Environmental DNA (eDNA) can exist in both intracellular and extracellular forms in natural ecosystems. When targeting harmful cyanobacteria, extracellular eDNA indicates the presence of traces of cyanobacteria, while intracellular eDNA indicates the potential for cyanobacteria to occur. However, identifying the “actual” potential for harmful cyanobacteria to occur is difficult using the existing sediment eDNA analysis method, which uses silica beads and cannot distinguish between these two forms of eDNA. This study analyzes the applicability of a density gradient centrifugation method (Ludox method) that can selectively analyze intracellular eDNA in sediment to overcome the limitations of conventional sediment eDNA analysis. PCR was used to amplify the extracted eDNA based on the two different methods, and the relative amount of gene amplification was compared using electrophoresis and Image J application. While the conventional bead beating method uses sediment as it is to extract eDNA, it is unknown whether the mic gene amplified from eDNA exists in the cyanobacterial cell or only outside of the cell. However, since the Ludox method concentrates the intracellular eDNA of the sediment through filtration and density gradient, only the mic gene present in the cyanobacteria cells could be amplified. Furthermore, the bead beating method can analyze up to 1 g of sediment at a time, whereas the Ludox method can analyze 5 g to 30 g at a time. This gram of sediments makes it possible to search for even a small amount of mic gene that cannot be searched by conventional bead beating method. In this study, the Ludox method secured sufficient intracellular gene concentration and clearly distinguished intracellular and extracellular eDNA, enabling more accurate and detailed potential analysis. By using the Ludox method for environmental RNA expression and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of harmful cyanobacteria in the sediment, it will be possible to analyze the potential more realistically.

The most comprehensive and particularly reliable method for non-destructively measuring the residual stress of the surface layer of metals is the sin method. When X-rays were used the relationship of sin measured on the surface layer of the processing metal did not show linearity when the sin method was used. In this case, since the effective penetration depth changes according to the changing direction of the incident X-ray,  becomes a sin function. Since  cannot be used as a constant, the relationship in sin cannot be linear. Therefore, in this paper, the orthogonal function method according to Warren’s diffraction theory and the basic profile of normal distribution were synthesized, and the X-ray diffraction profile was calculated and reviewed when there was a linear strain (stress) gradient on the surface. When there is a strain gradient, the X-ray diffraction profile becomes asymmetric, and as a result, the peak position, the position of half-maximum, and the centroid position show different values. The difference between the peak position and the centroid position appeared more clearly as the strain (stress) gradient became larger, and the basic profile width was smaller. The weighted average strain enables stress analysis when there is a strain (stress) gradient, based on the strain value corresponding to the centroid position of the diffracted X-rays. At the 1/5 max height of X-ray diffraction, the position where the diffracted X-ray is divided into two by drawing a straight line parallel to the background, corresponds approximately to the centroid position.

A typical trade-off relationship exists between strength and elongation in face-centered cubic metals. Studies have recently been conducted to enhance strength without ductility reduction through surface-treatment-based ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM), which creates a gradient microstructure in which grains become smaller from the inside to the surface. The transformation-induced plasticity effect in Fe-Mn alloys results in excellent strength and ductility due to their high work-hardening rate. This rate is achieved through strain-induced martensitic transformation when an alloy is plastically deformed. In this study, Fe-6%Mn powders with different sizes were prepared by high-energy ball milling and sintered through spark plasma sintering to produce Fe-6%Mn samples. A gradient microstructure was obtained by stacking the different-sized powders to achieve similar effects as those derived from UNSM. A compressive test was performed to investigate the mechanical properties, including the yielding behavior. The deformed microstructure was observed through electron backscatter diffraction to determine the effects of gradient plastic deformation.

To decrease area of the repository for high-level radioactive waste, enhancing the disposal efficiency is needed for public acceptance. Previous studies regarding the performance assessment of KRS and KRS+ repository did not consider area-based variations of the geothermal gradient and rock thermal properties in Korea. This research estimated deposition hole spacing based on performance assessment of a repository using the distribution of geothermal gradient and rock thermal properties in Korea to increase disposal efficiency. Distributions of geothermal gradient, rock thermal properties were investigated based on 2019 Korea geothermal atlas published by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). Effect of thermal performance parameters was analyzed using coupled thermal-hydraulic numerical simulations, and effect of rock thermal conductivity and deposition hole spacing on the maximum temperature of buffer was relatively large. In addition, distribution maps of thermal performance of a repository and deposition hole spacing were plotted using thermal performance parameters-maximum temperature of buffer regression equations and GIS data given by KIGAM. In the regions showing the highest maximum temperature of buffer in Korea, required deposition hole spacings were 10.5 m, 10.0 m, 10.1 m, respectively for KJ-II, MX-80, and FEBEX bentonite cases, and thereby additional disposal area of 40%, 33.3%, and 34.7% were required compared to that of the KRS+ repository. On the other hand, high disposal efficiency can be obtained in the regions showing the low maximum temperature of bentonite buffer. The methodology provided in this research can be used as one of the references for the selection of domestic candidate repository sites. Additional mechanical performance analysis should be conducted using distributions of mechanical properties of rock mass in Korea.

