The effect of EGR on fuel economy was investigated in a gasoline direct injection engine. The 1-D cycle simulation program of GT-Power was utilized to evaluate fuel consumption rate. At high load, fuel consumption increased by about 2~6% according to EGR rate. Knock mitigation was the main effects, gaining about 80% of the total fuel consumption improvement. At low load, fuel consumption reduction was 0.6~2%, which was much lower than that for high load. The lower improvement of fuel consumption at low load is attributed to solely dilution and chemical effects of exhaust gas.

PURPOSES :This study aims to improve complex modeling of multivariable, nonlinear, and overdispersion data with an artificial neural network that has been a problem in the civil and transport sectors.METHODS :Deep learning, which is a technique employing artificial neural networks, was applied for developing a large bus fuel consumption model as a case study. Estimation characteristics and accuracy were compared with the results of conventional multiple regression modeling.RESULTS :The deep learning model remarkably improved estimation accuracy of regression modeling, from R-sq. 18.76% to 72.22%. In addition, it was very flexible in reflecting large variance and complex relationships between dependent and independent variables.CONCLUSIONS :Deep learning could be a new alternative that solves general problems inherent in conventional statistical methods and it is highly promising in planning and optimizing issues in the civil and transport sectors. Extended applications to other fields, such as pavement management, structure safety, operation of intelligent transport systems, and traffic noise estimation are highly recommended.

The test was done on cars travelling at the speeds of 20km/h, 60km/h and 100km/h using the performance testing mode for chassis dynamometer. In this test, the secondary ignition waveform, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were measured in case of faulty MAP sensor, faulty oxygen sensor and spark plugs. The following results from the related analysis of secondary waveform, emission and fuel consumption measurements were obtained : 1) The fuel consumption was higher in the order of oxygen sensor trouble, MAP trouble, spark plug trouble, before maintenance and after maintenance. Maximum fuel economy is 9.3km/L, the minimum fuel economy is 3.2km/L, the difference between max. and min. is 65.5%. 2) If you compare the oxygen sensor trouble with after maintenance, the CO has improved an average of 98%, fuel economy average of 60%. And the HC has improved an average of 87%, fuel economy average of 60%. The fuel consumption and exhaust gas was bad in the order of oxygen sensor trouble, MAP trouble and S/P trouble.

Makgeolli is a health beneficial food for diabetes compared to other alcoholic beverages. We examined the effect of Makgeolli on blood glucose level and survival rate in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. We force fed 30 male STZ-induced diabetic ICR mice Makgeolli consisting of 6% alcohol (DM-MAK), 6% ethanol (DM-EtOH), or distilled water (DM-DW) for 4 weeks. In the DM-MAK group, food intake and water intake were higher than those of other groups after 4 weeks. Body weight, however, was not different among the experimental groups. We also found no significant difference in blood glucose level among the experimental groups. In normal ICR mice fed Makgeolli for 1 week, the area of the blood glucose curve was higher than those of other groups fed 6% ethanol, 2% glucose, or distilled water. Survival rates of STZ-induced diabetic mice fed Makgeolli, 6% ethanol, or DW for 4 weeks were 100%, 25%, and 62.5%, respectively. In conclusion, Makgeolli had no beneficial effect on blood glucose in a STZ-induced diabetic mouse model, although their survival rate was high. These results show that Makgeolli has an effect on type 1 diabetes through other mechanisms than blood glucose control.

Yellow clay dispersion has been applied to minimize fisheries impact by the red tide Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in Korean coasts since 1995. The present preliminary study documents the effect of yellow clay on Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, in terms of oxygen consumption rate (OCR). The OCR in the low clay suspension (0.05 and 0.23 %, w/w) showed normal level compared to the control. In contrast, the OCR for each one of three replicates in the high clay suspension (1.16 and 5.58 %, w/w) was not returned to the previous level that clay was not treated, indicating that high clay suspension (≥1.16%, w/w) might give negative effect on Korean rockfish. Overall, this result suggests that field application of clay to control Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) may not give impact on Korean rockfish once the clay is dispersed in a low concentration (≤0.23%). In order to understand the changes of OCR in the repeated exposure to clay, it is required to do further studies on the changes of OCR when the fish is exposed to clay repeatedly after recovery in the normal seawater.

Oxygen consumption has been regarded as a useful indicator for assessment of mammalian embryo quality. This study was performed to investigate whether oxygen consumption reflects morphological grade of in vivo derived bovine blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst). The oxygen consumption of in vitro produced blastocyst was compared to its total cell number. In addition, pregnant rate was measured after transplantation of in vivo blastocysts with different oxygen consumption. The quality of blastocyst collected on day 7 after artificial insemination was categorized as grade I and II (G I and G II) based on microscopic observation of the morphology. Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. Pregnancy of recipient cow was confirmed with rectal palpation after 60 days of embryo transfer. The oxygen consumptions of G I blastocysts were significantly higher than those of G II blastocysts ( versus , p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7, and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0, and over respectively. Total cell number was significantly increased in embryos with high oxygen consumption (p<0.05). Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 50, and 85.7% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0, and over , respectively. These results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption may help increase the pregnant rate of bovine embryos.

