Data Envelopment Analysis-Assurance Region(DEA-AR) model is used in this paper to investigate the efficiency and performance potential of Korean banks as they engage in activities that incur interest and non-interest expenses and produce income. DEA provides a measure of each bank's relation to the best-practice frontier for its competitors. This can provide a better quality-benchmark than using industry averages or a particular peer bank branches as the benchmark. The banks are classified into efficient and inefficient sets. Multiplier values for AR-inefficient banks with unique slacks indicate the potential for management to improve the bank's performance relative to its peers. DEA-AR that provide economically reasonable bounds for the multipliers lead to profitability potential, as distinct from efficiency, results.

The six kinds of natural factors(It refers to wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness and fire.) is constantly moving to maintain the balance of whole climate of one year. Four seasons are the largest mediation of whole climate of one year. The cold and the heat have the relationship of mutual intervention. The dampness and the dryness have it also. In this process they raise various climate appearance. And that various climate appearance influence the whole lives on the earth. This paper is concerned with the classification of them.

Five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors influence not only human disease but also difference of medicine effect. Because the climate of summer is very hot, that is easy to increase the properties of hot medicines, a doctor must be careful to use it in summer. Also the climate of winter is very cold, that is easy to increase the properties of cold medicines, a doctor must be careful to use it in winter. But in the certain conditions to use diaphoretics or purgatives, in spite of that regulation a doctor can use them.

The study examines the efficiency of private sector banks in India with the help of Window DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) for a period from 2005 to 2017. With a window of three years, the period was divided into 11 windows. The study outcomes show that 59.9% of all private sector banks in India operate at more than 0.9 level of efficiency, and there are only three occasions when banks were operating at the efficiency value between 0.6 to 0.7. Further, the consistency in the efficiency scores of the banks has also been analyzed using an efficiency mapping matrix, and the mean efficiency score of the bank in each window is studied. The score of standard deviation was interpreted accordingly for these banks. Banks that are showing the highest efficiency scores also have a higher variance of efficiency scores. There was no bank identified in the matrix that promises high-efficiency ratings with low variability. The study concludes that the analysis of the efficiency mapping matrix indicates that, as a DMU escalates in the efficiency scores, the standard deviation reflecting the risk in overall efficiency scores also tends to rise. The findings complement the concept of higher risk to higher return or greater efficiency

This paper applies the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compute the managerial efficiency of 30 insurance companies listed on the Saudi stock exchange for the duration of four years from 2015 to 2018. The companies taken as a sample of study included both conventional and Takaful insurance companies. The insurance sector of KSA is one of the largest sectors in the country, contributing a substantial percentage in the non-oil economy. Efficiency measurement and evaluation will provide a venue to introspect and benchmark frontiers to the sector. In the present study, we have utilized the basic Banker Charnes Cooper and Charnes Copper Rhodes models of DEA. Two inputs, namely, general & administrative expenses and policy & acquisition costs, and two outputs (Net premium earned and Investment Income & other incomes) were taken for efficiency calculations. The final outcomes of the study reveal that a good number of insurance companies operating in KSA are found to be efficient on managerial efficiency scale. Three firms remain the leader on the frontier of the managerial efficiency. And no company found with zero (0) efficiency or a negative efficiency. It is expected that the outcome of the study will provide benchmarks to managers and a road map to further improvement.

정부는 국가 차원에서 물류인프라의 확충과 물류전문기업의 육성을 통해 물류기업의 경쟁력 향상과 국제물류시장의 주도권을 확보하기 위해 지속적인 노력을 실시해오고 있으며, 특히 동북아 지역의 경제규모 및 교역량이 자치하는 비중이 급증함에 따라 동북아 지역의 물류 네트워크 선정을 위해 다양한 정책을 추진하고 있다. 이러한 정부의 정책의 일환으로 2006년부터 종합물류기업 인증제도를 도입하여 시행하고 있다. 이 제도는 물류정책기본법에 근거하여 설립된 정부의 물류전문기업 육성방안의 대표적인 정책 중 하나이다. 그러나 이 제도로 인해 물류기업에 대한 신뢰성을 높여 물류산업의 선진화 및 효율화에 기여하였다는 주장과 동 제도로 인해 기업의 부담과 대기업 위주의 시장 통폐합 우려 등의 부정적인 의견이 대립되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 논란이 있는 현 시점에서 종합물류인증 기업 중 물류창고기업을 대상으로 효율성 분석을 통해 비효율의 실태와 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 분석방법으로는 DEA 분석을 통해 종합물류인증기업의 경영효 율성을 분석하며 비효율적인 기업의 투사값을 제시하며 벤치마킹의 대상이 될 수 있는 기업들의 참조집합을 제시하고자 하며 또한 분석결과 를 통해 벤치마킹의 대상이 되는 기업들을 제시하였다.

