고온수증기전기분해(HTSE) 장치의 수소생산 및 열 화학적 특성을 파악하고자 COMSOL Multiphysics®를 사용해 2차원 정상상태 수치해석을 실시하였다. 계산을 위한 주요 파라메터로는 작동전압, ASR(Area-specific Resistance) 및 유입가스의 온도와 압력 등이다. 해석결과 1.2454 V에서 Thermal-neutral Voltage가 나타나고, 작동 전압이 증가함에 따라 Cell의 내부 온도가 단조 증가하는 것이 아니라 Thermal-neutral Voltage를 기준으로 낮은 전압에서는 Cell의 온도가 감소하고, 높은 전압에서는 Cell의 온도가 증가하였다. 또한, ASR 값이 증가함에 따라 Cell 내부의 온도는 하강하고, 수소생산율도 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

수소에너지는 풍부한 자원으로부터 얻을 수 있는 2차 청정에너지로서 연소 및 반응 생성물이 환경을 오염시키지 않을 뿐만 아니라 에너지의 수송 및 저장이 용이한 화학적 매체이다. 물의 전기분해를 이용한 수소제조는 오염을 유발시기지 않으면서도 영구적인 재생에너지 시스템으로 이용할 수 있다. 고온 수증기전해의 핵심기술은 분해된 산소 또는 프로톤 이온이 전해질을 통해 신속하게 전달될 수 있는 전해질의 개발이 제1 핵심요건이며, 이어서 전류효율에 큰 영향을 미치는 전해질막과 전극재료의 접합기술의 확보가 중요한 핵심 요소기술이다.

Hydrogen production via high high-temperature steam electrolysis consumes less electrical energy than compared to conventional low low-temperature water electrolysis, mainly due to the improved thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated temperaturetemperatures. The elementalElemental powders of Cu, Ni, and YSZ are were used to synthesize high high-temperature electrolysis cathodecathodes, of Ni/YSZ and Cu/YSZ composites, by mechanical alloying. The metallic particles of the composites were uniformly covered with finer YSZ particles. Sub-micron sized pores are were homogeneously dispersed in the Ni/YSZ and Cu/YSZ composites. In this study, The cathode materials were synthesized and their Characterizations properties were evaluated in this study: It was found that the better electric conductivity of the Cu/YSZ composite was measured improved compared tothan that of the Ni/YSZ composite. Slight A slight increase in the resistance can be produced for in a Cu/YSZ cathode by oxidation, but it this is compensated offset for by a favorable thermal expansion coefficient. Therefore, Cu/YSZ cermet can be adequately used as a suitable cathode material of in high high-temperature electrolysis.

Saline-tab water (2.5 L) with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% saline solution contaminated by P. aeroginosa or S. aureus, was electrolyzed with constant electrical current of 2A or 4A for different time durations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16min). The electrolysis with 2A-4min showed disinfection effect against P. aeroginosa of 105 CFU/㎖ in all saline concentrations. When the electrical current was raised to 4A, P. aeroginosa of 106 CFU/㎖ was disinfected in 4 min. S. aureus of 105 CFU/㎖ was disinfected with 2A-2 min in all saline concentrations. S. aureus of 106 CFU/㎖ was completely disinfected with 2A-8 min. To compare the effect of constant current electrolysis with that of intermittent current electrolysis, solution contaminated with P. aeroginosa of 106 CFU/㎖ was electrolyzed with several pairs of intermittent current of 2A for 2 min followed by 2min pause. Disinfecting effect of intermittent electrolysis was very similar to the constant current electrolysis without pause in 16 min. The present study demonstrated that the direct electrolyzing process with no septum membrane is a convenient and economic sterilization method.

The electrochemical properties of novel metal powders were investigated for the electrode materias of polymer electrolyte memebrane electrolysis. Two types of Pt black and powder electrodes were hot-pressed on the polymer electrolyte membrane to form membrane electrode assembly. The galvanodynamic polarization methode was used to characterize the electrochemical properties of both electrodes. From the experimental results, we concluded that the powder electrode exhibits better electrochemical performance than Pt black as cathode material for the electrolysis.

