2022년 1월 ｢중대재해 처벌 등에 관한 법률｣이 시행되고 건설업계에서는 안전에 대한 중요성이 매우 강조되고 있다. 특히, 작년 6월 광주지역 아파트 철거건물 붕괴 사고와 관련하여 안전사고의 원인 중 하나로 불법 재하도급이 거론되었다. 즉, 재 하도급으로 인한 과도한 공사비 삭감이 부실시공을 불러왔다는 것이다. 이에 정부는 2021년 8월 재하도급 근절을 위한 대책을 내놓았지만, 실제 건설현장에서 불법적인 재하도급이 근절되거나 줄어들었는지는 미지수이다. 하수급인은 공사를 직접 수행 하는데서 오는 부담과 비용 없이 일정 수수료를 챙길 수 있고, 재하수급인은 하도급 공사를 수주하기 위한 경쟁과 영업비용 등을 절감할 수 있어 재하도급이 건설현장 에서 계속 발생하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그 외에는 전체 공사를 종합관리 하는 수급인의 무관심과 하수급인 등 이해관계자들이 건설 생산유형에 따른 재하도급에 대한 판단법리의 이해 부족으로 발생하는 경우도 있을 것으로 본다. 본 연구에서는 ｢건설산업기본법｣ 상 재하도급에 대한 기본적인 판단법리를 살펴보고 건설공사 현장 실무 유형별로 재하도급에 대한 해석기준을 제시함과 더불어 입법적, 실무적 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop an optimal placement of the overturning prevention device based on a 3D object model during the development of the girder-type overturning prevention device for the remote control construction of bridges METHODS : Based on existing construction methods and literature research, a detailed design model of a phase-optimized conduction prevention device is presented. The 3D-object model data, optimal placement, and an operating range of the equipment developed for the remote control construction of bridge girders were considered. RESULTS : The shape of the overturning prevention device was selected taking into account the dimensions and operating range of numerous devices developed for the remote control construction of the bridge. In particular, the detachable device was chosen to allow a trouble-free construction considering the spacing between the pier cap of the bridge and the girders. The overturning prevention device presented based on this 3D object model will be manufactured as a mock-up and used for a demonstration project on remote control bridge construction. CONCLUSIONS : This will enable easy and economical construction as this development will support remote control construction of bridge girders to avoid accidents such as workers falling from high places like piers.

감정평가 방식은 크게 3가지로 구분된다. 원가법 및 적산법 등 비용성의 원리에 기초한 감 정평가 방식인 원가방식, 거래사례비교법, 임대사례비교법 등 시장성의 원리에 기초한 감 정평가방식인 비교방식과 수익환원법 및 수익분석법 등 수익성의 원리에 기초한 감정평가 방식인 수익방식이다 이러한 건물의 현존가치 평가는 소송에 의한 경우 법원으로부터 감정인으로 지정된 법원감 정인들에 의해서 수행되고 있다. 감정평가사들에 의해 행해지는 대출 등의 소송 외적인 목 적으로 건물의 현존가치를 평가(이하 ‘사감정’이라 한다) 하는 경우에는 많은 연구와 세부적 인 평가기준이 있다. 그러나 법원감정에서는(유익비 등을 산정하기 위한 건물의 현존가치를 평가하는 경우 등) 평가 대상과 목적에 맞는 합리적인 방법이나 기준이 없어서 사감정의 관 련규정을 준용하거나, 감정인의 주관적인 판단에 의해서 감정평가가 진행되고 있다. 그로 인하여 건물의 현존가치 평가 결과는 평가하는 감정인에 따라서 많은 차이가 나고 있다. 이 와 같이 감정에 대한 객관적인 기준이 없이 감정인 마다 각자의 기준으로 현존가치를 산정 함으로써 감정의 신뢰성 및 효율성이 떨어지게 되고 이를 증거로 채택하게 되는 재판의 결 과에 대하여 당사자의 입장에 따라서는 감정의 결과를 불신하게 되어 재 감정을 요구하거나 감정평가자를 상대로 손해배상을 청구하는 등 강한 불만을 갖는 경우가 많다. 건물의 가치평가 중에서도 소송에 관련된 특수성이 있는 유익비 등을 산정하기 위한 평가 에서도 감정기준이나 방법에 대한 연구가 부족하여 감정인에 따라서 다양한 평가방법으로 건물의 현존가치를 평가하고 있다. 건물의 가치를 평가하는 방법 중에서 복성식평가법을 적용하는 경우에는 건물의 내용연수에 따른 감가수정을 통하여 건물의 가치를 평가하게 된 다. 이러한 경우에 합리적인 건물의 내용연수의 산정이 가치평가에 중요한 요소가 된다. 특 히 법원 감정의 경우에는 건물 전체의 내용연수도 중요하지만, 각 공종별 내용연수 및 잔 존내용연수를 산정하는 방법 및 기준이 필요하다. 이러한 법원감정의 현실을 반영한 각 공종별 내용연수 및 실용내용연수 산정 방법에 대한 기준 등에 많은 문제점을 파악하고, 실무에 활용할 수 있는 각 공종별 내용연수 및 실용내 용연수 산정 방법에 대한 기준을 제시하였다