Seaports play a vital role in the economic development of countries, especially for countries having long coastlines such as Vietnam .Seaport industry in Vietnam has witnessed an impressive development in recent years. The national cargo throughput in the period 2013-2017 achieved a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8%/year, higher than that of the world (5.1%). However, the differences in planning policies and infrastructure systems has led to the differences in port performance efficiency of regional ports. Therefore, it is necessary to have a general and accurate view of the picture of Vietnam’s seaport. The objective of this study was to analyze the relative efficiencies of 26 Vietnam container terminals using traditional output-oriented CCR and BCC DEA model. Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) was also applied to evaluate changes in container terminals productivity over time.

The paper aims to estimate efficiency of watermelon by using a bootstrapping approach to generating efficiency estimates through Monte Carlo simulation resampling process. We use the input-output data for watermelon 107 farmers. The main results are as follows. The estimates of efficiency depends on the methodology. The estimates of general DEA is greater than the bootstrapping method. The technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency measure of watermelon is 0.72, 0.82 respectively. However the bias-corrected estimates are less than those of DEA. We know that the DEA estimator is an upward biased estimator. According to these results, the DEA bootstrapping model used here provides bias-corrected and confidence intervals for the point estimates, it is more preferable.

The efficiency of port operations is an important indicator of port development. Moreover, there is excess handling capacity in Chinese ports, which results in a slower speed of development. Under the detrimental environment of the international shipping market, it is necessary to improve the operation efficiency of ports for long-term development. This paper provides an assessment of the competitiveness of Chinese seaport companies using the Boston Consulting Group’s matrix, and efficiency measurements using a data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist method. This analysis showed that highly efficient companies reformed their development strategies, which should be a solution considered by less efficient companies, such as Shenzhen Yan Tian Port Holdings Co., Ltd.. Although, having high throughput should be reformed in the investment structure. This research will assist port companies in gaining effective operating experience, and governments in establishing strategic planning to enhance the efficiency of port development.

The steady growth of seaborne trade has resulted in the further development of container ships, ports, and container terminals, and the operating efficiency of a container terminal is a decisive element for its competitive ability in international markets. The aim of this research is to evaluate the relative efficiency of Russian and South Korean container terminals. For this purpose, the output-oriented DEA was applied to 31 container terminals of Russian and South Korean seaports for the years from 2012 to 2014. The results indicate that Korean container terminals exhibited higher efficiency scores than their Russian counterparts.

The objective of this study is to analyze the DEA efficiency of the environmentfriendly agricultural districts and zones. There are political inefficiency in districts and zones with 45.3% and 85.0%. It mainly results from scale efficiency than pure technical efficiency. There are 10 efficient zones, while 34 decreasing return to scale ones. Meanwhile, districts mostly have increasing return to scale with 97.9%. The results of this study is meaningful to re-construct the project based on the environment-friendly agricultural production.

With the fast development Growth of Chinese economy is towing the world economy, and the world economy's initiative gradually moves to Asia, the economy of this region is growing fast. In addition, since over 90% of the international trade are made through marine transport, the volume of trade shows a continuously increasing trend with its growth. Qingdao established a bonded area in 1992 and a bonded port zone in 2008. Through 20 years' development, it has achieved very large achievements and has good conditions of the construction of an international hub port as a bridgehead toward the Eurasian Continent. Considering this situation, this study limits its spatial scope to Qingdao Bonded Port and Shanghai Free Trade Area, which are called the center port of China's free trade areas and conducts a comparative analysis of the competitiveness of Qingdao Bonded Port through efficiency indicators. Based on these various situations, this study will look into efficiency and development strategy for Qingdao Bonded Port .

