두부, 콩나물, 된장에서 유전자재조합 대두의 혼입여부를 판별하기 위해 가장 적합한 PCR 프라이머의 선택과 생산 고정에서 물리?화학적인 변성을 재조합 DNA의 손실정도를 공정단계별로 비교 분석하였다. 내재유전자인 β-actin은 600, 495, 250, 160bp을 비교한 결과 160bp에서 가장 광범위하게 검출되었으며, 35S promotor는 130bp, NOS terminator 132bp의 작은 사이즈 프라이머가 유효하였다. 가공공정별로 유전자의 손실정도를 팡가한 결과 두부는 대부분 DNA가 잘 보존되어 가공공정에 따른 DNA의 손실은 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 콩나물은 대부분의 DNA가 발아직후 줄기로 이동하여 적절한 분석부위는 줄기로 판단되었으며, 된장은 효소의 작용에 의하여 유통기간내에 DNA의 검출차이를 보였다. 20일 후 삽입유전자는 소실되었고 특히 50일 이후에는 대부분의 내재유전자 뿐만 아니라 분해되어 검출이 어려운 것으로 판단되어다. 가공처리조건인 열에 의한 DNA의 변성은 100℃에서 40분간 가열하여도 DNA의 손실되지 않고 보존됨을 알 수 있었다.

유전자재조합식품의 안전성과 표시에 관한 일반국민의 의식을 2000년과 2001년 5월 9월 사이에 각각 750명과 979명을 대상으로 설문조사하였다. 평균 67.7%의 응답자가 유전자재조합식품에 관한 정보를 접한 경험이 있었다. 유전자재조합식품이 줄 수 있는 최대의 이점은 식량난해결이라는 의견을 나타냈다. 유전자재조합식품에는 90%이상의 응답자가 표시하기를 바랐으며 현재 구입하여 먹겠다는 사람은 18%이었고 기다려보겠다는 관망형이 49%를 넘어서 표시를 희망하면서도 결정을 유보하는 사람의 비율이 많았다. 유전자재조합기술로 개발된 제초제 내성 콩을 먹겠다는 사람보다 같은 방법으로 개발된 비타민 함량이 높은 콩을 먹겠다는 사람이 상대적으로 많은 것으로 보아 제품의 특성을 중시하지 유전자재조합 여부에는 큰 관심을 두지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 우리가 먹는 생물 유래의 식품에 유전자가 있다는 사실을 바르게 알고있는 응답자는 전체의 40% 정도였다. 유전자재조합식품이 위험할 것이라고 생각하는 사람은 지극히 적어서 응답자의 4%정도를 유지하였다. 유전자재조합 옥수수인 스타링크의 뉴스를 접한 경험이 있는 응답자가 66%나 되었던 반면 2001년 7월부터 실시된 유전자재조합 표시제의 시행에 대해 알고있는 소비자는 22%에 지나지 않았다.

A survey was conducted to investigate consumers' attitudes toward the foods developed by gene recombination techniques from December, 1999 to April, 2000. The questionnaires were mailed to 1,500 people, and the 1,101 people responded. The consumers were asked about knowledge, acceptance, intention of purchasing, and labeling information. Although the portion of the consumers (88.8%) knowing the genetically modified foods (GMF) was lower than that of the food expert group (98.7%), many consumers had some knowledge on the GMF, which may be influenced by news released from mass media. Seventy-nine percent of the consumers responded that gene recombination technology is necessary in food production, which is similar to the findings on the survey of the expert group. The portion of the consumers responding that these foods are potentially hazard was 88.1 %, which is a little higher than the data (80.9%) from the expert group. The consumers having greater knowledge less worried about a potential hazard of the gene recombinant foods (p＜0.01). Although 62.9% of the consumers responded to be willing to purchase those foods, only 16.2% of them responded to purchase the foods with no conditions, which is lower to that from the expert group (23.5%). There was no statistically significant relationship between the knowledge and the intention of purchasing. The ninety point three percent of the consumers wanted the information on gene recombination to be labeled on the foods. The data from this survey suggest that knowledge of the consumers on the GMF are not accurate, so proper strategy for consumer education may need to be developed. In addition, it is necessary to improve safety assessment sys0etn and analytical techniques for genetically modified foods (GMF) and to build pre- and post-market surveillance system for efficient implementation of the GMF labeling.