최근 자기공명영상 획득을 위한 시뮬레이션 도구가 개발되어 오랜 시간이 소요되는 임상 연구를 대체할 수 있게 되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 MRiLab 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 부가인자인 에코 시간의 변화에 따라 경사에코 펄스 시퀀스가 적용된 뇌 T2 강조 영상을 획득하여 영상의 신호 및 노이즈의 변화를 정량적으로 평가하고 경향성을 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 실제 MRI 장비를 기반으로 새롭게 개발된 MRiLab simulation tool을 사용하여 모든 파라미터를 같게 고정한 후 TE만을 20~95 ms범위에서 5 ms 간격으로 각각 설정하여 경사에코 펄스 시퀀스가 적용된 뇌 T2 강조 영상을 획득하였다. 획득된 영상들의 신호 및 노이즈 특성 변화를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 신호대잡음비 및 대조대잡음비를 측정하였다. 결과적으로, TE가 증가할수록 SNR은 감소하고 CNR은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 TE가 증가할수록 관심 영역으로 설정된 뇌척 수액 신호는 일정하게 유지되는 반면 노이즈는 증가하였으며, 백그라운드로 설정된 백질의 경우 신호가 감소함과 동시에 노이즈가 증가한 것이 원인으로 분석된다. 결론적으로, 진단에 용이한 경사에코 펄스 시퀀스가 적용된 뇌 T2 강조 영상을 획득하기 위해서는 그 목적에 따라 적합한 TE를 설정하는 것이 중요함을 확인하였다.

In this study, the machine learning which has been widely used in prediction algorithms recently was used. the research point was the CD(chudong) point which was a representative point of Daecheong Lake. Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration was used as a target variable for algae prediction. to predict the Chl-a concentration, a data set of water quality and quantity factors was consisted. we performed algorithms about random forest and gradient boosting with Python. to perform the algorithms, at first the correlation analysis between Chl-a and water quality and quantity data was studied. we extracted ten factors of high importance for water quality and quantity data. as a result of the algorithm performance index, the gradient boosting showed that RMSE was 2.72 mg/m³ and MSE was 7.40 mg/m³ and R² was 0.66. as a result of the residual analysis, the analysis result of gradient boosting was excellent. as a result of the algorithm execution, the gradient boosting algorithm was excellent. the gradient boosting algorithm was also excellent with 2.44 mg/m³ of RMSE in the machine learning hyperparameter adjustment result.

This present study was conducted to investigate protective effect of discontinuous Percoll gradient containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) before freezing process on viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. The separation of spermatozoa by discontinuous Percoll gradient was performed by different concentration of Percoll solution (45/90%) containing ALA combined with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and collected sperm in each Percoll layer was cryopreserved. To evaluate viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of frozen-thawed sperm, flow cytometry was used. Morphological abnormalities were observed under light microscope. In results, viability of sperm from 90% Percoll layer was higher than control and 45% Percoll group (p < 0.05). Separated sperm in 90% Percoll layer had lower acrosome damage and morphological abnormalities than control as well as viability, whereas 45% Percoll group was higher (p < 0.05). Similar with acrosome damage and abnormalities, mitochondrial activity was slightly enhanced and the population of live sperm with high ROS level was decreased by 90% Percoll separation, however, there was no significant difference. Supplementation of 3 ng/mL ALA into Percoll solution increased sperm viability and decreased population of live sperm with high ROS compared to control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, discontinuous Percoll gradient before freezing process could improve efficiency of cryopreservation of boar sperm through selection of sperm with high freezing resistance, and supplement of ALA during Percoll gradient might contribute suppression of ROS generation via stabilizing of plasma membrane during cryopreservation.