In this paper, firstly, from the input-output perspective of technological innovation, technological innovation process is divided into technological development process and technological achievements transformation process. On this basis, technological innovation efficiency can be decomposed into technological development efficiency and technological transformation efficiency. Secondly, on the basis of the two-stage technological innovation, by analyzing each stage in the process of technological innovation input and output elements, we design the input-output index system in each stage respectively, and ultimately get the high-tech industrial technology innovation efficiency evaluation index system. Thirdly, we build a chain network DEA model to evaluate the two-stage process of technological innovation of high-tech industry, include the overall efficiency of technological innovation and the efficiency of the two sub-stages. Finally, use chain network DEA model to calculate the technology innovation efficiency, technological development efficiency and technological transformation efficiency of high-tech industry of China's 25 regions in 2000-2010. According to the calculation results of h the empirical analysis of the efficiency of technological innovation of China's high-tech industry, and provide a reference for the provision of policy advice.

In this study, the deterioration of railway track was determined each element facilities which have consisted in Track, track, roadbed, bridge and tunnel and were evaluated deterioration of railway track it using AHP and DEA methods. In compared to track defect factor that currently used method in conventional track line, was similar with AHP and DEA methods. It is determined that AHP and DEA method for track deterioration can be evaluated quantitatively the condition assessment of the track line.

The purpose of this paper was to measure technical efficiencies and scale efficiencies of Korean seed industry by DEA method, and to identify the factors affecting the efficiencies by Tobit regression model. Survey data of 50 seed companies nationwide were applied for the analysis. The average score of overall technical efficiency for the surveyed companies in 2012 was 0.44, which is decomposed into pure technical efficiency 0.68 and scale efficiency 0.63. A majority of the seed companies exhibited at least one form of inefficiency except a few companies in optimal scale. It was also shown the most companies were operating in the stage of increasing returns to scale, which implies Korean seed companies are mainly in smaller scale than optimal. Additional results suggest that the Center for Private Seed Companies, which will be established at Gimje in 2015, plays an important role to make domestic seed companies improve their scale efficiency as well as pure technical efficiency by way of enlarging their size and co-using the high technology in the Center.

In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) was carried out on the four bridges, which have the same extension (L=1,615m), in order to select the most superior, economical method of construction using the LCC concept of each bridge structure in the case of the Ulsan-Pohang double track railway which is scheduled to be constructed. DEA models were analyzed with the CCR model, which was designed for the evaluation of relative efficiency of each model. The initial construction costs, maintenance costs, indirect costs (user costs + indirect loss of social costs), and life cycle costs were used as input variables, and average duration was applied as the output variable. LCC was applied to calculate the input variables, and to get the costs of LCC, 100 years of period and 4.83% of real discount rate were applied, and the costs are classified into initial construction, maintenance, user, and indirect loss of social cost. The analysis results showed that the Method 2 and 3 were evaluated as the most efficient, and the other alternatives were evaluated as the following order; Method 1, the default, and Method 4.

In this prolonged economic recession, the countries in Northeast Asia play a crucial role in the global market and the relationship between Korea and China gets more attention due to its significant achievement during the past 20 years after the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. In this regards, this study presents general overview of Korea-China Car Ferry Route and evaluates the efficiency level of each operating route using DEA model. Incheon-Yingkou, Incheon-Lianyungang, Pyeong Taek-Lianyungang are analyzed as efficent routes, while from the view point of passenger efficiency, 4 routes i.e, Incheon-Dalian, Incheon-Dandong, Pyeong Taek- Weihai, Gunsan-Shidao are also noted as efficient routes. Consequently, other inefficient routes can benchmark these efficient routes by increasing cargo volume and passengers.

Recently according to increase of enlarged scale ports in conformity with increase in over size vessels and container handling service, pollutants generated from ports are increasing. In advanced countries, reduction in carbon dioxide emission assigned to them has been implemented according to the Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol from 2008 to 2012 in order to lessen carbon dioxide emission. Henceforth increase in discussion on the measure of constructing Green Port and low-carbon port is expected in our nation's field of port as well, it is considered that the effort in reduction with regard to undesirable output which causes environmental problem of analysis target during measuring effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, effectiveness was estimated through directional technology distance function considering undesirable output differently from effectiveness analysis of existing container terminal, and then performed comparative analysis with the result analyzed with BCC output-oriented model. As the result of analysis, in 2007 DMU3 and DMU5, and in 2010 DMU2 and DMU4 appeared to be efficient terminals in BCC output oriented model, and in directional technology distance function model, DMU1, DMU3 in 2007, DMU3, DMU5 in 2008, DMU7 in 2009, and DMU2, DMU5 in 2010 appeared to be efficient terminals.