Background: Pilates exercises are used for body shape correction because they can achieve correct posture alignment through spinal stabilization. Objects: This study aimed to determine whether the use of reformers increases the effectiveness of Pilates core exercises on body alignment in standing. Methods: The study included 30 women without known diagnoses of musculoskeletal and neurological disorders or cancer. Those who had taken more than 10 Pilates lessons were excluded. The participants were randomly assigned to either the reformer exercise group or the mat exercise group, and interventional Pilates exercises were performed for 60 minutes a day, three times a week, for a total of 8 weeks. Ten movements of the reformer and mat Pilates core exercise programs were included. Exbody® 9100 MOMI musculoskeletal analysis equipment (Exbody Inc.) was used to assess the alignment of the standing posture in the frontal plane. Results: As a result of comparing the differences within and between the groups before and after the intervention using the two-way mixed analysis of variance test, height differences in the head, pelvis, left and right, shoulders, scapulas, knees, and ankles in the frontal plane after the intervention were found in both groups. For example, the left-right symmetry of the body alignment in the standing posture was significantly improved within each group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Both the reformer and mat Pilates core exercises were effective for standing posture alignment, which has clinical significance. If an exercise program is developed based on the analysis of movements necessary for posture improvement and the target muscles to be strengthened, the same effect can be achieved only with mat exercise without using the reformer equipment at the beginner stage.

In the design of a spent-fuel (SF) storage, the consideration of burnup credit brings the benefits in safety and economic views. According to it, various SF burnup measurement systems have been developed to estimate high fidelity burnup credit, such as FORK and SMOPY. Recently, there are a few attempts to localize the SF burnup measurement system in South Korea. For the localization of SF burnup measurement systems, it is very important to build the isotope inventory data base (DB) of various kinds of SFs. In this study, we performed DeCART2D/MASTER core follow calculations and McCARD single fuel assembly (FA) burnup analyses for Hanbit unit 3 and confirmed the characteristic of the isotope inventory over burnup. Firstly, the core follow calculations for Cycles 1~7 were performed using DeCART2D/MASTER code system. The core follow calculation is very realistic and practical because it considers the design conditions from its nuclear design report (NDR). Secondly, the Monte Carlo burnup analyses for single FAs were conducted by the McCARD Monte Carlo (MC) transport code. The McCARD code can utilize continuous energy cross section library and treat complex geometric information for particle transport simulation. Accordingly, the McCARD code can provide accurate solutions for burnup analyses without approximations, but it needs huge computing resources and time burden to perform whole-core follow calculations. Therefore, we will confirm the effectiveness of the single McCARD FA burnup analyses by comparing the DeCART2D/MASTER core follow results with the McCARD solution. From the results, the use of single FA burnup analyses for the establishment of the DBs will be justified. Various FAs, that have different 235U enrichments and loading pattern of fuel rods and burnable absorbers, were considered for the burnup analyses. In addition, the results of the sensitivity analyses for power density, initial enrichment, and cooling time will be presented.

We report the behaviour of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (spherical carbon shells), subjected to external pressure, using diamond anvil cell at synchrotron facility. CB nanoparticles have been synthesized by lamp black method using olive oil as combustion precursor and ferrocene as an organometallic additive. The catalyst-assisted CB has an iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) core and amorphous carbon shell (i.e. core–shell structure). Our present study suggests that the carbon shells are partially transparent to the applied high pressure, and result in the reduction of effective pressure that gets transferred to the iron oxide core. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy results indicate that the surrounding carbon shells get compressed with pressure and this change is reversible. However, no structural transformation was observed till the highest applied pressure (25 GPa). The Raman spectroscopy results also suggests that the carbon shells are less pressure sensitive as their pressure coefficients (dω/dP) of G-peak were calculated (3.79 cm− 1/GPa) to be less than that for other carbon allotropes.

The Yellow Sea experienced glacio-eustasy sea-level fluctuations during the Quaternary period. In the middle part of the Yellow Sea, the Quaternary successions were accumulated by alternating terrestrial, paralic, and shallow marine deposits that reflected the fluctuating sea levels. A long core of 69.2 m was acquired at the YMGR-102 site (33o50.1782'N and 123o48.3019'E) at a depth of 72.5 m in the middle of the Yellow Sea. A four-layered geoacoustic model was reconstructed for the sedimentary succession. It was based on seismic characteristics from 3.5 kHz SBP and air-gun seismic profiles and 96 grain-size properties in the core sample from YMGR-102. For the underwater simulation and experiments, the in-situ P-wave speeds were calculated using the sound speed ratio of the Hamilton method. The geoacoustic model of YMGR-102 can contribute to the reconstruction of geoacoustic models, reflecting the vertical and lateral variability of the acoustic properties in the continental shelf of the middle Yellow Sea.

