Simulation technique for the fish behavior was applied to estimate fish school movement in the cage net. Individual-based fish behavior model (Huth and Wessel, 1991) was evaluated in a free area to understand the characteristics for the model, and the movement in the cage net was simulated by defining the fish reaction against the displacement of cage net. As a result, the distance to the net was not considerably changed and the space among fishes in cage net was slightly decreased by reducing the net space. Swimming area was, however, significantly affected by changing the net space and the relationship between swimming area and net displacement was theoretically estimated as y=-0.21x+1.02 (R2=0.96). these results leads the conclusion that individual-based model was appropriated to describe the fish school reaction in the cage net and be able to use for evaluating the influence on cultured fish.

KFDA compiles the statistical data of food poisoning outbreaks two or more persons since 2002in Korea and release them to the public on the web. There is a gap of outbreak number between the real situation and the reports. To reduce the gap, addition of sporadic individual case of food poisoning may be one of the solution method. The statistical data of Japan where food consumption pattern is similar to Korea, were used in this study to compare the ratio and the pattern between the outbreak cases two or more persons and individual cases. By doing so,the data of Japan regarding to outbreak cases two or more persons will be comparable to that of Korea. The data of 2002 and 2003 in Japan showed that sporadic individual cases were 43.3% in the total food poisoning cases. The individual cases occurred highly in unknown places (90-92.3%) and home (6.2-8.5%) whileas the outbreaks two or more persons occurred mostly in the place of restaurants (46.6-50.1%) and inns (9.2-9.8%). The food-borne pathogens attributed to the individual cases were C. jejuni (51.9%), Salmonella spp. (35.3%), and V. parahaemolyticus (9.8%)while those to the outbreak cases two or more persons were norovirus (31.3%), Salmonella spp. (20.8%), C. jejuni (15.5%) in Japan. The data of 2002-2009 between Korea and Japan showed the outbreak case report rate was 1:1.5based on the total population number.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 'family-work conflict/work-family conflict', job burnout, job satisfaction, and individual job performance in the employees at the restaurants in Daegu City. The sample of this study consisted of employees at the restaurants in Daegu City who visited the 2010 Daegu Food Tour Expo between October 7 and October 10. A total of 302 questionnaires were analyzed using statistical methods of factor analysis, reliability test, and covariance structural analysis. The research findings were as follows; firstly, work-family conflict was positively related to job burnout, secondly, job burnout was negatively related to job satisfaction and individual job performance and thirdly, job satisfaction was positively related to individual job performance. However, there was no relationship between family-work conflict and job burnout. The reason for rejection of the relationship between family-work conflict and job burnout was that family-related affairs were not important enough to affect job burnout among restaurant employees in Korea. This phenomenon happened differently in the US. Therefore, currently, restaurant managers in Daegu City should pay much attention to work-related affairs so as to mitigate job burnout as much as possible among their employees.

In this work, fabrication and electrochemical analysis of an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) electrode are carried out to confirm the applicability of electrochemical sensing. The reactive ion etching (RIE) process is performed to obtain sensitive MWNT electrodes. In order to characterize the electrochemical properties, an individual MWNT is cut by RIE under oxygen atmosphere into two segments with a small gap: one segment is applied to the working electrode and the other is used as a counter electrode. Electrical contacts are provided by nanolithography to the two MWNT electrodes. Dopamine is specially selected as an analytical molecule for electrochemical detection using the MWNT electrode. Using a quasi-Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which was fabricated by us, the nanoelectrodes are subjected to cyclic voltammetry inside a 2μL droplet of dopamine solution. In the experiment, RIE power is found to be a more effective parameter to cut an individual MWNT and to generate "broken" open state, which shows good electrochemical performance, at the end of the MWNT segments. It is found that the pico-molar level concentration of analytical molecules can be determined by an MWNT electrode. We believe that the MWNT electrode fabricated and treated by RIE has the potential for use in high-sensitivity electrochemical measurement and that the proposed scheme can contribute to device miniaturization.

