This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and variation in main traits by comparing the growth of individuals of Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under an aquaculture environment. This survey was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 at the aquafarm in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do (South coast of Korea). To classify the morphology of individuals in the aquaculture farm of E. cava, we investigated fourteen morphological characteristics and calculated four ratios between the measured values. Juvenile individuals showed a simple or oblong lanceolate, and at 3-4 months, a short stipe and holdfast developed, along with a bladelet that developed into the secondary blade form. At 5-7 months, secondary blades were found to develop irregularly on the primary blade. At 8-10 months, the primary blade expanded and secondary blades elongated. At 11-12 months, the secondary blades became oblong. At 13-14 months, the thallus area expanded. At 15-16 months, tertiary blades were formed, the thallus became more complex, the stipe thickened, and the holdfast widened. At 17-18 months, secondary blades clearly developed along with lobes. At 19-20 months, tertiary blades developed and became similar to mature natural blades. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the monthly population of the first year (Q1) and that of the second year (Q2) of the cultured population were divided along PC1, which is related to secondary blade morphological characteristics and the holdfast width. Q2 and natural populations are distributed in descending order of volume in Jeju (J), East Coast (E), and South Coast (S) along PC2, which is related to primary blade and stipe morphological characteristics. The results of this study were judged to offer important criteria for the development of different varieties of E. cava.

본 연구는 신품종으로 등록된 길뚝사초 ‘설맥’의 형태적 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 조사방법은 양적특성과 질적 및 유사질적 특성으로 구분하여 재배시험을 실시하였으며, 양적특성은 독립표본 t-검증(Independent sample t-test)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 질적 및 유사질적 특성은 국제 식물 신품종 보호연맹(UPOV : International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants)에서 발행한 지침(TGP 8/1 PARTⅡ : 8)을 참고하여 균일성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 총 28개의 특성 중 10개의 특성에서 구별성이 있었으며, 8개의 특성에서 균일성과 안정성을 확인하였다. 양적 특성 결과는 일반종보다 엽신의 수와 크기 등 영양기관 부위에서는 작았고, 화경 소수의 수, 소수화수 암꽃 수 와 같은 생식기관에서는 많았다. 질적 특성은 잎 가장자리 세로의 노란 무늬가 명확하였다. 길뚝사초 ‘설맥’은 형태적으로 일반종과 다른 새로운 품종임을 확인하였으며, 왜성의 노란색 세로 무늬종으로서 조경의 관상용으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

The occurrence of shear failure in a rock mass, resulting from the sliding of joint surfaces, is primarily influenced by the surface roughness and contact area of these joints. Furthermore, since joints serve as crucial conduits for the movement of water, oil, gas, and thermal energy, the aperture and geometric complexity of these joints have a significant impact on the hydraulic properties of the rock mass. This renders them critical factors in related industries. Therefore, to gain insights into the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a rock mass, it is essential to identify the key morphological characteristics of the joints mentioned above. In this study, we quantified the morphological characteristics of tensile fractures in granitic rocks using X-ray CT imaging. To accomplish this, we prepared a cylindrical sample of Hwang-Deung granite and conducted splitting tests to artificially create tensile fractures that closely resemble rough joint surfaces. Subsequently, we obtained 2D sliced X-ray CT images of the fractured sample with a pixel resolution of approximately 0.06 mm. By analyzing the differences in CT numbers of the rock components (e.g., fractures, voids, and rock matrix), we isolated and reconstructed the geometric information of the tensile fracture in three dimensions. Finally, we derived morphological characteristics, including surface roughness, contact area, aperture, and fracture volume, from the reconstructed fracture.