“일대일로” 이니셔티브가 지속적으로 발전하고 있으며 이로 인해 많은 외국인들 이 중국어와 중국문화 대한 큰 관심을 가지고 있다. “일대일로” 배경하에 외국인을 대상으로 한 중국어교육(즉 대외중국어교육)이 활성화 되는 반면, 대외중국어 교육 수준 재고를 위한 많은 연구가 필요하다. 특히 사자성어는 중국어 실력을 판단하는 하나의 중요한 측정도구이고 사자성어의 난이도를 측정할 수 있으면 중국어능력 평가시 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다. 하지만 기존 연구는 대외중국어교육 중 사자성어의 난이도 측정에 대한 언급조차 없었다. 본 논문은 대외중국어교육시 가장 많이 쓰이는 대강(权威大纲) 5세트, 고급단계 종합교재(高级阶段综合教材) 4세트, 그리고 “국내외 대외중국어교재 데이터베이스(国内对外汉语教材语料库)”에서 나타난 사자 성어를 CLL데이터베이스의 사자성어과 사용빈도(使用频次) 및 피복률(覆盖率)등 치수로 비교하였다. 그리고 HSK 동태작문데이터베이스 (动态作文语料库)의 편차률 과 비교한 결과로 900개의 사자성어를 지정하였다. 이어서 이 900개 사자성어로 질과 양적인 연구를 통해 3가지 난이도로 구분하였다. 또한 이를 외국인 학생 대상으로 층별교습법(分层教学法, hierarchical teaching)을 통해 교습하여 실증연구하 였다. 연구결과로 사자성어 난이도를 측정하여 층별 교습 시 효과가 더욱 좋다고 나타났고, 학생도 빠르게 사자성어를 습득할 수 있다는 결론도 도출하였다.

지리산국립공원 내 딱정벌레목 곤충상 모니터링을 위하여 고도 200m~1000m 사이에 남쪽과 북쪽 사면에 4개씩 총 8개 지점을 대상으로 2018년 5월부터 10월까지 함정트랩(pitfall trap)을 이용하여 정량 조사를 실시하였다. 총 6회 현장 조사를 실시한 결과 확인된 딱정벌레는 총 13과 58종 9729개체가 채집되었다. 이들을 과 수준에서 확인한 결과 대부분은 딱정벌레과(84.96%, 8266개체)에 속한 것으로 나타났으며 송장벌레과(3.36%), 풍뎅이붙이과(3.11%) 순으로 나타났다. 각 지점에서 얻어진 종 수와 개체수를 이용하여 고도별 사면별 딱정벌레 군집 양상을 분석한 결과 많은 차이를 나타내었다. 추후 이들 차이를 나타나게 한 생태학적 원인을 규명할 예정이다.

In this study, a thermal-gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TG-CVI) process was numerically studied in order to enhance the deposition uniformity within the preform. The computational fluid dynamics technique was used to solve the governing equations for heat transfer and gas flow during the TG-CVI process for two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) models. The temperature profiles in the 2-D and 3-D models showed good agreement with each other and with the experimental results. The densification process was investigated in a 2-D axisymmetric model. Computation results showed the distribution of the SiC deposition rate within the preform. The results also showed that using two-zone heater gave better deposition uniformity.

This study was conducted to clarify the richness patterns of woody plants along a temperate altitudinal gradient on the Baekdudaegan ridge, South Korea. The effects of the spatial and climatic factors on the observed altitudinal richness patterns were evaluated. We also tested Rapoport’s altitudinal effect, which relates the distribution of a species’ altitudinal ranges to the patterns in species richness. Woody plant data were collected from 1100 plots on the Baekdudaegan ridge. A total of 248 woody plant species from 47 families and 99 genera were found. The altitudinal pattern of the woody plant species richness on the Baekdudaegan ridge exhibited a clear hump-shaped pattern with a peak around 800 m. Spatial factors(mid-domain effect and area) were the primary drivers in the simple linear models, whereas the climatic factors(mean annual precipitation and temperature) had lower explanatory power. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the combined interaction between spatial and climatic factors affected the altitudinal richness patterns of the overall woody plants. Furthermore, the spatial and climatic factors were more important for large- and small-ranged woody plants, respectively. The results of Stevens’ method and the midpoint method do not support Rapoport’s altitudinal effect. The results suggest that a combined interaction between spatial and climatic factors influences the richness pattern of the total woody plant species. Furthermore, the relative importance of these factors depends on the range size of the woody plants species along an altitudinal gradient on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan ridge.