Constructions sites are affected by Diversity workplace, complexity of construction, Change of place, Mobility of workers and so on. In a single establishment, Prime contractors and subcontractors have to conduct their work at the same time. There are a lot of unpredictable risks when the construction is running, coordination between contractors is very important to do a risk assessment under the condition. Large Construction companies were investigated by previous studies. Survey research is applied to the risk assessment. In the writing, Risk assessment of the entire lower level. Because of the low level of risk factors to find. Also, There was a limit to investigate accidents. Confirmed that Effort to derive a risk factors were desperately of the risk assessment. Results were obtained through previous studies. The PCM is several experts should be joined. Experts Site Manager, Supervisor, Safety Manager, Director Contractor, Work team leader is required to participate. Construction plans, Process Planning to the risk find beforehand. And Determines how the operations and the control. Also, Made it into the database. and PCRA can be used in the risk assessment was developed.

Crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, produced by Bacill us thuringiensis (Bt) have been generally used used to control insect pests. In this st udy, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Plutella xylostella, Spodopt era exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes wi th enhanced insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 24 amino acid sequen ces by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 34 mutant cry gen es. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded in to polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activit ies of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella, S. exigua, and O. furnacalis were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compar ed to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, among them Mutant-N16 showed th e highest insecticidal activity against to both of P. xylostella, S. exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis. Therefore, Mutant-N16 is estimated to have the potential for the efficac ious bioagent.

Constructions sites are affected by Diversity workplace, complexity of construction, Change of place, Mobility of workers and so on. In a single establishment, Prime contractors and subcontractors have to conduct their work at the same time. There are a lot of unpredictable risks when the construction is running, coordination between contractors is very important to do a risk assessment under the condition. Large Construction companies were investigated by previous studies. Survey research is applied to the risk assessment. In the writing, Risk assessment of the entire lower level. Because of the low level of risk factors to find. Also, There was a limit to investigate accidents. Confirmed that Effort to derive a risk factors were desperately of the risk assessment. Results were obtained through previous studies. The PCM is several experts should be joined. Experts Site Manager, Supervisor, Safety Manager, Director Contractor, Work team leader is required to participate. Construction plans, Process Planning to the risk find beforehand. And Determines how the operations and the control. Also, Made it into the database. and PCRA can be used in the risk assessment was developed.