This study was conducted to obtain basic data on domestic wild Lanopila nipponica K specimens collected in Jeollanam-do from 2015 to 2017 to investigate the characteristics of fruit bodies and analyze their nutritional components. L. nipponica K. was mainly found near hills, such as in persimmon fields around hills, on mountain trails, and in bamboo fields. L. nipponica K. occurred from July to mid-October, especially after the rainy season or a typhoon, when the air humidity was increased. Rainfall occurred for 8–15 days during the 20 days before the collection date, and the average temperature was ≥ 23oC. The size of the fruit body was 12.3–28 cm, and the weight varied depending on the size; however, the fruit body was estimated to grow overnight, reaching the size observed at its discovery. As aging progressed, the surface of the fruit body cracked, and it turned dark after 6 days. Spores were lump-shaped when the surface was cut with a knife. When the soil on the surface of the site where the fruit body was located was scratched, a white thread-shaped mycelium expanded. At the time of collection, the flesh of the fruit body was white, but it turned brown and fluffy as maturity progressed. On the sixth day after the mushroom was generated, it produced a pungent odor and became friable, resembling a black cotton ball. The surface of the fruit body was white and had a circular or elliptical shape. Crude protein content tended to be high at 59% of the dry weight. The antioxidant activity, determined using the DPPH radical scavenging analysis method, was 167 vitamin C equivalents/100 g. The spores were brown, approximately 6 μm in size, with protrusions on their surface.

The purpose of the study is to assess morphological and chromosomal comparison of Mini type Phalanopsis ‘KS Little Gem’ and four domestic market available cultivars (‘Queen Beer’, ‘Tony Pink’, ‘Vaviche’ and ‘Rorens’). ‘KS Little Gem’ had the highest number of leaves (14.9), while the other four types had fewer than ten. The longest leaf length was 21.5㎝ for ‘Tony Pink’, followed by 16.2㎝, 18.0㎝ and 17.5㎝ for ‘Queen Beer’, ‘Rorens’ and ‘Vaviche’ respectively. The length and width of the petals of ‘KS Little Gem’ were 29.5㎜ and 25.6㎜ respectively indicating a round shape flower compared to other cultivars. When the flower lifespan of ‘KS Little Gem’ was compared to four cultivars of the domestic market, it was found that it had a 123-day shelf life, which was twice longer than that of the four cultivars. According to chromosome analysis ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink,' and ‘Vaviche’ were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 76) while ‘Queen Beer’ was diploid (2n = 2x = 38). The estimated DNA content of ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink’ and ‘Vaviche’ had 4918.4, 4794.2, 4705.2 and 4964.3 Mbp respectively, which were roughly double than that of P. cornu-cervi (control, 2n = 2x = 38). However, ‘Queen Beer’, had an estimated DNA content of 2802.2Mbp, similar to that of P. cornu-cervi. The morphological features, genome size and chromosomal data reported in these studies can be used by breeders to create more efficient Phalaenopsis breeding programs.

Various biometric and geometric measures were used to discriminate between the morphologically similar river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, tiger puffer, T. rubripes, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids. The hybrids and triploid hybrids had greater anal fin width, nostril width, and snout length than the parental species (p<0.05). However, they had less caudal peduncle depth, inter-orbital width, head length, and head width (p<0.05). The morphometric and meristic characteristics of the hybrids and triploid hybrids were either intermediate between the parental species or more similar to those of one parental species. However, the external morphology of the hybrids and triploid hybrids was predominantly maternal. The triploid hybrids had asymmetry in the fin rays and gill raker numbers. This study identified phenotypic characteristics by distinguishing the morphological variables of river puffer, tiger puffer, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids.