본 연구는 기존 기술수용모형에서 제시한 인지된 유용성과 인지된 용이성뿐만 아니라 개인의 특성과 성향이 새로운 기술수용에 매우 중요한 요인으로 작용할 것으로 예측하였다. 이에 인지된 유용성, 인지된 용이성과 함께 개인의 성격적 차원에서 외향적 성격, 내향적 성격, 개혁성향을 개인의 특성적 차원에서 자기효능감, 자아존중감을 IPTV나 디지털 전환 수용에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 설정하여 설문조사 후 분석하였다. 분석결과 인지된 유용성, 내향적 성격, 자아존중감이 IPTV 수용 태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, IPTV 수용태도는 IPTV 수용의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 디지털 전환 수용에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 인지된 유용성, 인지된 용이성, 외향적 성격, 내향적 성격 그리고 개혁성향으로 나타났다. 디지털 전환 수용태도 역시 의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 TV 드라마 시청에 영향을 미치는 문화적 요인에 대해 탐구한 것으로 한국에서 인기를 끌고 있는 미국 드라마와 기존 한국 드라마의 비교를 중심으로 접근하였다. 연구 표본으로 한국의 대학생들을 이용하였고 세부적인 문화 차원이 대학생들의 TV 드라마 시청 만족도와 드라마에 대한 태도에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. 본 연구에 사용된 문화적 차원은 전통적으로 많이 사용되는 호프스테드의 권력거리, 개인주의/집단주의, 남성성/여성성, 불확실성 회피, 장기지향성 등의 5가지 차원과 개인들이 지니고 있는 한국적 문화 가치와 미국적 문화가치를 측정하여 이용하였다. 연구결과 불확실성 회피가 드라마 만족도와 드라마 태도에 영향을 미치는 핵심 변인으로 나타났고 문화적인 차원의 영향성은 TV 드라마의 장르에 따라 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 발견점은 학자들은 물론 실무자들에게도 TV드라마 편성에 있어 문화적인 요인의 역할에 대한 시사점을 제공해주고 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 9학년 학생의 공간능력 차이에 따른 지구자전 개념을 알아보는 것이다. 광역시 소재 9학년 학생 83명중 천체의 공간운동 개념 평가(김기정, 1997)에서 개념 획득 정도가 비슷하면서 공간능력에 차이가 있는 남학생 2명과 여학생 2명을 각각 표집하여 질적 분석의 대상으로 삼았다. 연구 결과, 공간능력이 높은 학생일수록 개념이 올바르고 개념들을 입체적 공간으로 재구성하여 이해하였다. 공간능력이 낮을수록 개념이 불완전하고 단편적인 개념들을 암기하고 있었다. 성별에 따라서는 공간능력이 높은 남학생은 개념들을 간단 명료하게 표현하였고, 낮은 학생은 자전에 대한 방향을 일주운동과 연관시켜 해석하지 못했다. 반면에 여학생은 공간능력이 높을 때 개념들을 구체적으로 표현하였으며, 낮을수록 개념들을 입체적으로 표현하지 못하였다. 따라서 공간능력이 높은 학생은 문제 상황을 제시하여 스스로 해결할 수 있도록 하고, 낮은 학생은 현상들을 직접 관찰하여 쉽게 이해 할 수 있도록 학습 자료를 개발하여야겠다. 여학생은 공간을 입체적으로 조작해 볼 수 있도록 하고 남학생은 사물을 여러 관점으로 생각해 볼 수 있도록 교수 전략 및 학습 자료 등을 개발 한다면 천문단원의 공간능력이 향상되고, 개념 획득이 잘 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