높은 차량운행비용(VOC : Vehicle Operating Cost)은 포장도로 복구작업의 주요한 원인이고, 차량운행비용(VOC)은 연료소모량, 오일소모량, 부품교체비용 등으로 구성된다. 이중 연료소모량이 VOC에서 차지하는 비중이 높고, 다른 도로조건에 비해 도로 표면 거칠기가 도로의 노화 정도를 대표적으로 지시하는 값이기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 포장도로의 표면 거칠기(IRI : International Roughness Index) 변화에 따른 차량의 연료소모량 변화를 측정하였다. 차량의 연료분사 인젝터의 전압변화를 측정하여 연료소모량을 계산하였고, 속도는 GPS센서를 사용하여 측정하였다. 본 실험 결과를 이용하여 IRI 변화에 대한 연료소모량의 변화율을 계산할 수 있었다. 계산 결과, 40~100km/h 속도영역에서 중형 및 대형 승용차의 연료소모량(L/100km)은 3.5m/km 정도의 IRI 수준에서 IRI(m/lm) 증가율의 7배 정도로 증가하였고, 60km/h의 속도에서 가장 연비가 우수하였다.

어린모 상자육묘시 상토종류별 질소시비량이 묘생육에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 상토종류별 적정 시비량을 구명하고자 동진벼를 공시하고 논 흙 및 산흙에 요소로 질소를 상자당 0, 1, 2, 3g 시용하고 평균 25℃ 의 온실에서 육묘하여 묘생육을 컴토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 출아율은 시비량이 많을수록 저하되었고 논흙에 질소 3g/상자 시용에서는 출아율이 현저히 낮아졌고, 논흙이 산흙보다 시비량 증가에 따른 출아율 저하가 컸다. 2. 성묘율은 시비량이 많을수록 감소하여 산흙에서는 질소 2g/상자, 논흙에서는 1g/상자 까지 90% 이상의 입모율을 보였으나 그보다 시비량이 많으면 입모율이 현저히 저하되었다. 3. 모의 초장은 산흙에서는 질소시비량이 많을수록 길었으나 논흙에서는 2>3>1>0g /상자의 순으로 길었으며, 엽수는 산흙의 6일묘에서는 3>2>1>0g /상자의 순으로 많았으나 8일묘 이상에서는 무비를 제외하고는 시비량간에 별 차이가 없었다. 4. 모의 건물중은 산흙에서는 시비량이 많을수록 무거웠으나 논흙에서는 시비량 2g에서 가장 무거웠다. 5. 배아잔존율은 상토종류간에는 별 차이가 없었으나 두 상토 모두 시비량이 많을수록 적어지는 경향 이었다. 6. 뿌리량은 산흙에서는 1>0>2>3g/상자의 순으로 많았고, 논흙에서는 0>1>2>3g/상자의 순으로 시비량이 많을수록 적었으며 부농상토가 가장 적었다. 7. 맷트의 인장력은 산흙에서는 1>0>2>3g/상자의 순으로 컸고, 논흙에서는 시비량이 적을수록 컸고 부농상토가 가장 적었으며, 맷트 형성 정도는 시비량이 적을수록 양호하였다. 이상 입모상태, 모생육 및 맷트 형성 정도를 고려할 때 어린모 상자육묘의 적정 대소 시비량은 산흙 2g/상자, 논흙 1g/상자이라고 판단된다.등이 높은 조성을 보였고 무차광구에 비하여 차광구(55%)에서 높았으며 유기물 시용량이 많을수록 현저히 증가하는 경향이었다. 8. 종합적으로 볼 때 지상부 및 지하부 생육은 차광에 비해 무차광에서 양호하였으나 향기성분은 무차광에 비하여 차광에서 높았고 유기물 시용량간에도 시용량이 증가할수록 방향성이 높아 고품질의 더덕을 생산하기 위해서는 차광과 유기물 다량시용을 병행해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.과할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다., 산파는 포장도복으로 크게 낮아 경운 이질의 87~81%정도였다.형간에는 기계이앙이 건답직파보다 우수하였고, 비종간에는 속효성 비료보다는 완효성 비료에서, 그리고 질소의 감비보다는 100%시용구에서 보다 우수한 경향을 보였다. 따른 분얼체계와 동신엽, 동신분얼의 수량성은 표준구와 50%증비구는 0, 1, 2, 11, 3, 21, 12, 22, 4, C의 순위였으나 100%증비구에서는 주간보다 1차분얼의 1이 무겁고 3보다 11이 무거웠다.섭취하였고, 탄수화물은 농촌지역 여고생이 대도시 지역 여고생에 비하여 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다. 지역별 여고생의 에너지섭취 비율은 탄수화물 : 단백질 : 지방의 섭취 비율이 대도시 60.75% : 16.4% 22.9%이며, 중소도시가 62.7% : 15.7% : 21.5%,농촌이66.8% : 14. l% : 19.1%이었다. 영양지식의 정확도나 인지도는 영양소 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 없었으며, 대도시 여고생의 식습관은 칼슘, 비타민 A 비타민 C 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 있으며, 중소도시 여고생의 식습관은 영양소 섭취와의 상관관계가 유의적이지 않았다. 농촌지역 여고생의 식습관은 단백질, 인 철, 비타민 B1 , 비타민 B2 , 나이아신에 유의적인 상관관계를 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때 대도시 지역 여고생의 영양지식은 식습관과 관계가