Aluminum hydroxides were synthesized by a simple electrolytic reaction of aluminum plates. The aluminum monohydroxide, boehmite(AlO(OH)), was predominantly formed by the application of an electrical potential above 30V, while the mixture of the bayerite and boehmite(AlO(OH)) phases were formed below 20V. The boehmite has a clear fibrous structure which is controlled on a nanometer scale. On the contrary, the bayerite consists of the typical hourglass or semi-hourglass shaped coarse crystals as a result of an aggregation of the various crystals stacked together. The specific surface area of the boehmite nanofiber was remarkably high, reaching about .

Aluminum hydroxides were synthesized by a simple electrolytic reaction of aluminum plates. The aluminum hydroxide, boehmite (AlO(OH)), was predominantly formed in the application of electrical potential at and above 30V, while the mixture of bayerite () and boehmite (AlO(OH)) phases were formed below 20V. The boehmite has a clear fibrous structure controlled on nanometer scale. On the contrary, the bayerite consists of the typical hourglass or semi-hourglass shaped coarse crystals as a result of aggregation of various crystals stacked together. The specific surface area of the boehmite nanofiber was markedly high, approaching at about .

이트리아 안정화 지르코니아(yttria stabilized zirconia, YSZ)를 전해질로 선정하여 소결조건에 따른 열적 안정성과 전기적인 특성을 분석하였다. SEM사진으로 소결온도가 증가할수록 입자가 커지므로 상대적으로 기공은 줄어드는 것을 보였고 입자크기에 따른 영향을 확인하였다. 전기적 특성을 알아보고자 2단자법(2-probe method)으로 800~1000℃의 오도에서 교류 임피던스 측정을 통하여 전해질 내의 저항과 전기전도도 측정으로 입자 내부 저항 및 전기적 성능을 평가하였다. 소결온도가 1400℃일 때 건식법과 습식법에서 밀도는 각각 6.13, 6.25 g/cm3이며, 상대밀도는 각각 98, 99%였다. 소결온도가 올라갈수록 저항은 낮아지고, 전도도는 커지는 것을 확인할 수 있으며, 건식 및 습식법으로 제작한 전해질의 전기전도도는 10000℃에서 각각 8.8×10-2,;11×10-2 S/cm이었다.

The effluent from conventional nightsoil treatment plants contains nutrients, color and chlorides, in addition to residual organics and suspended solids, and thereby causes substantial pollution problems in receving water resources. In order to verify the usefullness of electrolysis in removing those residual pollutants from such conventional nightsoil treatment plant effluent, a bench scale experiment was conducted using sufficiently dilluted human nightsoil as experiment feeds. The result showed mean removals of 45% of total phosphorus and 85% of color, in addition 87% of residual BOD, 47% of residual COD and 85% of residual SS. The optimum electric current was found to be 15 ampere and the optimum hydraulic residence time 21/2 hour.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water management agreement (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments) came into force on September 8, 2017. This study evaluated the disinfection performance of electrolysis, UV treatment, and electrolysis + UV combined, to improve the treatment of zooplankton (size ≥ 50 μm), which is expected to strengthen the standards for biodegradation efficiency. Among the methods used, the disinfection time leading to 100% death was in the order: electrolysis > electrolysis + UV > UV process. For the same level of disinfection performance, the amount of electricity required for the electrolysis, UV, and electrolysis + UV processes were 1,300 W.s, 8,400 W.S, and 4,500 W.s, respectively. The combination of electrolysis + UV process for inactivation of zooplankton in ballast water did not show a synergic effect owing to the slow disinfection time and high power consumption.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt concentration and turbidity on the inactivation of Artemia sp. by electrolysis, UV photolysis, electrolysis+UV process to treat ballast water in the presence of brackish water or muddy water caused by rainfall. The inactivation at different salt concentrations (30 g/L and 3 g/L) and turbidity levels (0, 156, 779 NTU) was compared. A decrease in salt concentration reduced RNO (OH radical generation index) degradation and TRO (Total Residual Oxidant) production, indicating that a longer electrolysis time is required to achieve a 100% inactivation rate in electrolysis process. In the UV process, the higher turbidity results in lower UV transmittance and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. Higher the turbidity resulted in lower ultraviolet transmittance in the UV process and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. A UV　exposure time of over 30 seconds was required for 100% inactivation. Factors affecting inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. in low salt concentration are in the order: electrolysis+UV > electrolysis > UV process. In the case of electrolysis+UV process, TRO is lower than the electrolysis process, but RNO is more decomposed, indicating that the OH radical has a greater effect on the inactivation effect. In low salt concentrations and high turbidity conditions, factors affecting Artemia sp. inactivation were in the order electrolysis > electrolysis+UV > UV process. When the salt concentration is low and the turbidity is high, the electrolysis process is affected by the salt concentration and the UV process is affected by turbidity. Therefore, the synergy due to the combination of the electrolysis process and the UV process was small, and the inactivation was lower than that of the single electrolysis process only affected by the salt concentration.

