, 총산은 초기에는 CM-에서 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었지만 처리 6일 이후 서서히 증가하였

국산 캠벨 얼리 포도과즙을 36 로 동결농축한 후 국산 포도로부터 분리된S. cerevisiae S13, D8 균주를 이용하여 아이스와인의 발효를 행하면서 대조균주인 S. cerevisiae Fermivin과 발효특성을 비교하였다. 발효 중 S13과 D8의 경우 Fermivin보다 당도가 다소 빠르게 감소하였으며 빠른 알코올 생성을 보였다. 발효 종료 시점인 9일 후의 알코올 농도는 D8이 15.2%, S13은 14.0%, Fermivin은 12

산 함량이 많은 원료로 포도주를 제조할 경우 감산의 한 방법으로 이용하는 CM처리에 있어, CM처리 온도가 포도주의 감산정도와 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 총산 함량에 있어 CM처리 온도가 높을수록 발효 5일째 총산함량은 큰 폭으로 감소하였으나 발효 9일째는 비슷한 것으로 나타났다. CM처리 5일째 포도의 유기산 함량은 CM-에서 사과산 함량이 가장 많이 감소하는 것으로 나타났고, 반면 젖산 함량은 가장 높게 나타났다

Campbell Early 포도 품종은 생육 조건이 우리나라의 기후 조건에 매우 적합하며, 생과로서 향이 좋고, 오랜 기간 생과로 먹어 왔으므로 우리의 입맛에 잘 맞는 포도로서 과즙의 제조에는 적합한 특성을 가지고 있으나 당의 함량이 14-15%로서 포도주 가공을 위하여 보당을 하여야 하는 등 포도주 제조에는 다소 문제점이 있다. 국내산 포도주의 품질 개선을 위한 원료 전처리 방법으로 본 연구에서는 동결 농축 기술을 이용하여 Campbell Ea

포도 생육 중 유기농자재의 엽면살포가 포도의 품질과 저장성에 미치는 영향을 농약 처리와 비교하였다 포도의 과방중과 열과 발생률은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 키토산, 목초액, 곡물아미노산 처리에 의하여 과방중 300g이상과의 비율이 농약처리나 무처리에 비하여 높았다. 유기농자재를 처리한 포도의 당도와 환원당은 각각 , 13.0-14.5%로 농약처리 , 13.1%에 비하여 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으며 총산함량은 키토산(0.