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed worldwide through the recombinant DNA technology and commercialized by global agricultural companies. Until now, GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea. Commercialization of GM crops requires a compulsory assessment of environmental risk associated with the release of GM crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of pollen mediated gene flow from Bt transgenic rice (Agb0101) to japonica non-GM rice (Nakdongbyeo), indica non-GM rice (IR36), and weedy rice (R55). A total of 729,917, 596,318 and 230,635 seeds were collected from Nakdongbyeo, IR36, and R55, respectively, which were planted around Agb0101. Selection of the hybrids was determined by repeated spraying of herbicide and Cry1Ac1 immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primer. The hybrids were found in all non-GM rice and out-crossing ranged from 0.0005% at IR36 to 0.0027% at Nakdongbyeo. All of hybrids were located within 1.2 m distance from the Agb0101 rice plot. The meteorological elements including rainfall and temperature during rice flowering time were found to be important factors to determine rice out-crossing rate. Consideration should be taken for many factors like the meteorological elements of field and physiological condition of crop to set up the safety management guideline to prevention of GM crops gene flow.

Genetically modified (GM) pepper H15 containing the gene for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) and its control line non-GM pepper P2377 were investigated for their allergic risk. Amino acid sequence of the inserted gene product CMV-CP was compared with those of known allergens. No known allergen had greater than 35% amino acid sequence homology over an 80 amino acid window or more than 8 consecutive identical amino acids. Protein patterns of GM and non-GM pepper extracts were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, which showed similar distribution of protein bands for both GM and non-GM pepper. Antigen-antibody reactions were compared between GM and its non-transgenic parental control. ELISA and immunoblot analysis of sera from allergic patients showed some IgE reactivity; however, no differences were observed between GM pepper H15 and P2377. We therefore conclude that CMV-CP is less likely to be an allergen; the protein composition and allergenicity of the GM pepper H15 is not different from that of P2377 and safe as a commercial host.

이 연구는 대학 환경 관련 교양 수강생 41명이 유전자변형농작물(GMO)에 대한 다큐멘터리 시청과 패널토론 후, 지속가능한 농업 측면에서 GMO를 각각 평가하고 비교했다. 그 결과, GMO는 경제적 지속가능성 측면 평가에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차(p<0.05)가 있었으나, 사회적 지속가능성과 환경적 지속가능성에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차가 나타나지 않았다. GMO의 경제적 지속가능성에서 다큐멘터리 시청과 패널토론 간 평가 차는 패널토론에서 이공계열(그룹3)과 인문계열(그룹1)/사회계열(그룹2) 간 차에 기인한 것으로, 이는 통계적으로 유의미했다(p<0.01). 다큐멘터리 시청 후 GMO가 경제적 지속가능성이 있다고 평가한 이공계열 학생 중 43%가 패널토론 후에는 경제적 지속가능성이 없다고 평가한 이유는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫째, GMO로 식량 생산량은 증가했으나 여전히 식량 부족 문제를 해결하지 못하고 있다. 둘째, 식량 생산 이익이 다국적기업 이익에만 치중되어 있다. 셋째, 농작물 독과점 문제가 생길 수 있기 때문이다. 이는 향후 GMO 기술이 경제·사회·환경과의 유기적인 관계 속에서 지속가능한 농업을 지원하는 방향으로 나아가야 함을 함의한다.

Genetically modified (GM) crops have never been cultivated commercially in Korea, it is necessary for a thorough assessment of the risks associated with their environmental release. We determined the frequency of pollen mediated gene flow from disease resistant GM rice (OsCK1) to non-GM rice (Nagdongbyeo) and weedy rice (R55). A total of 449,711 or 164,604 seeds were collected from non-GM and weedy rice, respectively which were planted around OsCK1. Resistance of the hybrids was determined by repeated spraying of herbicide and DNA analysis using specific primer to confirm hybrids. Though non-GM rice and weedy rice have similar flowering time, the hybrids were found only in non-GM rice and out-crossing ranged from 0.018% at 0.3 m to 0.013% at 0.6 m. All of hybrids were located within 0.6 m distance from the GM rice plot in southerly direction. The meteorological factors including temperature and relative humidity during flowering time were found to be the most important factors for determining rice out-crossing. It should be considered many factors like the local weather condition and flowering time to set up the safety management policy to prevent pollen mediated gene flow between GM and conventional crop.

