마늘에 있어서 이차생장은 구의 품위를 떨어뜨리며 심할 경우에는 작은 인편이 많이 착생하는 등 종구로 사용하기에도 어렵게 된다. 따라서 남도마늘 대주아 재배시 지온, 파종시기 및 시비량이 이차생장에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 시비수준별 남도마늘 대주아 재배시 생장특성을 살펴보면 초장, 엽수, 엽초경, 엽장, 엽폭은 검정시비구의 50% 증비를 하였을 경우가 가장 좋았다. 이차생장 발생율은 검정시비구의 50% 감비시 34.2%, 검정시비구에서는 44.3%, 검정시비구의 50% 증비하였을 경우는 54.1%로 시비량이 증가할수록 이차생장 발생률도 증가하였다. 수확한 구의 평균무게는 검정시비구의 50% 감비시 34.1g, 검정시비구에서는 35.1g 이었으며 검정시비구의 50% 증비시에는 33.9g로 시비량에 따른 수량변화는 없었다. 지중온도와 이차생장 발생과의 상관도를 보면 0.982~0.997로 매우 높게 나타나는 것으로 보아 남도마늘 대주아재배시 이차생장 발생은 지중온도와 상당히 밀접한 상관관계가 있었다. 파종시기가 빠를수록 초장, 엽수, 엽초경 등 지상부 생육이 좋았으며 평균구중도 9월 중순파종구가 36g, 9월 하순 파종구가 29.6g, 10월 상순처리구가 27.9g으로 파종이 빠를수록 구가 컸다. 반면 파종시기와 이차생장발생 간에는 별영향이 없는 것으로 조사되었다.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of human follicular fluid and gonadotropin (FSH+HCG+rhEGF) on in vitro maturation, fertilization and development of human immature oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected following for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles of the patients. At the time of oocytes collection, oocytes were classified into MII, MI and GV in accordance with their appearance (MII: Fully mature oocyte at metaphase II of meiosis; MI: Nearly mature oocytes at metaphase I of meiosis; GV: Immature oocytes at prophase I of meiosis). After controlled ovarian stimulation using gonadotropin(FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in 70 ICSI cycles, 158 MI to MII matured oocytes were intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) h after in vitro culture and 553 MII oocytes were ICSI after denudation. The aspirated MI and GV oocytes were cultured in culture medium containing 10% (v/v) serum protein substitute (SPS), 10% (v/v) human follicular fluid (hFF) and 10% (v/v) serum protein substitute (SPS)+1 IU/ml FSH+10 IU/ml HCG+10 ng/ml recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). The maturation rate of immature oocytes was similar among the three group. When maturation medium was supplemented with 10% SPS, 10% hFF or gonadotropins, the fertilization rate of in vitro matured oocytes was higher in 10% SPS (80.0%), but there was no statistical significance (78.2%; hFF, 76.9%; gonadotropin, p>0.05). The development rate of human embryos developed to cells were not significant difference in the medium containing SPS, hFF and gonadotropins (65.6%, 65.9% and 66.7%). The results of these study suggest that human follicular fluid and gonadotropins supplemented in the culture medium was not effected on the in vitro maturation, fertilization and development of human immature oocytes.

The objective of this study was evaluated the influences of the nitrogen fertilization level on timothy silage fermentation quality, nutritive value, and nutrient intake. In both the first and second crops, high level nitrogen fertilization (H) led to a lower WSC content and higher CP content than standard nitrogen fertilization (S). The silage fermentation quality was good in the presence of a Lactobacillus inoculant (SI and HI) than uninoculant (SC and HC). In the first crop silage, the TDN content and intake were significantly higher (P＜0.01) for HI than for SI. In the second silage, the DM, DE, and TDN intakes did not significantly differ among the 4 treatments.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate in a fertilization medium on the fertilizability of boar spermatozoa that were frozen in straws. Boar spermatozoa were extended with Beltsville F5 extender and frozen in 0.25‐ml straws. In vitro matured porcine oocytes were fertilized in vitro (IVF) with frozen‐thawed boar spermatozoa for 6 h in a modified tris‐buffered medium (mTBM) or in its modified medium by substituting the tris with 25 mM sodium bicarbonate (modified bicarbonate‐buffered medium; mBBM). Some of inseminated oocytes were fixed and stained for examination of sperm penetration. IVF embryos were cultured in a North Carolina State University‐23 medium for embryo development. The percentage of live sperm was 47±4% and morphological abnormality of acrosome was found in 14±3% of spermatozoa. Optimal sperm concentration for IVF was 0.75～1.0×106 sperms/ml when mTBM containing 5 mM caffeine was used as the fertilization medium. Sperm penetration was significantly (p<0.05) stimulated by increasing caffeine concentration in the IVF medium. In addition, mBBM significantly (p<0.05) increased sperm penetration (92%) compared to mTBM (65%). More (p<0.05) blastocysts (22% vs. 32%) developed from the oocytes that were fertilized in mBBM containing 1 mM caffeine than from those fertilized in mTBM with 5 mM caffeine. Our results indicate that boar spermatozoa can be frozen successfully in straws with holding their normal fertilizability and that caffeine and sodium bicarbonate stimulates sperm penetration in vitro.