PURPOSES : In this study, the amount of core stone breaking in the size of boulders by excavator braker work was analyzed quantitatively through on-site test construction. In addition, the factors affecting workload were studied. METHODS : In the field test, 30 core stones of boulder sizes (1–4 m3) that appeared during earthworks, such as road construction and site construction, were collected from three locations, and the rock breaking work was carried out simultaneously using three excavator breakers(1.0-m3 volume). During the core stone breaking, progress was analyzed through video recordings. RESULTS : After the completion of rock breaking, the amount of breaking work was analyzed by direct loading and weighing using a 15- ton dump truck. As a result of the test construction, there was a significant difference in the amount of work completed per hour. CONCLUSIONS : It was found that the results were greatly affected by not only the performance of the excavator braker equipment, but also the skill of the driver and the size of the core stones.

This work reported the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of a new photoelectrode based on hematite Co-Fe2O3@NiO, a photoactive semiconductor, was prepared using a process involving a combination of the co-precipitation and microwave-assisted synthesis of Fe2O3, Co-Fe2O3 and Co-Fe2O3@NiO, respectively. The obtained products were characterized by X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the sample determined the crystal structure of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The SEM image shows spherical nanoparticles. FTIR spectrospy spectrum confirmed the phase purity and chemical bond for the sample. Optical studies show a variation of band gap from 2.118 to 2.07 eV. The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of the films were examined by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The electrochemical oxidation of water achieved by Cobalt-doped Fe2O3@ GCE modified electrode exhibited the current density of 21 mA/g at 0.5 V vs. SCE for 5 at% of Co and reveals enhanced specific capacitance of 352.11 F/g. The catalytic performance of urea oxidation was measured by cyclic voltammetry on Co-Fe2O3@NiO nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in alkaline medium. The electrode Co-Fe2O3@NiO without annealing showed a peak current density of 1.59 mA/cm2 at 0.1 M urea in 1.0 M NaOH, which was 3.6 fold higher than that of Co-Fe2O3@NiO with annealing. In another part, this work reported the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of photoanode prepared by spin coating. The highest photocurrent 0.042 mA/cm2 at 0.5 V Vs SCE was obtained for 5% Co-Fe2O3@NiO while the photocatalytic oxidation of urea.

본 연구의 목적은 일반 관공서나 기업을 대상으로 많은 연구가 이루어졌지만 상명하복의 조직문화가 강한 군조직을 대상으로는 연구가 미미했던 서번트 리더십의 효과성을 검증하는 것이다. 일부 군조직을 대상으로 이루어진 서번트 리더십 선행연구는 육군과 해병대에서 일부 계층에 대해 소 수의 연구가 이루어졌는데 본 연구는 최초로 해군을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였으며, 설문대상도 해군 전간부계층으로 장교, 부사관 및 군무원 626명을 대상으로 폭넓게 상사의 서번트 리더십이 부하의 조직몰입 및 직무성과에 미치는 효과성을 검증하였다. 또한 해군은 장교, 부사관, 병 및 군무원 등 각각의 계층 및 계급에서 직무를 수행하는데 필요한 ‘계급 별 리더십 핵심역량’ 4개와 모든 계급에서 공통적으로 필요하는 ‘리더십 공통핵심역량’ 4개를 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 모든 간부 계층을 대상으로 서번트 리더십의 효과성을 검증하였기에 리더십 핵심역량 도 해군 구성원 전 계급에서 공통적으로 필요한 ‘리더십 공통핵심역량’인 ‘전문성, 책임감, 협력적 소통, 자부심’ 등 4개 역량을 서번트 리더십이 부하의 조직몰입 및 직무성과에 미치는 영향력 관계에서 매개효 과가 있는지를 검증하였다. 실증분석 결과, 상사의 서번트 리더십은 부하의 조직몰입 및 직무성과에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 상사의 서번트 리더십은 부하의 ‘리더십 공통핵심역량’ 에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤으며, 부하의 리더십 공통핵 심역량은 상사의 서번트리더십과 부하의 조직몰입·직무성과 간의 관계에서 매개효과가 있음이 검증되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 이론적 실무적 시사점을 제시하였고, 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구방향이 논의 되었다.

