Recently, extreme terrorist attacks have frequently occurred around the world and are threatening the international community. It is no longer a safe zone for terrorism in our country. Therefore, domestic nuclear facilities as the highest level of national security facilities have established a physical protection system to protect facilities and lives against terrorist attacks. In addition, security search and access control are conducted for controlled items and unauthorized person. However, with the development of science and technology, disguised weapons or homemade explosives used in terrorism are becoming very sophisticated. Therefore, nuclear facilities need to strengthen security search of weapons or homemade explosives. Since these disguised weapons or homemade explosives are difficult to find only through security search, it is also necessary to actively identify unspecified people who possess disguised weapons or do abnormal behavior. For this reason, the “Abnormal Behavior Detection Method”, which is very effective in preemptive response to potential terrorist risks, has been introduced and operated in aviation security field. Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control (KINAC) has established a “Practice Environment for Identifying Disguised Weapons” in 2020 for trainees to recognize the dangers of controlled items and to use for physical protection education. This Practice environment has not only the basic explanation of the controlled items of nuclear facilities, but also various actual disguised weapons were displayed. It also introduces actual terrorist incidents using homemade explosives such as attempted bombing of a cargo plane bound for Chicago and the Boston Marathon bombing. And then a model of the disguised explosives actually used is displayed and used for education. In addition, in 2022, the “Abnormal behavior detection method” education module was developed and used for physical protection education. In this module, the outline and introduction of the “Abnormal Behavior Detection Method” and “Behavior Detection Officer (BDOs)” are explained. In this way, the access control and security search system of nuclear facilities require the overall monitoring system, not only for dangerous goods but also for identification of persons possess and carrying them. This study describes the development of the Curriculum for “Disguised Weapon Identification” and “Abnormal Behavior Detection Method” to enhance the effectiveness of physical protection education.

The IAEA states that in the event of sabotage, nuclear material and equipment in quantities that can cause high radiological consequences (HRC), as well as the minimum systems and devices necessary to prevent HRC, must be located within one or more vital areas. Accordingly, in Article 2 of the ACT ON PHYSICAL PROTECTION AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY, the definition of the vital area is specified, and a nuclear facility operator submits a draft to the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission to establish vital areas and must obtain approval from Nuclear Safety and Security Commission. Since the spent fuel pool and new fuel storage area are areas where nuclear material is used and stored, they can be candidates for vital areas as direct targets of sabotage. The spent fuel pool is a wet spent fuel storage facility currently operated by most power plants in Korea to cool and store spent nuclear fuel. Considering the HRC against sabotage, it is necessary to review whether sepnt fuel pool needs to establish a vital area. In addition, depending on the status of plant operation during the spent fuel management cycle, the operation status of safety systems to mitigate accidents and power system change, so vital areas in fuel handling building (including spent fuel pool) also need to be adjusted flexibly. This study compares the results of the review on whether the essential consideration factors are reflected in the identification of essential safety systems and devices to minimize HRC caused by sabotage in the spent fuel storage system with the procedure for identifying the vital area in nuclear power plants. It was reviewed from the following viewpoints: Necessity to identify necessary devices to minimize the radiation effects against sabotage on the spent fuel pool, Review of necessary elements when identifying vital areas to minimize the radiation effects of spent fuel pool against sabotage, Necessity to adjust vital areas according to the spent fuel management cycle. The main assumptions used in the analysis of the vital area of the power plant need to be equally reflected when identifying vital areas in spent fuel pool. And, the results of this study are for the purpose of minimizing the radiological consequences against sabotage on the spent fuel storage system including the spent fuel pool and used to establish regulatory standards in the spent fuel storage stage.