We have generated 383 independent transgenic lines for genetically modified (GM) rice that contained PsGPD (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase), ArCspA (Cold Shock Protein), BrTSR15 (Triple Stress Resistance 15) and BrTSR53 (Triple Stress Resistance 53) genes over-expression constructs under the control of the constitutive (CaMV 35S) promoter. TaqMan copy number assay was determined inserted T-DNA copy number. Also flanking sequence tags (FSTs) analysis was isolated from 203 single copy T-DNA lines of transgenic plants and sequence mapped to the rice chromosomes. In analyzing single copy lines, we identified 157 flanking sequence tags (FSTs), among which 58 (36%) were integrated into genic regions and 97 (62%) into intergenic regions. About 27 putative homozygous lines were obtained through multi-generations of planting, resistance screening and TaqMan copy number assay. To investigate the transgene expression patterns, quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed using total RNAs from leaf tissue of single copy, intergenic region of T-DNA insertion and homozygous T2 plants. The mRNA expression levels of the examined transgenic rice were significantly increased in all of the transgenic plants. In addition, myc-tagged 35S:BrTSR15 and 35S:BrTSR53 transgenic plants were displayed higher levels of transgene protein. These results may be useful for producing of large-scale transgenic plants or T-DNA inserted mutants in rice.

GM벼 OsCK는 벼 유래의 OsCK1 유전자를 벼에 형질전환 하여 벼흰잎마름병 및 벼도열병에 대한 저항성을 높게 한벼로 농촌진흥청에서 개발하였다. 형질전환 벡터의 구성은 양쪽 border (LB, RB) 상간에 2개의 MAR 염기서열이 서로 마주보는 형태로 위치하고 있으며, 제초제 저항성 유전자 PAT는 CaMV 35S promoter에 의하여 발현이 유도되고, 목표 유전자인 choline kinase (OsCK)는 actin promoter에 의하여 발현이 조절되며 left border 기준으로 역방향으로 배치되었다. 도입유전자 확인을 위하여 adaptor ligation PCR을 수행하였는데, MAR 영역에 위치하는 제한효소로 GM벼 genomic DNA를 절단한 후 adaptor를 붙였다. 염기서열 분석을 위하여 T-DNA의 양 말단에서 primer를 제작한 후 sequence 분석을 하였다. 분석한 결과, T-DNA의 right border 인근의 MAR sequence가 벼 genome의 10번 염색체 129971번 염기와 연결되어 있음을 확인하였다. Left 영역의 삽입위치는 이후 실시한 Illumina NGS 시스템을 이용하여 확인할 수 있었으며, GM 벼에는 2개의 T-DNA가 도입되었음을 알 수 있고, 첫 번째 T-DNA는 벼 10번 염색체 BAC클론 OSJNBa0014J14의 128947번째 염기와 129970째 염기에 위치하고 벼 genome 염기 1024 bp가 결실됨을 확인하였다. 이 과정에서 첫 번째 T-DNA left border와 첫 번째 MAR sequence 일부(370 bp)가 결실되었고 right border와 두 번째 MAR 영역 199 bp가 결실되었음도 확인하였다. 두 번째 T-DNA는 right border가 결실된 형태로 첫번째 T-DNA의 35S promoter 중간에 삽입되었음을 확인하였다.

Genetically modified (GM) papaya (Carica papaya L.) line 55-1 (55-1), which is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, has been marketed internationally. Many countries such as the European Union, Japan, and Korea have a mandatory safety assessment, approval and labeling regulations for GM foods. Thus, there is a need for specific methods for detecting 55-1. In this study, we established a real-time PCR detection method applicable to 55-1 for a variety of papaya products. The limit of detection was possible for fresh papaya fruit up to dilutions of 0.005% and 0.01% (weight per weight [w/w]) for homozygous SunUp and heterozygous Rainbow cultivars, respectively, in non-GM papaya. The 55-1 event-specific detection method observed parallelism (r2>0.99) between the concentration of line 55-1 cultivars and Ct values obtained in amplification plots at concentrations of 0.005-10% for SunUp DNA and 0.01-10% for Rainbow DNA. The method was applicable to the qualitative detection in various types of processed products (cocktail fruit, dried fruit, juice, etc.) containing papaya as a main ingredient. Monitoring papaya products for the presence of GM papaya were demonstrated using a P35S and T-nos real-time PCR detection method but no amplification signals were detected.