The stone pagoda of Mireuk temple site is currently restoring through the repairing process. This stone pagoda has the various construction types in the inner and outer space. Therefore, the stress concentration and structural behavior need to be considered through the analysis of various construction patterns. To this end, this study presents the structural modelling and analysis considering the discrete element analysis technique to solve the discontinuum behavior between the stone elements. Also, this study performs the structural performance evaluation through the various design variables for the safety of stone pagoda. Through the analysis results, we can find out the small stress concentration in the several members. But, because the stresses and displacements are relatively small, we can secure the safety of the whole structure.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the foundation and subsequent reconstruction years of Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon in Busan, especially based on the five records of this building. Moreover, this paper aims to analyze the possibility of the architectural type changes by comparison with nearby Buddhist buildings. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon was built in 1655. Afterward, it had been repaired through five times, but most members of it's wood-framework were found to had been prepared and constructed in 1655. Second, such as the gongpo type, roof type, module system, intercolumnar distance and proportion of intercolumnar distance and column-height, the architectural type of this building is similar to nearby Sinhung-sa Daekwang-jeon. This was because the identical monk-craftsmen carried out the many constructions of nearby temples with their architectural skills at the same period. Third, in particular, the style and created-time of the front gongpos are different from those of the rear gongpos. That is why the front gongpos were replaced when Unsoo-sa Daeoong-jeon was reconstructed in 1771.

Crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been generally used to control insect pests. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes with enhanced insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 23 amino acid sequences by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 24 mutant cry genes. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activities of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella and S. exigua were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compared to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, among them Mutant-N16 showed the highest insecticidal activity against to both of P. xylostella and S. exigua. Therefore, Mutant-N16 is considered to have the potential for the efficacious biological insecticide.

Varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins, Cry proteins, have so far been found as one of the most successful biological control agents which are safe to natural environments for a long time. Recently, cry genes encoding these Cry proteins have been widely applied for construction of transgenic crops resistant to pest insects. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes with improved insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 23 amino acid sequences by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 24 mutant cry genes. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. In the further study, we plan to investigate their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, S. exigua and O. furnacalis larvae.

교량공사는 지상작업과 고소작업이 혼재하고 작업공종이 복잡하여 위험성이 높은 공사로 추락, 협착, 붕괴, 낙하 비래 재해의 발생빈도가 높다. 또한, 중량 부재의 운반, 조립, 양중 등의 작업과정에서 유해 위험 기계기구와 건설장비 사용에 따른 유해 위험 요인이 산재하여, 유해 위험의 정도와 재해 발생빈도 및 재해의 강도에 차이가 있어 위험성평가를 통한 정량화된 위험지수의 제시가 필요하다. 위험성 평가는 교량공사의 특성을 고려하여 교량 건설현장의 공종별 유해 위험요인을 세부공종별 요소작업에 따라 분류하고, 재해 발생정도와 피해정도에 따른 위험도가 평가되어야 한다. 이러한 교량 건설공사의 재해를 줄이는데 기여할 수 있도록 정량화된 교량공사 위험지수를 제시함으로써 체계적이고 효율적인 재해예방 활동에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 것이다. 특히 교량공사 시공 상의 제반 위험요인을 사전에 점검하여 변경 보완 제거할 수 있는 재해 예방대책을 수립하여 재해를 최소화하는 연구가 필요하게 되었다. 건설현장에서 위험지수의 고저에 따라 자원을 적정하게 배분한다면 안전관리의 효율성이 제고되고, 궁극적으로 건설재해 감소에 기여하게 될 것으로 기대된다.

The field test was conducted for the shotcrete construction using a slurry-type accelerator. Check the efficiency of the equipment and the accelerator was determined using the discharge amount for the accelerator ratio optimization. As a result, the efficiency of a slurry quick-setting admixture mix shotcrete and discharge rate results were evaluated to be excellent.

This study carried out field test construction by slip-form method with on site concrete batch, The results show that slip form method is good at the Quality assurance and constructability of L tyoe curbs and gutters but it is difficult for Quality control.

In this study, the mock-up test of a girder-type precast module was conducted for evaluated construction applicability. Results of mock-up test, girder type precast module`s process of manufacturing and transport, fabrication, installation was satisfied the construction application.

A numerical case study of stub type abutment consist of square wall pile and retaining wall has been done for its possible application. The FEM analysis using 3 dimensional elements is performed for defining its characteristic behaviors with respect to its construction sequence. The results indicate that the pre-construction of reinforced wall before installation of the square wall pile is more effective in the view point of the displacement and stress.