The toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome materials and constituents against Meloidogyne incognita second‐stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were examined. The active principles of K. galanga rhizome were identified as the phenylpropanoids ethyl (E)‐cinnamate (EC, 1) and ethyl (E)‐p‐methoxycinnamate (EMC, 2) by spectroscopic analysis. Results were compared with those of carbofuran, fosthiazate, and metam‐sodium. In direct‐contact mortality bioassay, EC (LC50, 0.037 mg/ml) was the most toxic constituent, followed by EMC (0.041 mg/ml). EC was more effective than carbofuran (LC50, 0.092 mg/ml) but less active than fosthiazate (0.002 mg/ml). EC, egg hatch was inhibited 100, 93, and 87% at 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml, respectively. EMC caused 100, 81, and 75% inhibition of egg hatch at 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition of two phenylpropanoids were similar or more inhibition to that of either carbofuran or metam‐sodium but was lower than that of fosthiazate. In contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, EC and EMC treatments resulted in 86 and c 73% mortality at 0.5 and 0.125 mg/g soil, respectively. The lethality of these phenylpropanoids was almost similar to that of either carbofuran or metam‐sodium but was lower than that of fosthiazate. In vapor‐phase mortality bioassay, EC and EMC were more effective in closed container than open containers, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was, in part, a result of vapor action. K. galanga rhizome‐derived materials, merit further study as potential nematicides and hatching inhibitors for the control of M. incognita populations.

Environmental tolerance of three important spider mite predators; Neoseiulus womersleyi, Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Phytoseiidae) was experimented by treating combination of temperature and relative humidity for egg hatching and immature survival. Egg hatching rate increased at the relative humidity incrased for three species. Temperature effects were only significant to N. californicus and P. persimilis. The lethal humidities for three species were in the range of 56-77, 82.0, 66-94% RH, respectively. Larva does not need to feed for larval development into protonymph in three tested species. No larvae survived at lower than 75% RH for N. womersleyi, but around 80% at 95% RH. N. californicus larvae survived around 50% and 100% at 75 and 95% RH. P. persimilis larve survival was decreased as the temperature increased at 75% RH, but platued around 100% at 95% RH. Cannibalism was higher in N. californicus and lower in P. persimilis. Implementation of the results was discussed relative to biological control of spider mites in open field and greenhouse crops.

We investigated starvation of hatching larvae, occasional artificial hatching and incubation method to establish year-round rearing of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai. In the test of starvation of hatching larvae for brushing at a time, the survival rate of the fourth instar of larvae starved for 1 day after hatching in 25℃ and 5℃ was 83.3% and 96.0%, respectively. The result represents that the survival rate is high at low temperature during starvation. In the occasional artificial hatching test for multi-times rearing of A. yamamai, the useful hatchability is high at 5℃ in case of preserving eggs for 2 months from incubation time, and at both 2.5℃ and 0℃ in case of over 6 months. A new incubation method with pre-incubation at 15℃ and 24 D photoperiod showed high hatchability about 80% for only 2 days compared with hatching for 5-6 days in traditional incubation method with the preservation at 25℃.

이 연구는 실내 사육수조에서 자연산란 후 수정된 난을 대상으로 수온에 따른 난 발생속도와 부화율을 조사하였다. 부화에 이르기까지 각 수온조건에서 소요된 시간은 에서 상실기 이후 발생이 진행되지 않았고, 18, 21, 24, 에서 각각 70시간 30분, 44시간 10분, 29시간 10분 그리고 24시간 30분이 소요되었다. 부화율은 에서 0%였고, 18, 21, 24 그리고 에서 각각 , , 그리고 로 뚜렷한 차이 없이 에서 다소 높았고 21와 에서 비슷