This objective of this study is to examine the influence of age and gender on entrepreneurship in Vietnam’s context. Although various studies have been conducted to examine age and gender differences in the entrepreneurial process, the results reveal inconsistencies. Moreover, the relationship between different factors and their role in explaining age and gender differences in the entrepreneurship activities still has no clear answer. Our analyses were based on data collected for the 2017 Global Entrepreneurship Monitors (GEM) from individuals located in Vietnam with a sample of 2,118. Our findings show that female entrepreneurs had less household income and were likely to have more fear of failure in starting a business. Entrepreneurs tend to be older and young entrepreneurs have better education. The study also indicated that male entrepreneurs were likely to have more perception of the ease to start a business. Moreover, the number of male respondents who are currently entrepreneurs is higher and they are older. The contribution of this study is twofold. First, it provides empirical evidence on the age and gender differences in entrepreneurship. Second, it contributes to the understanding of the entrepreneurship environment in Vietnam, one of the most dynamic emerging countries in the East Asian region.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the continuum of reasons and skills employed by tribal Indian women entrepreneurs to establish their successful businesses in terrorist affected areas. Research design, data and methodology: After an extensive literature review on women’s entrepreneurship and their situations in disturbed areas, a qualitative research method was applied, and researchers conducted well-structured personal interviews to collect data from fifty respondents selected by using random and convenience sampling. Results: This study has identified the range of reasons for the successes of tribal women entrepreneurs. These are strict compliance with tribal culture and restrictions imposed by different stakeholders and the establishment of social networks and support from local communities and with their indefatigable and indomitable perseverance to proffer basic sustenance for their families. Conclusions: A minimum sample was selected from the Andhra-Odisha Border (AOB) areas due to security concerns. The research depicts the tribal Indian women entrepreneurs' grit and remorseless nature in overcoming impediments from the socio-cultural, economic, political, and legal framework of the country. This research is a gallant effort taken up by the authors, which is the first of its kind to visit as well as to conduct primary research in disturbed areas like the Andhra-Odisha Border in India.

This study examines the determinant factors affecting young people in preparing entrepreneurship in Indonesia. This study involved several variables, including the need for achievement, risk perception, locus of control, entrepreneurial attitude to predict entrepreneurial intention, and preparation for entrepreneurship among young people. The approach utilized in this study was a quantitative research design using a survey model. The participants of this study were recruited from young people in East Java, Indonesia. Structural equation modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was implemented to test the hypotheses and the relationships between variables. The findings of this research showed that the attitudes toward entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention of young people in Indonesia are determined by several variables such as the need for achievement, risk perception, and locus of control. The correlation between variables showed one positive direction in which all independent variables can influence dependent variables. Additionally, the result of this study confirms a robust relationship between the attitude toward entrepreneurship and preparing for entrepreneurship among young people. Lastly, this study showed a positive correlation between entrepreneurial intention and preparation for entrepreneurship. This study suggests that government institutions and universities need to be concerned about entrepreneurial programs to promote young entrepreneurs.

This study estimates the nature of the relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment in the Philippines over the 2001-2017 period. The paper employed a range of cointegrating regression models, namely, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models, dynamic OLS, fully modified OLS, and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation techniques. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) was also performed to determine the causal link of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The ARDL bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models confirmed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The long-run coefficients from JJ and dynamic OLS show significant long-run and positive relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. While results of the long-run coefficients from fully modified OLS and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) found that only entrepreneurship has significant and positive relationship with youth unemployment in the long-run. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) estimates show evidence of long-run causal relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. In the short-run, increases in entrepreneurship and business confidence causes youth unemployment to decrease.

The paper aims to identify the determinants that influence entrepreneurial intention among National Economics University graduates. For the sample size, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 250 full-time third-year undergraduates at the National Economics University, with convenience sampling technique. Of those 250 undergraduates, 150 were Business Administration students and 100 Economy Management students. After eliminating invalid responses due to lack of information or low quality information, 215 responses were used (93.07% of respondents) for data analysis. The results show that the factor “Perceived desirability” has the strongest impact on the intention to start a business. It is followed by the factor “Perceived feasibility” in which the “ability to search and plan for start-up” has a stronger influence on undergraduates’ entrepreneurial intention than the “leadership and ability to overcome adversity”. The hypothesis of a positive relationship between undergraduates’ propensity to act and their intention to start a business is also supported in this study. Based on the results, we suggest some recommendations for the university and State management agencies to nurture and develop entrepreneurial intention of undergraduates, forming the young generation of potential entrepreneurs to contribute to the development of emerging countries such as Vietnam, the case study.