본 논문은 교회개척자의 핵심역량 및 유용한 자산을 파악하기 위하여 전문가 델파이 조사방법을 활용하여 개척자의 주요역량을 파악 하고 역량 군에 따른 세부항목을 설정하여 개척자의 자산과 역량을 세분화하고 분석하는 작업으로 이루어졌다. 한국교회의 개척현실을 살펴볼 때 다양한 관점에서 개척자에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되기에 이 연구를 통해 개척교회 목회자의 기본 자질과 역량을 이해하고 이에 대한 평가항목을 설정해 궁극적으로 개척 목회자의 역할을 이해하는데 기초자료를 제공할 수 있으리라 사료된다. 교회개척자 역량 평가도구 개발에 전문가 델파이 조사 방식을 활용함으로써 외적 준거나 합리적인 공식이 마련되지 않은 교회개척자에게 요구되는 역량과 이를 평가할 수 있는 의미 있는 평가도구를 개발하는 점을 목표로 하였다. 이러한 평가를 통해 교회 개척 지원자가 전문가들이 제시하는 역량과 세부항목 을 구비하고 있는지 평가할 수 있는 계기를 마련하고자 하였으며 한국교 회가 가지고 있는 제한된 선교자원과 교회개척 지원 능력이 우선순위에 따라 꼭 필요한 곳에 배분되어 교회개척 사명을 효율적으로 감당되는 일을 목표로 하였다.

The capacity of high nickel Li(NixCoyMn1-x-y)O2 (NCM, x ≥ 0.8) cathodes is known to rapidly decline, a serious problem that needs to be solved in a timely manner. It was reported that cathode materials with the {010} plane exposed toward the outside, i.e., a radial structure, can provide facile Li+ diffusion paths and stress buffer during repeated cycles. In addition, cathodes with a core-shell composition gradient are of great interest. For example, a stable surface structure can be achieved using relatively low nickel content on the surface. In this study, precursors of the high-nickel NCM were synthesized by coprecipitation in ambient atmosphere. Then, a transition metal solution for coprecipitation was replaced with a low nickel content and the coprecipitation reaction proceeded for the desired time. The electrochemical analysis of the core-shell cathode showed a capacity retention of 94 % after 100 cycles, compared to the initial discharge capacity of 184.74 mA h/g. The rate capability test also confirmed that the core-shell cathode had enhanced kinetics during charging and discharging at 1 A/g.

Silver/graphene core/shell nanocomposites were synthesized through a one-step electric explosion of wire method using only silver wires and ethanol. The morphology of the graphene shell structures can be easily formed by alternating the solvent from deionized water to ethanol. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the size of the prepared silver/graphene core/ shell nanocomposites was in the 10–110 nm range. The Raman spectra showed the formation of graphene shells on silver. A possible formation mechanism of the silver/graphene core/shell nanocomposites is proposed in this study. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was investigated via X-ray diffraction. The graphene on the surfaces of the nanocomposites containing functional groups was analyzed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering analyses were performed to determine the dispersion characteristics of the nanocomposites when redispersed in other solvents.

When the center of stiffness and the center of mass of the structure differ under the seismic load, torsion is caused by eccentricity. In this study, an analysis model was modeled in which the positions of the core and the plane rotation axis of a 60-story torsional atypical structure with a plane rotation angle of 1 degree per floor were different. The structural behavior of the analysis model was analyzed, and the earthquake response behavior of the structure was analyzed based on the time history analysis results. As a result, as the eccentricity of the structure increased, the eccentricity response was amplified in the high-rise part, and the bending and torsional behavior responses were complex in the low-order vibration mode. As a result of the analysis, the maximum displacement and story drift ratio increased due to the torsional behavior. The maximum story shear force and the story absolute maximum acceleration showed similarities for each analysis model according to the shape of the vibration mode of the analysis model.

Currently, the construction trend of high-rise structures is changing from a cube-shaped box to a free-form. In the case of free-form structures, it is difficult to predict the behavior of the structure because it induces torsional deformation due to inclined columns and the eccentricity of the structure by the horizontal load. For this reason, it is essential to review the stability by considering the design variables at the design stage. In this paper, the position of the weak vertical member was analyzed by analyzing the behavior of the structure according to the change in the core position of the twisted high-rise structures. In the case of the shear wall, the shear force was found to be high in the order of proximity to the center of gravity of each floor of the structure. In the case of the column, the component force was generated by the axial force of the outermost beam, so the bending moment was concentrated on the inner column with no inclination.

Background: Gluteus medius muscle is important for the stability of hip joint. The sufficient core stability can be contributed to the performance of gluteus medius muscle in standing position. In addition, the external support may affect core stability in standing position. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigated the effectiveness of the external support on the strength and muscle activity of hip abductor muscle during hip abduction in standing position in subjects without core stability. Methods: Fifteen subjects participated in this study. The subjects were evaluated by using the double-leg lowering with bent knees to measure the core stability. The strength and muscle activity of hip abductors was measured in standing position with the condition with and without external support using the tensiometer sensor and the surface electromyography. The paired t-test was used to investigate the difference between hip abductor strength and activity according to external support. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius muscle with external support were significantly greater than those without external support during hip abduction in standing position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During hip abduction in standing position, the external support may be contributed to the improvement of the hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius especially in the subjects without core stability.