국내에서는 아직까지 유전자변형 작물이 재배되고 있지 않으나 유전자변형 작물의 환경방출을 위해서는 반드시 환경위해성 평가가 수행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 병저항성 유전자변형 벼(OsCK1)로부터 비 형질전환 벼(낙동벼)와 잡초성벼(R55)로의 화분 매개에 의한 유전자 이동성을 평가하였다. 비 형질전환 벼로부터 449,711립의 종자를 얻었으며 잡초성벼로부터는 164,604립의 종자를 수확하였다. 교잡개체는 2회의 제초제 살포와 병저항성 벼에 특이적인 프라이머를 이용한 분자생물학적 방법을 통해 저항성 여부를 검증하였다. 개화기간이 서로 일치하였음에도 불구하고 비 형질전환 벼에서만 교잡개체를 확인할 수 있었으며, 교잡율은 교잡개체가 발생한 거리에 따라 0.013～0.018%로 나타났다. 모든 교잡개체들은 병저항성 유전자변형 벼에 근접한 0.6 m내에서 발견되었다. 화분 매개에 의한 병저항성 유전자변형 벼의 유전자 이동성은 앞서 연구된 결과와 유사한 것으로 나타나 농업환경에 방출되더라도 환경에 미치는 영향은 다른 벼들과 비슷할 것으로 추정되었다. 개화기간 중 온도와 습도 등 기상요인이 벼의 교잡율을 결정하는데 중요한 요소이었다. 따라서 유전자변형 벼와 주변 재배종 및 잡초성벼로의 유전자 이동에 의한 안전관리 대책을 마련하기 위해서 지역의 기상요인과 개화기 중복 등의 요인들이 충분히 고려되어야 할 것이다.

We investigated Arctic plants to determine if they have a specific mechanism enabling them to adapt to extreme environments because they are subject to such conditions throughout their life cycles. Among the cell defense systems of the Arctic mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium arcticum, we identified a stress-responsive dehydrin gene CaDHN that belongs to the SK5 subclass and contains conserved regions with 1 S-segment at the N-terminus and 5 K-segments from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. To investigate the molecular properties of CaDHN, yeast were transformed with CaDHN. CaDHN-expressing transgenic yeast (TG) cells recovered more rapidly from challenge with exogenous stimuli, including oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, menadione, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide), high salinity, freezing and thawing, and metal (Zn2+), than wild-type (WT) cells. TG cells were sensitive to copper, cobalt, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition, the cell survival of TG cells was higher than that of WT cells when cells at the mid-log and stationary stages were exposed to increased ethanol concentrations. There was a significant difference in cultures that have an ethanol content >16%. During glucose-based batch fermentation at generally used (30℃) and low (18℃) temperatures, TG cells produced a higher alcohol concentration through improved cell survival. Specifically, the final alcohol concentrations were 13.3% and 13.2% in TG cells during fermentation at 30℃ and 18℃, respectively, whereas they were 10.2% and 9.4%, respectively, in WT cells under the same fermentation conditions. An in vitro assay revealed that purified CaDHN acted as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenger by neutralizing H2O2 and a chaperone by preventing high temperature-mediated catalase inactivation. Taken together, our results show that CaDHN expression in transgenic yeast confers tolerance to various abiotic stresses by improving redox homeostasis and enhances fermentation capacity, especially at low temperatures (18℃).

Genetically modified (GM) plant claims to be the solution to global poverty, and potentially solving environmental change and food requirement by increased human population. In this study, we were evaluating agronomic characteristics and chemical properties of two GM drought-tolerant rice (CaMsrB2-8 and CaMsrB2-23) compared with donor cultivars (Ilmi). Statistical analysis agronomic characteristics GM and donor rice showed no significant difference between both of them. Yield and appearance of rice grain, GM rice was a similar to the donor rice. Chemical composition analysis showed that GM drought-tolerant rice has no different with donor rice. This result indicated that GM drought tolerant rice has no big significant difference agronomic character and chemical properties; it can be solve food shortages in spite of drought condition.