국내 육성된 양송이 ‘새도’ 등 5개 품종으로 수확주기별 버섯의 형태적 변화를 확인하기 위하여 농가현장 시험을 통하여 생산성 및 품질을 평가하였다. 공시품종의 재배적 특성을 종합해보면 버섯발생 및 생육에 관련한 부분은 거의 비슷한 특성을 보였다. 전반적으로 균사 활력은 비슷하였으나 재배농가의 평가에서는 ‘새 도’ 품종이 강한 편이며, ‘새한’ 품종이 약한 것으로 평가하였다. 자실체의 개체중은 품종특성 보다는 농가별 퇴비의 상태 및 발생량이 관여하는 것으로 추정되며, 품종간의 차이를 구별할 수 없었다. 자실체의 갓 직경, 갓 두께, 대 길이 등의 특성에서 달성군, 용인시, 보령시 지역농가의 경우는 품종에 관계없이 첫주기에 대비하여 주기가 진행되면서 감소하였다. 하지만 대 굵기는 품종에 관계없이 첫 주기에 대비하여 2, 3주기에는 증가하는 경향이었다. 하지만 경주는 품종과 주기에 따른 어떤 경향을 확인할 수 없었으며, 부여에서는 갓 직경과 대 길이는 ‘새정’을 제외 한 품종들은 주기가 진전함에 따라 감소하였고, 갓 두께와 대 굵기는 품종간 일정하지 않았다. 이러한 수확주기 별 형태적 특성의 차이는 품종보다는 수확주기별로 배지에서의 양분의 공급량과 사용한 퇴비의 품질과 재배환경의 변화에 따른 차이에 의해 발생하는 것으로 예상된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of the shoot and roots and to analyse the morphological characteristics of roots of waterlogging resistant and susceptible maize inbred lines. Six maize inbred lines were treated with waterlogging for 10 days at V3, and the degree of leaf senescence was evaluated for waterlogging resistance. As a result of waterlogging resistance evaluation, KS85 was the most damaged inbred line with 3.33 senescence leaves and 5.54 degree, and KS141 was the least damaged inbred line with 1.33 senescence leaves and 3 degree. At 20 days after treatment, the effect of waterlogging stress on the shoot dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 86.1% and 77.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, root dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 77.6% and 65.0%. As a result of SEM photographs of the nodal roots of the two maize inbred lines, the thickness of cortex of KS141 was thicker than that of KS85, and the distortion of the cortex was observed in KS85 at 20 days after waterlogging. It was concluded that the thickness of cortex was related to maize waterlogging resistance.

강원도 고성군에 있는 운봉산은 화강암 산지 사이에 단독으로 떨어져 있는 화산체로 경관이 매우 독특하다. 현무암 거력으로 구성된 애추와 암괴류가 일부 사면을 덮고 있다. 지질학적 측면에서 이 산의 특징은 비교적 상세히 조사되었다. 하지만, 암괴 지형의 전반적인 분포 패턴이나 발달과정은 잘 알려지지 않았다. 이 연구는 암괴 지형에 대한 지도화, 사면의 형태적 특성 분석, 암괴에 대한 야외조사를 통해 운봉산의 암괴 지형을 분류하고자 하였다. 노출 암괴는 산의 서사면에 집중적으로 분포하고 동사면에 는 거의 분포하지 않는 특징이 있다. 야외조사 결과, 암괴는 모두 주상절리가 발달한 현무암이었으며, 해발고도 및 경사에 따라서 장축방향성이 나타났다. 수치고도모형에 대한 지형위치지수(TPI) 및 사면분석 결과는 암괴류가 주로 계곡을 따라 분포하고 애추는 가파른 능선이나 현무암 단애 하부에 분포함을 보여주었다. 사면 지형을 분류한 결과, 산의 중심으로부터의 거리에 따라, 평탄한 산정부, 현무암 단애, 애추, 암괴류가 차례로 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다. 운봉산의 암괴 지형은 화산체의 사면 후퇴로 발생하는 사면발달과정을 잘 보여준다.

조경수로 널리 쓰이고 있는 벚나무속 중 산벚나무(Prunus sargentii), 왕벚나무(Prunus yedoensis), 벚나무(Prunus serrulata var. spontanea), 잔털벚나무(Prunus serrulata var. pubescens), 올벚나무(Prunus pendula)을 중심으로 꽃 형질 및 화분학적 특성을 비교분석하여 수종 간 근연관계 및 품종육성을 위한 유용한 자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 5 수종에 대한 꽃의 형태적 특성 12형질을 조사하여 다변량분석을 한 결과, 모든 정량적형질 특성에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 주성분 분석 결과 제 3주성분까지 65.2%의 설명력을 나타냈으며, 꽃 형질 특성으로부터 종간 유연관계를 파악하는데 있어서는 소화경 길이, 꽃 폭, 꽃잎 폭, 총화경 길이, 꽃잎 길이 등이 중요한 형질로서 높은 기여도를 나타내고 있었으며, 군집분석 결과 벚나무류 꽃의 형태적 특성에 의해 크게 3개의 group으로 구분되어짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 벚나무류 종간 화분의 외부형태적 특징을 분석한 결과 발아구의 형태에서만 차이가 있을 뿐 수종 간 동일한 모두 유사한 형태인 것으로 조사되었다.