최근 비구조요소의 피해사례가 증가하면서 비구조요소 내진설계에 관한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 연구는 평면 적 요소보다는 수직적 요소나 시스템적 요소를 변수로 층가속도를 평가하고 있다. 때문에 본 논문에서는 횡력저항에 많은 부분을 차 지하는 코어를 평면적 변수로 사용하여 비구조요소 내진설계를 위한 층가속도에 대해 평가하였다. 정사각형의 2축대칭의 평면에서 코어의 형태(위치 및 비중)변화에 따라 서로 다른 5개의 평면과 각 평면마다 5층, 10층, 15층, 20층의 층수를 가진 총 20개의 모델로 선 형시간이력해석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 코어 위치에 따라 편심을 받는 평면에서는 층가속도가 최대 1.7배의 비틀림 증폭이 발생하 였고 구조물의 중층부에서 비틀림의 영향이 가장 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 편심이 없이 코어의 비중만 변화한 평면에서는 주기 0.4694초를 기준으로 이하일 때는 주기가 증가할수록 층가속도가 저층부에서는 감소하고 고층부에는 증가하며, 반대로 주기 0.4694 초 이상일 때는 주기가 증가할수록 층가속도가 저층부에서는 증가하고 고층부에는 감소한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 구조물 의 층수는 최대층가속도에 영향을 주지 못하는 것을 확인하였다. 핵심용어 :

Background: Since chronic ankle instability (CAI) can adversely affect postural control, core stability exercises have been investigated to improve postural control. However, only a few studies have focused on kinetic chain exercises. Objectives: To investigate the effects of open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) core stability exercises on static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height in CAI patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 18 participants enrolled in this study were randomly divided into the OKC group (n=9) and CKC group (n=9). Static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height were measured before and after the intervention. The intervention program comprising OKC or CKC core stability exercises depending on the groups was conducted for 30 min twice a week for 6 weeks in 12 sessions. Results: In the OKC group, static measured with the eyes open or closed and dynamic balance abilities were significantly improved after the intervention (P<.05). In the CKC group, dynamic balance ability was significantly increased (P<.05). A significant difference was observed in static balance ability measured with the eyes open between the two groups (P<.05). Vertical jump height was significantly increased after the intervention in both groups (P<.05). Conclusion: OKC and CKC core stability exercises improve static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height in CAI patients. Specifically, the OKC core stability exercise was more effective in enhancing static balance ability than the CKC core stability exercise.

Background: Patients who underwent rotator cuff repair (RCR) require management to control pain and prevent re tear and stiffness. Thoracic mobilization has been applied for the improvement of vertebra and shoulder movements and pain reduction. Also, core stability exercise is an intervention necessary for rehabilitation after shoulder surgery. Objectives: To examine the short term benefits of thoracic mobilization and core stability exercise for patients after RCR. Design: Randomized controlled trial with multi arm parallel group and single blind assessor. Methods: 30 participants after RCR were recruited. Participants were categorized into conventional physical therapy (CPT) group, thoracic mobilization (TM) group, and core stability exercise (CSE) group according to the randomization program. Each treatment, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimuli (TENS), TM, and CSE was applied to each group. 3 physical therapists only conducted evaluations; VAS (visual analogue scale), ROM (range of motion), and Korean version of Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results: VAS and SPADI were statistically reduced, and ROM was statistically improved in all 3 groups. In between three group comparisons of changes in outcome variables, there was not a significant difference in VAS, but there was a significant difference in ROM and SPADI. In the post hoc test, ROM and SPADI showed a significant difference in TM and CSE compared to CPT. Conclusion: TM according to Maitland concept and CSE had beneficial effects compared to CPT in patients after RCR.

The study investigated ten Korean secondary English teachers’ views on to what extent core competencies were reflected in textbooks using 18 Likert-type statements. This study also examined their views on how well cultural contents and activities met curricular objectives of teaching culture through open-ended questions and interviews. Results showed that the three items on civic competence had lower means except for the one on ethical use of information collected in class. Teachers replied that tasks for each grade were deficient in helping students feel proud of their own culture and developing positive attitudes toward other cultures. They thought that current cultural contents lacked diversity despite positive improvements in including other cultures over the years and possibility of meeting curricular goals. Consequently, they made various efforts to offer appropriate culture teaching using additional materials and/or activities with diverse teaching strategies and techniques. Some implications are drawn from these results for better culture teaching.