A strain-gradient crystal plasticity finite element method(SGCP-FEM) was utilized to simulate the compressive deformation behaviors of single-slip, (111)[101], oriented FCC single-crystal micro-pillars with two different slip-plane inclination angles, 36.3o and 48.7o, and the simulation results were compared with those from conventional crystal plasticity finite element method(CP-FEM) simulations. For the low slip-plane inclination angle, a macroscopic diagonal shear band formed along the primary slip direction in both the CP- and SGCP-FEM simulations. However, this shear deformation was limited in the SGCP-FEM, mainly due to the increased slip resistance caused by local strain gradients, which also resulted in strain hardening in the simulated flow curves. The development of a secondly active slip system was altered in the SGCP-FEM, compared to the CP-FEM, for the low slip-plane inclination angle. The shear deformation controlled by the SGCP-FEM reduced the overall crystal rotation of the micro-pillar and limited the evolution of the primary slip system, even at 10% compression.

본 연구는 섬진강 하구역에서 2017년 2월 대조기 만조와 간조, 3월 소조기 간조 동안 염분 구배에 따른 식물플랑크톤 생리활성도를 평 가하였다. 또한 2월 대조기 조사에서 나타난 특이적인 pH 변화특성을 파악하기 위해 추가적인 재현실험을 병행하였다. 현장조사 결과에 의하면, 만조와 간조에 수층 혼합에 의한 수직적인 염분의 차이는 미미하였지만, 담수역으로 향할수록 염분이 낮아져 수평적인 염분구배가 뚜렷하였다. 염 분과 영양염(질산염+아질산염: R=0.997, p<0.001; 규산염: R=0.979, p<0.001)과의 강한 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 이는 담수 기원의 질소와 규소의 높 은 농도의 영양염류가 해수와 혼합되는 과정에서 희석되고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 반면, 인산염농도는 염분이 15 psu를 기점으로 고염분의 유역에 서는 상대적으로 높은 농도가 관찰되었고, 이는 수심이 얕은 광양만의 퇴적물이 조석에 의한 수층혼합으로 재부유되어 인산염 재용출로 인해 수 층에 일정량 기여하였다는 것을 의미한다. 섬진강 하구역에서 동계 2월과 3월 우점한 식물플랑크톤은 Eucampia zodiacus로 나타났고, 그들은 전체 군집의 70% 이상을 차지하였다. 특히, 3월 생물 활성도를 평가한 결과, 염분과 chlorophyll a(R=0.82)뿐만 아니라 active chlorophyll a(R=0.80)과 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.001). 특히 담수의 영향을 강하게 받는 상류 정점에서는 해수종 규조류가 염분충격으로 생리활성을 잃어 최대 75% 사멸율을 기록하였다. 2월 대조기 조사에서는 상대적으로 형광값이 높은 정점에서 pH가 높게 나타났고, 이는 높은 밀도로 우점한 규조류의 광합성 작용으로 CO2가 다량 흡수되어 pH 상승효과를 가져온 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 2월 현장식물플랑크톤 군집을 농축하여 저염분 환경에서 생물농 도구배에 따른 pH 변화를 파악한 결과, 염분충격에 의해 사멸한 식물플랑크톤의 영향으로 광합성 활성도의 감소를 가져왔고, 우점 규조류의 사멸 로 인해 박테리아가 현저하게 증식하였다. 그 결과 박테리아가 규조류를 생분해하는 과정에서 CO2가 발생하여 pH 의 감소를 유발하였다. 결과적 으로 섬진강하구역에서는 염분 구배에 따른 생물의 광합성 활성도의 차이와 생물사멸이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었고, 이는 pH의 증감을 유발하는 중요한 인자로 파악되었다.

한 개 측선에서 얻어진 중력 변화율 텐서 자료를 이용하여 주향과 경사를 가지는 선형 이상체의 위치를 결정하 는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 기존에 연구된 중력 변화율 텐서를 이용한 선형 이상체의 주향과 경사를 결정하는 방법을 발전시켜서, 선형 이상체의 주향과 경사를 결정한 이후 이상체의 위치를 결정하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 선형 이상체 의 주향과 경사는 2차원 이상체로부터 얻어지는 중력 변화율 텐서가 회전 변환 후 2개의 독립 성분만을 가진다는 특징 을 이용하여, 중력 변화율 텐서의 5개의 독립 성분을 2개의 독립 성분으로 축소시키는 회전 변환 각으로부터 선형 이 상체의 주향과 경사를 결정한다. 이상체의 위치를 가리키는 방향 벡터는 중력 변화율 텐서의 회전변환 후 남은 2개 독 립 성분의 비를 이용하여 유도하였다. 여러 측점에서 계산된 이상체를 가리키는 방향 벡터가 수렴하는 영역이 선형 이 상체의 위치로 결정된다. 최소자승법을 이용하여