온실 효과로 인한 지구온난화 현상은 전세계적으로 문제가 되고 있고, 온실효과를 일으키는 주원인은 온실가스이다. 온실 가스는 에너지 분야에서 가장 많이 배출되며, 2014년 기준 배출량의 86.8%를 차지한다. 배출 국가 온실가스 감축 의무부담에 관한 대응을 위해 에너지 사용 절감에 대한 전략이 동반되어 짐으로서, 에너지 절감 기술 및 소재 개발이 필요시 되었다. 국내 에너지 다소비 산업의 하나인 전해제련 공정 또한 여기서 벗어나지 못한다. 전해제련 공정은 수용액 전해조에 전극을 담그고 일정한 전류 혹은 전압을 가하여 수용액 속의 이온을 금속으로 석출하는 공정으로, 제조경비 중 전력비 비중이 높은 대표적인 에너지 다소비산업이다. 대표적 전해제련 생산품인 아연(Zn)은 최근 국제가격 하향안정화 추세로 국내기업의 글로벌 시장경쟁력 악화가 예상되며 이에 따른 가격 경쟁력 확보 필요성이 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 Ir-Ta-Sn-Pd/Ti 전극을 이용해 아연 전해제련 시 사용되는 Pb 전극과 비교 하였고, 전류 밀도 500A/m2 조건에서 전위차 변화를 통해 전력소비 감소량을 예측하였다. 또한 아연 회수량 및 전극 표면 부식성 또한 관찰하여 Pb 전극 대체 효과를 확인하였다.

The aim in this study was to remove Cl−, which can be problematic in the recycling of bottom ash, by identifying the optimum operating conditions for a soil electrolysis apparatus with spiral paddles and to use these as the base data in removing contaminants from various polluted soils using electrolysis. Unprocessed bottom ash collected from the openair storage yard at thermoelectric power plant H in Gyeong sang nam - do Province was used as the experimental material. The experimental methodology was to identify the optimum operating conditions to remove Cl− contained in the bottom ash using the following variables: use or not of spiral paddles, application or not of electrolysis, change of concentration of the electrolyte solution, electrolysis application time, and the voltage level during electrolysis. From the results, the highest removal efficiency of 91.4% was shown under the following conditions: use of the spiral paddles, use of 0.3% NaOH electrolyte solution, 20 min of electrolysis; and a voltage level of 5 V during electrolysis. It is evident that application of the soil electrolysis apparatus for removal of Cl− from bottom ash could be valuableas base data for purification of polluted soils in the future.