본 연구는 사회복지 전공 대학생의 자원봉사활동의 개인적 특성요인과 자원봉사활동 동기 및 태도 요인 간에 어떠한 관련성이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 자원봉사활동에 관련된 요인들이 다양하지만 본 연구에서는 개별적 특성 중 특별히 동기, 태도가 각 개인의 특성요인과 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 자원봉사활동 경험과 자원봉사관련 교과목 이수 경험이 있는 I대의 사회복지 전공 대학생 120명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지 조사방법을 사용하였다. 자료분석 방법은 SPSS Win 13.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계분석, t-검정, 일원배치 분산분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 자원봉사활동과 관련된 개인적 특성요인 중에 연령, 출생순위, 봉사업무, 희망업무, 주거지, 그리고 성격유형별 특성에 따라 동기 및 태도요인 중 친교동기, 성취동기, 성취 및 친교 혼합 동기, 성취 및 권력 혼합 동기, 적극성, 사교성, 수용성, 협조성, 객관성, 그리고 자원봉사활동에 대한 지식과 통계적으로 유의미한 관계로 나타났다. 연령에 따라 동기요인 선호 정도에 차이가 있다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 종교는 자원봉사활동 동기 및 태도요인들과 통계적으로 유의미한 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 자원봉사활동의 개인적 특성요인과 동기 및 태도요인의 적용을 기반으로 한 활용가능성을 연구함으로써 사회복지 전공 대학생 자원봉사자에 대한 효율적인 자원봉사업무 배치 상담 및 관리 프로그램 설계에 기초 자료를 실증적으로 적용할 수 있다는 결론을 도출하였다.

The importance of managing the exposure to radiation for radiological technologist is becoming more conspicuous as modern medical care increases the number of hospital exams involving radiation and as work of radiological technologists expand and increase in areas using advanced medical equipment for diagnosis and treatment purposes involving radiation. Measurements for individual exposure dose to radiation can differ according to the equipment and facilities in the work environment and the average number of exposures an individual is involved in. Therefore, systematic and reasonable controls on the exposure dose to radiation can be attained from core data. Shallow dose/Deep dose measurements were taken according to the year of the measurement, the technologist’s occupation post, gender, department, and age over a five year period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007 using a sample of radiological technologists from ten general hospitals throughout S. Korea. When comparing individual exposure dose of each radiological technologist, there was no significant difference in the mean exposure dose according to the year the measurement was taken (p>0.05). Mean exposure dose for Deep/Shallow according to gender showed that men received significantly higher exposure dose than women (p<0.001). Mean exposure dose for Deep/Shallow according to age showed an increase in exposure dose as age decreases, however, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). According to occupation post, technologists working in nuclear medicine received significantly higher dose than other occupation posts (p<0.001). The results of individual exposure dose were under the dose limits in accordance to all nuclear regulations. Furthermore, since stochastic effects may occur with long-term exposure to low level radiation, individual exposure dose data was thoroughly managed and the principle of As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) was implemented when establishing the design of this study.

We separately cultured follicular oocytes collected from individual ovaries of slaughtered Korean native cows and examined both the embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate after embryo transplantation according to the meat yield and quality grades of the source beef carcass. Oocytes from meat yield grade B cows exhibited a higher fertilization rate and embryonic developmental rate to the eight-cell stage than oocytes from grade A or C animals (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in rate of development to the blastocyst stage among meat yield grades A, Band C. The oocyte cleavage rate and development rate to the eight-cell stage from meat quality grade 3 cattle was higher than grades 1++, 1+, 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Embryos derived from grade animals displayed a development rate to the blastocyst stage of 19.4%, which was also higher than all other meat quality grades (p<0.05). Transplantation of in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade A ovaries led to a higher pregnancy rate (64.2%) than in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade B ovaries (56.5%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in pregnancy or abortion rates. In conclusion, embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate has a close relation to meat quality grades of the source beef carcass, this results is to give information for the Korean native cows improvement of breed.

Consistent individual difference in a behavior is recognized as an important evolutionary force in niche variation and may be a personality trait, an inherent property of the individual. To understand whether aggressiveness is a personality trait, independent of resource holding potential (RHP) and resource value in animal aggression assumed by game theory models, I determined individual variation in aggressiveness by measuringboth positive phonotactic and acoustic responses to the broadcast stimulus repeatedly over the three-week period in males of Gryllus rubens. Factors tested included amplitude levels of the broadcast stimulus, body size, wing dimorphism, and age. The analyses of the generalized linear mixed models revealed that RHP factors such as age, wing dimorphism, and body size, were not significant for both positive phonotactic and acoustic responses. However, there seemed to be more aggressive responses to higher levels of amplitudes. The significant variance-covariance structures of the models indicated that some individuals consistently aggressive or nonagressive during the experimental periods. Because potential factors for resource values were controlled, and because potential RHP factors would not explain variation in aggressive responses, I concluded that aggressiveness is a personality trait that is not characterized by factors that I tested.

