Seismic fragility curves play a crucial role in assessing potential seismic losses and predicting structural damage caused by earthquakes. This study compares non-sampling-based methods of seismic fragility curve derivation, particularly the probabilistic seismic demand model (PSDM) and finite element reliability analysis (FERA), both of which require employing sophisticated finite element analysis to evaluate and predict structural damage caused by earthquakes. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of API 5L X65, a buried gas pipeline widely used in Korea, is constructed to derive seismic fragility curves. Its seismic vulnerability is assessed using nonlinear time-history analysis. PSDM and a FERA are employed to derive seismic fragility curves for comparison purposes, and the results are verified through a comparison with those from the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). It is observed that the fragility curves obtained from PSDM are relatively conservative, which is attributed to the assumption introduced to consider the uncertainty factors. In addition, this study provides a comprehensive comparison of seismic fragility curve derivation methods based on sophisticated finite element analysis, which may contribute to developing more accurate and efficient seismic fragility analysis.

In this study, a method of leakage detection was proposed to locate leak position for a reservoir pipeline valve system using wavelet coherence analysis for an injected pressure wave. An unsteady flow analyzer handled nonlinear valve maneuver and corresponding experimental result were compared. Time series of pressure head were analyzed through wavelet coherence analysis both for no leak and leak conditions. The leak information can be obtained through either time domain reflectometry or the difference in wavelet coherence level, which provide predictions in terms of leak location. The reconstructed pressure signal facilitates the identification of leak presence comparing with existing wavelet coherence analysis.

This study analyzed how the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant of an apartment building affected identifying pressurized water in the pipe, making it easier to conduct internal inspection on the fire suppression system, and ensuring reliability of fire suppression. The following are the study’s results: First, identifying pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that a higher level of identification of pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive impact on improving the installation and use of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Second, making it easier for the fire safety officer to inspect the fire suppression system had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This suggests that if it becomes easier for the apartment building’s stakeholder to conduct internal inspection or the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection on the fire suppression system, it would have a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Finally, ensuring reliability in fire suppression had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that if it becomes easier to identify pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe, for the fire safety officer to conduct internal inspection, or for the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection in accordance with the fire suppression system’s internal inspection requirements, it would increase reliability in fire suppression, making it more necessary to install a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant.

A real scale leakage test facility was developed to study the leak signal characteristics of water supply pipelines, and then leak tests were carried out. The facility was designed to overcome the limited experimental circumstances of domestic water supply pipeline experimental facilities. The length of the pipeline, which was installed as a straight line, is 280m. Six pipes were installed on a 70m interval with different pipe material and diameters that are DCIP(D200, D150, D100, D80), PE(D75) and PVC(D75).The intensity of the leakage is adjusted by changing the size of the leak hole and the opening rate of ball valve. Various pressure conditions were simulated using a pressure reducing valve.To minimize external noise sources which, deteriorate the quality of measured leak signal, the facility was built at a quiet area, where traffic and water consumption by customers is relatively rare. In addition, the usage of electric equipment was minimized to block out noise and the facility was operated using manual mode. From the experimental results of measured leakage signal at the facility, it was found that the signal intensity weakened and the signal of high frequency band attenuated as the distance from the water leakage point increased.

We present the rst results of a new data analysis pipeline for processing extragalactic AKARI/IRC images. The main improvements of the pipeline over the standard analysis are the removal of Earth shine and image distortion correction. We present the dierential number counts of the AKARI/IRC S11 lter in the IRAC validation eld. The dierential number counts are consistent with S11 AKARI NEP deep and 12 m WISE NEP number counts, and with a phenomenological backward evolution galaxy model, at brighter uxes densities. There is a detection of fainter galaxies in the IRAC validation eld.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 널리 사용되고 있는 매설가스배관인 API X65에 대해 지진 취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해, 15가지 경우의 배관 해석모델에 대해 12본 세트의 다양한 지진파를 0.1g 등간격으로 스케일링하여 비선형 시간이력해석을 수행한 후, 비선형 시간이력해석으로 얻어진 매설가스배관의 최대 변형률을 이용하여 지진취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 지진 취약도 해석을 위해 본 연구에서는 또한, 지반조건, 단부지점조건, 매립깊이 및 배관형태 등을 변수로 고려하여 지진 취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 지진 취약도 해석결과, 지반조건, 단부지점조건 및 매립깊이는 매설가스배관의 취약도 곡선에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 판단되었고, 특히 지반조건이 미치는 영향은 다른 두 변수에 비해 다소 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면에, 배관형태가 취약도 곡선에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것을 알 수 있었다. 종합적으로, 매설가스배관의 지진 취약도 해석과 관련된 연구가 많지 않은 현실을 감안할 때, 본 연구결과는 매설가스배관의 지진 취약성 평가해석에 초석으로 고려되어질 수 있고, 추후 관련분야 연구에 좋은 참고자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 많이 사용되고 있는 매설가스배관인 X65를 선택하여 매설가스배관의 형태, 매설된 지반의 특성, 단일 및 복합입력지진파 그리고 매설깊이 등을 변수로 하여 시간이력 지진응답해석을 수행하였다. 해석적으로 예측된 변형률 및 상대변위는 국내도시가스 배관의 내진설계 세부기술기준에서 제시하고 있는 허용변형률 및 허용변위역량과 비교하였다. 비교해석결과, 배관의 변형률은 매설깊이와 지반조건에 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 상대변위의 경우, 축 방향 상대변위는 매설깊이에 따른 영향을 받지 않는 반면에, 횡 방향 상대변위는 매설깊이와 지반조건에 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과는 향후 매설가스배관의 지진건전도 평가에 좋은 자료를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.