The techniques of IVM, IVF and IVC of canine oocytes may provide useful information for gamete salvage programs and the conservation of endangered canidae. This investigation has been made to determine the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) as a basic experiment to study the development of canine oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The rate of oocytes developing to the MII stage was higher in the hormone treated group (10 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 14.7%, p<0.05) than in the control group (0 IU/ml hCG+eCG, 10.0%). The monospermy and pronuclear rates of canine oocytes were investigated after caffeine treatment on IVF. Canine oocytes were fertilized in the Fert‐TALP medium supplemented with 0, 10, 20 or 30 mM caffeine (Fert I, Fert II, Fert III or Fert IV, respectively). The highest pronuclear formation rate was obtained in the Fert I for 24 h IVF (6.7%, 6/89). Therefore, it is believed that unlike in other mammals, caffeine in canine IVF does not increase the efficiency of fertilization rate, and is not an important factor.

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine protease that cleave plasminogen to form the active protease plasmin. PA/plasmin system playa role in mammalian fertilization and motility and acrosome reaction of sperm. The present study was undertaken to identify PAs in porcine gametes and investigate a possible role of plasminogen in in vitro fertilization in the pig. When boar spermatozoa were preincubated in a fertilization medium (mTBM) for 0, 2, 4 or 6 h, the activity of tPA-PAI (110~117 kDa), tPA (62~70 kDa), and uPA (34~38 kDa) was observed in the sperm incubation medium and sperm sample. PA activities in the sperm incubation medium significantly (p<0.05) increased according to increasing incubation times, while PA activities in sperm significantly (p<0.05) decreased at the same times. In addition, the rate of acrosome reaction in spermatozoa increased by increasing culture times. When oocytes were separated from porcine cumulus-oocytes complexes at 0, 22 or 44 h of maturation culture, no PA activities were observed in cumulus free-oocyte just after aspiration from follicles. However, the activity of tPA-PAI (108~113 kDa) and tPA (75~83 kDa) was observed at 22 h of in vitro culture and significantly (p<0.05) increased as the duration of the culture increased. On the other hand, when porcine oocytes were activated by sperm penetration or calcium ionophore, plasminogen significantly (p<0.05) increased ZP dissolution time (sec) in activated oocytes by sperm penetration. These results suggest that supplementation of plasminogen to fertilization medium may playa positive role in the improvement of in vitro fertilization ability in the pig.

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하는 순비기나무의 실생묘와 삽목묘를 이용하여 토양의 종류와 시비방법에 따른 재배방법을 구명하고자 한 것으로서, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 순비기나무의 1년생 실생묘와 삽목묘를 모래, 마사토, 황토 등 3종류의 토양에 시비하지 않고 재배한 결과, 실생묘는 모래와 마사토에서 70% 그리고 황토에서 35%의 생존율을 나타내었고, 삽목묘는 마사토에서 90% 그리고 모래와 황토에서 80%의 생존율을 나타내었다. 실생묘와 삽목묘 모두 전반적인 생장은 마사토와 모래에서 양호하였고, 황토에서 비교적 불량하였다. 실생묘의 경우는 줄기생장이 양호하였고, 삽목묘의 경우는 뿌리생장이 양호하였다. 마사토를 기본토양으로 하고 비료의 종류와 시비량을 조절하여 재배하였을 경우에 유기질 비료만을 기비로 시비한 시험구에서만 묘목이 생존하였고, 무기질비료와 액비를 시비한 시험구에서는 식재한 묘목이 모두 고사하였다. 시비구에서 삽목묘는 실생묘에 비해 월등히 높은 생존율을 나타내었고, 특히 소량 시비구에서는 실생묘에 비해 2배 이상 높은 생존율을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면, 순비기나무 묘목을 재배할 때에 삽목묘가 실생묘보다 전체적인 활착과 생장이 양호하며, 토양에 대한 적응성도 높고, 토양비옥도에 대한 요구도가 적은 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of periods of sperm preincubation, concentrations and storage periods of miniature pig sperm on in vitro penetration of porcine follicular oocytes. High concentration (1×105, 2.5×105, 5×105, 1×106, 5×106 and 1×107) did support sperm penetration than low concentrations (P<0.05). However, polyspermic oocyte rates were increased with high concentrations of sperm. On the other hand, sperm preincubated during 1, 2 or 5h could be penetrated than sperm preincubated during 0, 3 or 4h (P<0.05). When sperm were storaged with different periods, in vitro pentration rates were significantly higher 0～2 days than 3～4 days of sperm storage (p<0.05). These results indicate that sperm treatment factors can effect in vitro penetration in miniature pig.