The objectives of this study were to provide fundamental information on how individual phenolic compounds form on the inside of apple slices during cold storage, the changes in the content of four types of phenols, ingredient variation of individual phenolic compounds and the influence of phenolic compounds on enzymatic browning. This study measured the changes in the content of soluble solids, pH and vitamin C in order to investigate the correlations between these variables. HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds found in the apple slices, and HD was the most prevalent phenol. Furthermore, comparison of the CG and EP content revealed that there were more CGs than EPs. The phenol content tended to decrease considerably in the fresh apple slices and water-dipped apple slices but only slightly in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices and 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices. The degree of browning increased in the following order: fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The vitamin C content tended to decrease in the fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The pH tended to increase in all sample groups, but the pH of the water-dipped apple slices was lower than that of the comparison group. The CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices had the lowest value of pH. The change in soluble solids tended to increase in all treatment groups, but this increase was less in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice. Correlation analysis revealed a high degree of correlation between browning and chlorogenic acid content. The results of the present study show that, when stored in the fridge, the change in phenol ingredient content in apple slices influences the browning of the slices. The results also showed that HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds, while CG was shown to have the greatest influence on browning.

이 연구는 청소년의 다양한 비행행동을 설명하기 위해 개인적 요인, 가족요인, 학교요인과 지역사회요인을 모두 고려하여 이들의 상대적 중요성을 측정해 보고자 하는 목적으로 진행되었다. 선행연구들은 이들 각각의 영향력을 살펴보는 데 집중을 해왔던 반면 이 요인들을 한 모델안에서 함께 고려하여 상대적 영향력을 알아보려는 시도는 많지 않았다. 이러한 한계점을 보완하기 위해 이 연구는 기존의 범죄원인론 중 자아통제론과 자아존중감이론, 사회유대이론과 사회해체이론, 그리고 일상생활이론 등을 가지고 분석틀을 구성하였다. 선정된 변수는 개인적 수준에서 자아통제력과 자아존중감, 가족적 수준에서 가족의 화합정도와 부부의 갈등정도, 학교상황에서는 학교교육에 대한 불신과 학교생활만족도, 지역사회 수준에서는 유흥업소의 범람과 지역의 무질서, 그리고 지역사회의 비공식적 통제력에 대한 인식을 선정하였다. 종속변수인 청소년비행을 측정하기 위해서는 폭력비행 재산비행 지위비행, 성비행을 측정하였다. 1,122명의 서울시내 중학교와 고등학교 학생들을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 조사를 하였으며, 수집된 데이터는 성별, 교급별로 나누어서 분석되었다. 분석결과 전반적으로 볼 때 model에 포함된 모든 변수들이 어느 정도는 모두 영향력을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났지만, 특히 자아통제와 가족통합정도, 학교에 대한 불신, 지역사회무질서, 유흥업소의 범람이 상대적으로 큰 영향력을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성별, 교급별 분석결과를 보면 남녀학생모두에게 자아통제력은 비행을 저지하는 힘으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났고, 유흥업소의 수는 남녀학생 모두에게 영향을 주고 있지만 지역무질서는 남학생의 비행에만 영향을 준다는 차이를 보였다. 자아통제력은 중학생보다는 고등학생에게 더 의미있는 요인으로 작용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 분석결과를 바탕으로 결론에서는 몇가지 정책적 함의와 제언을 제시하였다.