The buffer is a critical barrier component in an engineered barrier system, and its purpose is to prevent potential radionuclides from leaking out from a damaged canister by filling the void in the repository. No experimental parameters exist that can describe the buffer expansion phenomenon when Kyeongju bentonite, which is a buffer candidate material available in Korea, is exposed to groundwater. As conventional experiments to determine these parameters are time consuming and complicated, simple swelling pressure tests, numerical modeling, and machine learning are used in this study to obtain the parameters required to establish a numerical model that can simulate swelling. Swelling tests conducted using Kyeongju bentonite are emulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics numerical analysis tool. Relationships between the swelling phenomenon and mechanical parameters are determined via an artificial neural network. Subsequently, by inputting the swelling tests results into the network, the values for the mechanical parameters of Kyeongju bentonite are obtained. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the influential parameters. Results of the numerical analysis based on the identified mechanical parameters are consistent with the experimental values.

Subgroups of sperm which share similar motility features documented in mammals indicate between-subject variations that might be related to fertilizing potential of the respective ejaculates. The objectives of this study were to define subpopulations of motile sperm in Gyr falcon semen using kinematic parameters driven by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) and to investigate the subjectrelated variations in these subpopulations. A total of 24 fresh ejaculates from 6 falcons were used to assign each of the 20473 sperms into 3 subpopulations by a multivariate cluster analysis. The proportion of sperms in different sub-populations were compared among subjects by a generalized linear model and repeatability of sperm frequency in different subpopulations was investigated by corelation analysis. The resulting 3 categories of sperm indicated significant differences in all kinematic parameters (p < 0.05). Subpopulation 1 (15.91%) contained sperms with the highest velocity and progressiveness of movement trajectory while subpopulation 3 (6.4%) included the least progressively motile sperms. Proportion of rapid and medium progressive sperm were consistently higher in the ejaculate of three falcons compared to the two other birds which also had the highest proportion of slow non-progressive sperms (p < 0.05). Respective proportion of sperms in each subpopulations indicated significant repeatability over multiple measurements (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subpopulations of motile sperm in Gyr falcon can be identified using kinematic parameters generated by CASA. Individual differences in the proportion of these subpopulations might have potential application for identifying the males with higher fertilizing capacity.

국제해사기구에서는 해상에서의 선박의 충돌방지와 그로 인한 해양환경의 보호를 목적으로 1993년 11월 선박조종성능에 대 한 잠정지침을 채택한 이후, 축적된 데이터를 바탕으로 2002년 12월 선박조종성능에 대한 확정된 지침을 채택하였다. 하지만 채택된 지침은 만재상태, 등흘수 및 선박의 최대 출력(MCR)의 85 %에 해당되는 선속의 최소 90 % 이상에서의 지침으로, 동 지침은 항해사에게 필요한 실 항해조건에서의 조종성능 정보를 제공하는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 항해사, 선장 및 선박조종에 대한 식견을 갖추고 있는 전문가를 대상으로 빈도분석과 AHP 분석기법을 실시하여 현 지침에 대한 활용도 및 실제 선박조종에 필요한 정보가 무 엇인지를 식별하였다. 연구결과 선박을 운항하는 항해사에게 필요한 조종성능 정보는 5~10°의 소각도에서의 선회권 정보, 항해속력(Sea speed)이 아닌 조종속력(Maneuvering speed)에서의 z-test 정보라는 것을 확인하였고, 속도제어 관련하여서는 항해속력 및 만재상태에서의 정지성능에 대한 정보보다 감속타력, 가속타력 등에 대한 정보가 더 필요하다는 것을 확인하였다. 도출된 결과는 선박을 조종하는 항 해사에게 필요한 선박조종성능기준 지침마련에 대한 기초자료로 활용도가 높을 것으로 사료된다.

Two tree frogs, Dryophytes suweonensis and Dryophytes japonicus, inhabiting Korea, are morphologically similar and share the same habitats. Therefore, they are identified mainly through their calls, especially for males. Dryophytes suweonensis is registered as an endangered (IUCN: EN grade) and protected species in South Korea. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method to rapidly identify and discriminate the two species and establish efficient protection and restoration plans. We identified significant genetic variation between them by sequencing a maternallyinherited mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA region. Based on the sequence data, we designed a pair of primers containing 7 bp differences for high resolution melting (HRM) analysis to rapidly and accurately characterize their genotypes. The HRM analysis using genomic DNA showed that the melting peak for D. suweonensis was 76.4±0.06°C, whereas that of D. japonicus was 75.0±0.05°C. The differential melt curve plot further showed a distinct difference between them. We also carried out a pilot test for the application of HRM analysis based on immersing D. suweonensis in distilled water for 30 min to generate artificial environmental DNA (eDNA). The results showed 1.10-1.31°C differences in the melting peaks between the two tree frog samples. Therefore, this HRM analysis is rapid and accurate in identifying two tree frogs not only using their genomic DNA but also using highly non-invasive eDNA.