In this study, high-purity silver nanocolloids were synthesized by an electrolytic reaction, and the effect of temperature on the nanocolloid concentration was analyzed by performing the reaction at 70 °C and 90 °C. The antibacterial properties of the thus-synthesized silver nanocolloids were also studied. When the synthesis was performed at 90 °C, the concentration of silver nanocolloid increased to 14 mg/L after 5 min, 1756 mg/L after 30 min, and 2147 mg/L after 60 min. The concentration of silver nanocolloid synthesized by electrolytic reaction at 70 °C and 90 °C for 60 min was 1,882 mg/L and 2147 mg/L, respectively. The preferred temperature at which the electrolytic synthesis is performed is 70 °C to obtain high concentrations of 1,000 mg/L or more. The antibacterial performance of the thus-synthesized silver nanocolloids was 99.9% for E. coli and 99.5% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

1970년대 수출주도 고도성장을 위해 정부는 조선･철강･기계 등의 중화학공업을 선택적으로 집중육성 하였다. 그 결과 일반기계산업은 1970년 수출 8백만불에서 2015년 현재 218,262백만불로 약 27,000배 이상 성장하였다. 일반기계산업에 있어 금속가공 공정은 필수적이며, 금속가공 공정에서 필요로 하는 것이 공작기계(Mother machine)와 절삭유(Soluble Cutting Fluids, SCF)이다. 절삭조건 개선에 사용되는 절삭유는 첨가제, 사용용도 등에 따라 원액으로 사용하는 비수용성과 물로 희석해서 사용하는 수용성으로 나뉜다. 국내 절삭유 이용량의 60%이상이 수용성 절삭유로 비수용성 절삭유의 오일미스트(Oil-mist), 폐유처리과정에서 유독성 물질 발생 등의 문제로 수용성 절삭유 사용량이 점차 증가하였다. 또한 절삭 성능 향상을 위한 방부제, 윤활제, 방청제, 부식방지제, 세정제, 극압 첨가제 등 각종 화학물질 첨가로 인해, 노출될 경우 췌장, 피부, 담낭, 방광, 소화기계 등 인체의 여러 조직에 암을 유발할 수 있으며, 각종 호흡기계 질환과 피부질환을 초래하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 인체에 미치는 영향 외에도 수용성 절삭유에는 고농도의 유기성분과 질소화합물 등이 함유되어 있어 적절한 처리 없이 수계로 유출시 부영양화, 녹조현상 등과 같은 문제를 일으킬 수 있으며 산화반응에 의해 수계의 용존산소를 감소시키므로 그 처리의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실공정에서 발생한 폐수용성절삭유를 원시료로 하여 대표적인 불용성 전극인 Ti/IrO2 전극을 이용하여 전기화학적 처리를 진행하였으며 연구에 사용한 장치의 모식도를 Fig. 1에, 시료의 성상을 Table 1에 나타내었다.

The use of Soluble Cutting Fluids (SCF) is essential in the development of industrial technology. However, it is difficult to decompose biologically due to its high concentrations of organic substances and nitrogen compounds, which interfere with microbial growth. Recently, Advanced Oxidation Processes are being studied both domestically and internationally. Electrolysis is highly adaptable industrial wastewater treatment because it has high removal efficiency and short processing time, regardless of the contaminant’s biodegradable nature. Accordingly, this study shows the characteristics of total nitrogen removal in SCF on the operating time, current density, and electrolytes when using aluminum in a batch-type reactor. The results are as follows: ① Under the condition of without the electrolyte when the current density was adjusted to 40 A/m2, 60 A/m2, or 80 A/m2, the respective T-N removal efficiencies were 71.7%, 80.6%, and 87.2% at 60 min. ② In the comparison for the condition of whether NaCl was added, the removal efficiency of adding NaCl (5 ~ 10 mM) was higher than non-addition at 60 min for all current densities. ③ In the comparison for the condition of whether Na2SO4 (5 ~ 10 mM) was added, the removal efficiency when adding Na2SO4 showed no significant difference compared to non-addition at 60 min for all current densities.