Purpose - Research on the ability of domestic public institutions to conduct business is being conducted. Research on government support policy for public technology projects, emphasizes technology creation. Public agencies are encouraging evolutionary barriers at the stage of realistic business. This paper presents the policy possibilities by presenting policies and strategies based on corporate public policy. Research design, data, and methodology – In this study, we surveyed the actual state of public technology commercialization based on the data on state of technology commercialization of public institutions. We collected and analyzed the literature data to enhance the competitiveness of technology commercialization by identifying success cases of public technology commercialization. In Korea, there are not many research papers that provide policy alternatives for technical commercialization of public research institutes. Therefore, in this paper, we review various government policies and check the status of technology commercialization to increase its value. Results – As a result of this study, it is suggested that various policy development is necessary for the commercialization of public technology, because it is important to increase the value of technology users, suppliers, investors and customers through various network activation. In particular, it is necessary to establish differentiated Korean public technology commercialization model for the proliferation of public technology commercialization by presenting methodical model of technical commercialization. Conclusions - Through this study, it is important to raise the competitiveness of domestic public technology commercialization, to create economic value, and to improve the performance of technology commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary to contribute to the creation of research achievement, research method of excellent technology, and method of commercializing technology, and to create achievement of technical commercialization in the future. In addition, from the viewpoint of commercialization of technology, strategies for creating value through utilization of public technology should be prepared, and a plan for mutual prosperity among domestic companies should be prepared. Policy alternatives of various public technology commercialization to build national competitiveness have been developed, and various examples of performance for the performance of public technology commercialization should be derived.

There has been a recent increase in the interest towards founding companies and in line with the South Korean Government’s policy on start-up support, discussions are rife about the effect of entrepreneurship on the management and performances of these companies. To enhance the competitiveness of SMEs, it is expedient to acquire and deploy consistent entrepreneurship, differentiate corporate resources, ensure the appropriate utilization of resources and the integration of such factors in response to the changing environment. This research examines relationships among entrepreneurship, three components of corporate capabilities, dynamic capability and technical performance based on resource-based view and the dynamic capability theory. The authors also investigate the moderating role of corporate life cycle. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a survey on 352 technologies –innovative SMEs located in South Korea via professional research institutes. The findings confirm the hypothesis that SMEs’ entrepreneurship has a positive effect on three kinds of corporate capabilities (e.g., marketing, R&D, operations capability), and it had a positive effect on dynamic capability, whiles dynamic capability also had an influence on technical performances. The findings also confirmed the hypothesis that corporate life cycle moderates the relationship between dynamic capability and technical performances respectively. The research implications for both practitioners and academicians are discussed.

우리 사회는 청년실업 문제 해결을 위한 적극적이고 다양한 지원 제도를 운용하고 있다. 다수의 청년이 있는 대학은 창업교육에 관한 역할이 보다 중요하다. 대학생의 창의적 창업은 새로운 미래를 말들 수 있는 것이다. 그러므로 디자인 창업을 위한 교육에 기준 마련이 필요하다. 성공적 비즈니스 모델 제시와 성공을 위한 관련 전문 지식 교육의 철학과 방법이 필요하다. 또한, 다양한 정부 지원 프로그램과의 연계를 통한 창업 준비, 성장 촉진 프로그램을 통한 성장단계까지 일괄 지원을 활용한다. 우선 이론적 고찰을 위한 창업을 위한 정부 지원 사업을 조사 분석한다. 독창적인 비즈니스 모델과 성공적인 비즈니스를 위한 국내외 대학의 융합 교육 사례를 조사 분석한다. 실증적 연구를 통하여 디자인 창업의 요소 돌출을 위한 기존 선행연구를 조사 분석한다. 또한, 대학의 융합 교육을 위한 선행 연구도 같이한다. 대학생을 대상으로 하는 창업을 위한 교육을 절실하고, 이를 위한 디자인 창업 요소를 디자인창업 요소 분석을 기준으로 융합, 디자인, 소비자. 마케팅, 가술, 자금으로 정하였다. 소결에서 선정된 전문 분야와 융합을 통한 교육을 위하여 디자인과 관련 학내 경영대학과 사회과학대학, 공과대학, 타 대학의 연계 수업도 가능하다. 다른 전공 교수 2~3명이 진행하는 융합 과목 개설을 통한 교육을 시행하여야 한다. 대학생들의 종합적인 자질 향상과 디자인 비즈니스 모델을 융합 과정으로 성공 가능성을 높인다. 그리고 대학 내 준비 후에 정부 사업과 연계를 고려하여 사업 계획서를 발전시키는 과정을 실행한다. 그리하여 창업 준비와 졸업 후 성장 촉진 프로그램을 통한 성장단계까지 일괄 지원을 통한 성공적인 기업으로 성장하는 사례를 만들어낸다. 즉, 사업 계획서를 작성하여 지원 프로그램에 참여하면, 자금과 사업을 위한 다양한 분야의 전문가 지원을 통하여 성장하며 건실한 기업으로 성장하는 사례를 만들 수 있는 것이다.