Response analysis of buried pipeline subjected to permanent ground deformation(PGD) due to liquefaction is mainly executed by use of numerical analysis or semi-analytical relationship, When applying these methods, so called interfacial pipelineㆍsoil interaction force plays an dominant part. Currently used interaction force is mode up of indispensable mechanical and physical components for the response analysis of buried pipeline. However, it has somewhat limited applicability to the liquefied region since it is based on the experimental results for the non-liquefied region. Therefore, in this study, improved type of pipelineㆍsoil interaction force is proposed based on the existing interaction force and experimental research accomplishments. Above all, proposed interaction force includes various patterns of PGD or spatial distributions of interaction force caused by the decrease of soil stiffness. Through the comparison of numerical results using the proposed and the existing interaction force, relative influences of interaction force on the response of pipeline are evaluated and noticeable considerations in the application of semi-analytical relationship are discussed. Moreover, analyses due to the change of pipe thickness and burial depth are performed.

본 연구에서는 액상화-종방향 영구지반변형에 대한 지중매설관로의 거동특성을 해석하기 위하여 수치해석 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 기존의 연구결과가 간략한 해석식의 제안을 중심으로 진행되어 왔으며 영구지반변형의 형상과 폭에 따라 해석방법이 달라지는 단점을 가지고 있었던 것을 고려한다면, 개발된 수치해석 기법은 다양한 영구지반변형의 형상과 폭을 단일한 알고리즘 내에서 처리할 수 있다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 연속관 형태의 지중매설관로와 주변지반을 보요소와 등가지반강성으로 표현되는 탄-소성 지반 스프링을 이용하여 모형화하였으며, 지진발생시 실측된 지반변형에 기초하여 영구지반변형의 형상을 5가지의 대표적인 형태로 이상화하여 고려하였다. 국내 계기지진피해사례의 부족으로 인하여 영구지반변형의 크기와 지반변형의 폭은 기존의 연구결과를 참조하여 설정하였으며, 국내에서 사용되는 일반적인 강관을 대상으로 지반변형의 형상과 크기 및 폭, 매설관로의 관경, 관두께 등을 변화시켜 가면서 다양한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석 결과, 종방향 영구지반변형에 대한 매설관로의 거동에 미치는 주요 인자들의 영향정도를 평가할 수 있었다.

관망의 해석은 관망의 설치, 운영에서 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이를 위한 연구 방법은 1차원 모형과 3차원 모형이 있으나 각각은 정확도와 계산속도의 면에서 관망 해석에 장점과 한계점을 보인다. 2차원 모형의 경우 1차원 모형과 달리 난류 점성을 이용하여 보다 정확한 마찰을 모의할 수 있게 하는데, 이때 사용되는 난류 점성을 모의하는 모형은 Five-Region Turbulence Model을 이용하였다. 그러나 이들 모형에 사용되는 매개 변수들은 실험에 의한 값이기 때문에 이러한 매개변수에 따른 2차원 부정류 해석 방법의 응답 특성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 실제 상수관망에서의 수격압 데이터와 부정류 해석 모형으로 부터의 수격압 데이터를 비교하고, 다양한 매개변수에 따른 속도 분포 모의 특성을 조사하였다. 이를 통해서, 난류 해석 모형의 마찰 거동과 매개변수와의 관계를 규명하였다.

Since the ground subsidence frequently occurs caused by water and sewage pipeline leakage, this paper reviews current maintenance management regulation, legislation related to water and sewage pipeline measurement for maintenance in practice to prevent and manage this phenomenon. Analysis of current system shows the difficulty of ground subsidence evaluation and importance of the law which is now being established has been emerged. In addition, it is determined that the regulation contains specified content with specific range of water and sewage pipeline is required for its maintenance.

Recently, as ‘ground subsidence in urban area’ problem become social issue, Central & Local Government examined current state of ground subsidence. As a results, It is revealed that 1)sewage pipeline damage, 2)excavation work of surrounding pipeline, and 3)water pipeline damage were main reason of subsidence. This study is going to present weak-point for each type of pipeline in the case of water pipeline monitoring, by analyzing current state materials of water pipeline leakage work of ○○city, to prevent ground subsidence from water pipeline leakage.