We analyzed the hair microstructure of Korean small terrestrial mammals, such as Rodentia and Lagomorpha, to classify the characteristics of hair morphology. Micromys minutus showed a unicellular irregular type of medulla structures; on the other hand, the other mammals showed multicellular structures. Regarding the cuticular scale structures, the Rodentia species exhibited a narrow and broad diamond petal type, while the Lagomorpha species exhibited an elongated petal type. Interestingly, the hair cross-sections showed quite unique characteristics. We constructed hair identification keys to distinguish species with a single hair. The dichotomous key of Rodentia and Lagomorpha can be used for their behavioral ecology and dietary analysis of upper predators to serve as the basis for ecological research.

Human intestinal flora is very diverse; with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) existing as part of the most vital gut microbes that improve host health. The application of LAB as a whole organism or its metabolite in the case of probiotic and bacteriocin respectively is extensive. Thus, the need to always bio-prospect for newer strains of LAB is essential. This study focused on isolating LAB from kunun-zaki and kindirmo, a fermented non-alcoholic beverage of non-dairy and dairy sources respectively, explored their physiological and biochemical properties, antibiotics sensitivity pattern and identified based on their 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of eighty isolates were selected sixty-six from kunun-zaki and fourteen from kindirmo in which 93.7% were bacilli and 6.3% were spherical in shape having 68.75% and 30% homofermentative and heterofermentative pathway respectively. All isolates have the ability to utilize glucose to produce lactic acid while their tolerance to pH 3 and salt concentration at 2%, 4% and 6.5% varied widely. Thirty-four isolates based on their physiological and biochemical properties were selected for molecular identification to ascertain their genera and species. Limosilactobacillus fermentum (68%); Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (6%) and Weissella confusa (3%) were confirmed species isolated. Thus, it was concluded that traditional fermented foods such as kunun-zaki and kindirmo are a good source to bio-prospect for LAB for product development, starter culture and probiotic study.

Artificial intelligence is driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution and is in the spotlight as a general-purpose technology. As the data collection from the battlefield increases rapidly, the need to us artificial intelligence is increasing in the military, but it is still in its early stages. In order to identify maritime targets, Republic of Korea navy acquires images by ISAR(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar) of maritime patrol aircraft, and humans make out them. The radar image is displayed by synthesizing signals reflected from the target after radiating radar waves. In addition, day/night and all-weather observations are possible. In this study, an artificial intelligence is used to identify maritime targets based on radar images. Data of radar images of 24 maritime targets in Republic of Korea and North Korea acquired by ISAR were pre-processed, and an artificial intelligence algorithm( ResNet-50) was applied. The accuracy of maritime targets identification showed about 99%. Out of the 81 warship types, 75 types took less than 5 seconds, and 6 types took 15 to 163 seconds.

본 연구는 의료분야에서 정확한 환자 확인(patient identification)을 위한 의료생체인식기술(medical biometrics)을 소개하고 자 한다. 첫째, 생체인식기술(biometrics)에 대한 정의, 분류 및 종류와 같은 기본 정보다. 둘째, 생체신호 (biological signal)와 의료영상(medical imaging)을 활용한 의료생체인식기술의 종류와 최근 연구에 관한 정보를 기술했 다. 마지막으로 의료 환경에서 적용되는 생체인식기술의 종류와 사례와 함께 의료 환경의 현주소를 언급했다. 환자확인이 라는 궁극적인 목적을 가진 의료생체인식기술은 의료 현장에 점진적으로 도입되리라 생각한다. 본 연구는 본 연구가 정확 한 환자확인을 위한 의료생체인식기술을 이해하고 연구방향에 도움이 되는 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

The rate of industrial accident reduction is slowing down as the attention of the Ministry of Employment and Labor and related agencies on risk assessment systems decreased. this paper focuses on weakness of legal system for the risk assessment in recent years. A survey was conducted to identify the status and condition of the risk assessment system applying on small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. A set of questionnaires is designed to reflect various perspectives of the companies regarding the problems and solutions of the system. The results refer that differentiated instructions and support systems in response to the actual conditions of the companies are mandatory to reinforce the efficiency of risk assessment system.