Social entrepreneurship is increasingly gaining interest in developing countries for the great benefits of society. In Vietnam, the concept of social entrepreneurship is still quite new. Entrepreneurial intention is regarded as a useful and practial approach for understanding actual entrepreneurial behavior. The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated model based on planned behavior to examine the direct and indirect effect of perceived access to finance on social entrepreneurial intention. The confirm factor analysis to study the latent constructs underlying determinants of planned behavioral theory, perceived access to finance and social entrepreneurial intention. Then, it applies the technique of structural equation modeling to explore relationships among latent constructs. There is no direct relationship between perceived access to finance and social entrepreneurial intention. Perceived access to finance only indirectly increases entrepreneurial intention through attitude towards behavior and perceived behavioral. This study focuses on the perceptual factor of financial access that affects entrepreneurial intentions. The study does not cover other in-depth issues of social entrepreneurship such as decision making, leadership, personality traits, social capital, and human capital. To establish an environment with a strong social entrepreneurial intention, a focus on developing perceived access to finance is an extremely important factor. This study also suggests that attitude towards behavior and perceived behavioral have a strong impact to social entrepreneurship

The Purpose of this study was to develop Agro-entrepreneurial education program for agriculture college students, In order to investigate the relationship between the types of agricultural starup business and the entrepreneurial intention, we surveyed 224 Agriculture college students in the 3rd and 4th grades using a questionnaire. The results of this study are as follows: First, college students majoring in agriculture have very low interest in establishing agricultural business. Second, there is a difference in the perception of agricultural entrepreneurship between agriculture college students who are engaged in farming as family business and those who do not. agriculture college students who are engaged in farming as family business (Successive Students). The effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurship was different by family business for successive students, initiative and challenge spirit had a significant impact on the agro-entrepreneurial intention. otherwise, non successive students have impacted by innovation and social responsibility. Third, in terms of entrepreneurship, the lower the challenge spirit, the greater the willingness to start an agriculture business. The results supported that for agriculture college students, in order to educate individual customized farming management, it is necessary to confirm whether or not agriculture is a family business.

Purpose - While sustainability is based on the argument that the world’s resources are finite and their demand will ultimately surpass supply, entrepreneurship on the other hand argues that there are inherent opportunities to address this through conserving, recycling, switching to more renewable resources and making effective use of available finite resources. Research design, data, and methodology - In response to the lack of scientific information on the outcomes of entrepreneurship in rural Nigeria, this paper surveys the benefits (social, economic and environmental) of women engagement in waste plastic bags recycling in Adamawa State of Nigeria. A descriptive research design was adopted and data was collected from 26 respondents with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire, which was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables. Results - Results indicated that 21 women have gained employment, who would have remained unemployed; 80.8% of who make profits below 10000 Naira per month and collectively, they recycle 179.3kg of waste polythene bag per month. Conclusions - It was recommended that the women should be further their education; adequate records of costs and sales should be kept; and savings should be encouraged among them.

엘리엇은 문화산업 활성화를 위해 기존 문화 파편들을 부정적으로 취 해 이를 창의적으로 융합하는 ‘소코’(socko)형 풍자를 사용하였다. 이 풍 자 형식은 문화계의 거장들이나 그 전통을 원용하거나 변용하는 방식으 로 폭력과 배재의 원리를 따르고 있다. 영미문화에서의 풍자의 맥은 엘 리자베스 시대만큼이나 오래된 ‘소극’의 정신에서 그 전통을 찾고 있다. 그는 오늘날의 대중문화산업에서도 유용한 방법인 부정적 유머와 풍자 를 과감히 사용한 작가이며 편집인이었다. 크라이테리언의 창간은 그 를 문화사업가로 볼 때 유럽사회에 전혀 다른 방식으로 기존 문화를 대 체하려는 창의적 혁신에 가까웠다. 그 이유는 소위 창의적 행위에 동원 되는 “부정적 규칙”(negative rules)에 있다. 엘리엇은 소위 ‘소코’ 문화를 새로운 형식에 담는 전략과 기법으로 부가가치를 창출한 문화 기업가라 할 수가 있다.

Purpose - This research examined the relationship between business orientation and business goals and satisfaction of Korean-American business owners. Research design/data/methodology - Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and Small Business Orientation (SBO) were the theoretical constructs underlying this research. The responses from 200 Korean-American business owners who participated in the 2005 National Minority Business Owner Surveys were used for data analysis. Results - Noneconomic business goal was positively related to business owners’ SBO tendency, and those with a SBO tendency had the higher business satisfaction than those with EO. Conclusions - The findings suggest that policy makers should develop business assistance programs that correspond with owners’ business orientation.