The magneto-transport properties of an individual single crystalline Bi nanowire grown by aspontaneous growth method are reported. A four-terminal device based on an individual 400-nm-diameternanowire was successfully fabricated using a plasma etching technique that removed an oxide layer that hadformed on the surface of the nanowire. Large transverse ordinary magnetoresistance (1401%) and negativelongitudinal ordinary magnetoresistance (−38%) were measured at 2K. It was observed that the period ofShubnikov-de Haas oscillations in transverse geometry was 0.074T−1, 0.16T−1 and 0.77T−1, which is in goodagreement with those of bulk Bi. However, it was found that the period of SdH oscillation in longitudinalgeometry is 0.24T−1, which is larger than the value of 0.16T−1 reported for bulk Bi. The deviation is attributableto the spatial confinement arising from scattering at the nanowire surface boundary.

대부분의 후각 감성평가 연구에 있어서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도의 냄새 시료를 제시하고 있다. 하지만 피험자의 후각 기능은 노화 등을 비롯한 여러 가지 요인으로 다를 수 있고 이러한 차이는 후각 감성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 후각 감성평가 시 냄새 시료를 제공하는데 있어서, 모든 피험자에게 동일한 시료를 제공한 경우와 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 고려하여 냄새 시료의 농도를 조절한 후 제공한 경우에 있어서 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조에 차이를 보이는 지 알아보았다. 피험자는 만 19세 이상 대학생 남녀 30명(남자: 18명, 여자: 12명)이었고 사용된 냄새 시료는 T&T olfactometer의 다섯 가지 냄새 기준물질이었다. 동일한 피험자에게 두 가지(실험 1과 실험 2)의 실험을 수행하였는데, 실험 1에서는 피험자 개개인의 후각 역치를 기준으로 냄새 물질의 농도를 조절하여 제공함으로써 모든 피험자가 동일한 냄새 강도를 지각하도록 가였다. 실험2에서는 모든 피험자에게 동일한 농도(+1)의 냄새 시료를 제공하였다. 실험 수행 결과, 냄새 시료 제시 방법(후각 역치 고려 유무)에 따라 후각 감성특성에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 냄새에 대한 선호도가 명확하지 않은 시료에 있어서 이러한 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 후각 감성구조에도 영향을 미쳤는데, '심미성', '강도', 그리고 '활동성'은 공통요인이었고, '친화성'(실험 1)과 '중량감'(실험 2)은 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 볼 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 고려 유무에 따라 후각 감성특성 및 감성구조가 다르게 나타날 수 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 따라서, 냄새 시료에 대한 후각 감성평가를 수행하고자 할 때, 피험자의 후각 역치 및 기능과 이에 따른 냄새 시료 제시법 또한 신중하게 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Eavan Boland finds her poetic identity in the significances of her birthplace of Ireland and her gender of an Irish woman. with this identity she shows a keen awareness of the fundamental sense of poetic ethics - to de-and re-construct the traditional literary frame imposed by male points of view, witnessing to the truths and facts of Irish women's experiences in the history of Ireland. In the broad sense of the Irish matter, Boland concerns with the artistic image and its relationship to the facts of women's lives in Ireland and she tries to find the poetic place of women in pointing the loss of women in Irish history and literary tradition. In this aspect Boland tries to find the proper images to suggest the true identity of women just in history not outside of history. So her dependence on the power of language and on the objective attitudes to the common lives and trivial things of women's lives is the proof for her poetic ethics. Some poems of Boland's blast the muse who helps men to write women as a queen to Ireland as a mother to the children and husband. Instead she urges the muse to keep her place beside women poets in creating the homely images. In creating the true images of women the common is present and she suggests the woman's potentiality as a subject and a viewer and as a mother and a poet. So Boland destabilizes the images of woman as a grand mythic queen and as an abstract composite of femininity. In this process Boland keeps her tone cold and cool even in showing her powerful views on the female identity. She achieves this attitude through 'looking' and 'watching.' She suggests to look into the mirror towards the general readers as well as poets herself even in her rage to the Irish literary tradition. So she keeps her own characteristic voices in finding and reintroducing the perspectives that run counter to the traditional Irish male views on woman and history.