Various models have been proposed to describe the swelling behavior of buffer in high level waster repository. One of the most notable models, the Barcelona Basic Model (BBM), is a mechanical model that simulates the behavior of unsaturated ground and is widely applied to soils that undergo large expansion due to water. Among the BBM parameters of Kyeongju bentonite, which is found in Korea, there are no experimental data for parameters that describe the unsaturated state. Such hydromechanical properties should be characterized through experimental programs. However, such experiments are highly complicated and require long periods of time to produce an unsaturated state through different methods according to the suction range. Although there are several studies in which geotechnical parameters were obtained through a back analysis instead of direct experiments, few studies have employed machine learning methods for the identification of geotechnical parameters. In this study, instead of direct experiments, the results of a relatively simple swelling pressure experiment was compared to the numerical analysis results to propose a method of determining some of BBM parameters. Influential factors were identified by a sensitivity analysis and the values of the factors were estimated using an artificial neural network and optimization method. The obtained parameters were applied to the numerical model to estimate the swelling pressure growth, which was subsequently compared to the experimental value. As a result, it was found that there was no significant difference between the two swelling values.

The use of heat exchangers in various applications such as chemical, air conditioning systems, fuel processing, and power industries is increasing. In order to improve the performance of the heat exchanger, the problem of bonding quality of the copper tube, which is a major member, is emerging. However, since the copper tube is in the form of a pipe, it is difficult to identify internal defects with external factors. In this study, a thermal imaging camera was used to develop and verify an algorithm for detecting defects in the brazing part, and in the process, the brazing performance characteristics were analyzed according to the electrode position, and finally, a learning model was developed and performance evaluation was performed. It was confirmed that the method of supplying heat to the base material and melting the filler metal through the heat transfer effect is more effective than supplying heat input to the filler metal in the bonding process of copper tubes through high-frequency induction heating brazing. Thermal image data was used to develop a defect discrimination model, and 80% of training data and 20% of test data were selected, and a neural network-based single-layer copper tube brazing defect discrimination model was developed through k-Flod cross-validation., the prediction accuracy of 95.2% was confirmed as a result of the error matrix analysis.

Known for its effectiveness in weight loss and diabetes prevention, Gymnema sylvestre products can be found in the US, Japanese, and Indian markets. However, the recommended dosage or safety of these products has not yet been proven. Therefore, development of an analytical method for detecting the content of Gymnema sylvestre in food products is required. Accordingly, this study proposes an analysis method that can examine Gymnema sylvestre in food using LC-ESI-MS/MS and KASP (Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR) markers. In LC-ESI-MS/MS, a simultaneous analysis method for gymnemic acid and deacylgymnemic acid was optimized using negative ionization mode, and its validation test was completed for solid and liquid samples. In addition, KASP markers were prepared by finding the specific SNP of G. sylvestre in ITS2 and matK through DNA barcodes. The two KASP markers returned positive FAM fluorescence result when combined with G. sylvestre, and this aspect was confirmed in raw G. sylvestre as well. The applicability of the method was tested on 21 different food and healthy functional products containing G. sylvestre purchased on the internet. As a result, although there was a difference in the ratios of gymnemic acid and deacylgymnemic acid in LC-ESI-MS/MS, the index component was detected in all 21 products samples. In the KASP analysis, 9 products returned positive FAM result, and the rest of the products were found to be containing G. sylvestre extract. This study is the first study to use the dual system of LC-ESI-MS/MS and KASP for the analysis of G. sylvestre. The study has confirmed that these two methods are applicable to the examine G. sylvestre content in food products.