This study investigated primary teachers’ knowledge of pronunciation instruction, and its manifestation in classroom practices in Korean EFL contexts. To this end, the questionnaire data collected from 47 teachers were quantitatively analyzed. The emerging themes from 5 teachers’ interviews were qualitatively analyzed, based on content analysis. Findings revealed that they had an appropriate knowledge base of pronunciation teaching, equipped with the better understanding of content knowledge (CK), followed by pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and technical pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). No statistically significant difference was found in teachers’ knowledge between males and females, and also between the 4 groups with different teaching experience. They manifested their knowledge mainly acquired from the past course lectures into classroom practices, employing controlled and free practices such as listening and repeating, shadowing, songs, chants, games, and role play, including different types of corrective feedback. Most notably, they integrated role play effectively into classroom practices to improve young learners’ pronunciation in interestprovoking and enjoyable ways.

In this study, the biogeochemistry management (BGC-MAN) model was applied to North and South Korea pine and oak forest stands to evaluate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP), an indicator of forest ecosystem productivity. For meteorological information, historical records and East Asian climate scenario data of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) were used. For vegetation information, pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus spp.) forest stands were selected at the Gwangneung and Seolmacheon in South Korea and Sariwon, Sohung, Haeju, Jongju, and Wonsan, which are known to have tree nurseries in North Korea. Among the biophysical information, we used the elevation model for topographic data such as longitude, altitude, and slope direction, and the global soil database for soil data. For management factors, we considered the destruction of forests in North and South Korea due to the Korean War in 1950 and the subsequent reforestation process. The overall mean value of simulated NPP from 1991 to 2100 was 5.17 Mg C ha-1, with a range of 3.30-8.19 Mg C ha-1. In addition, increased variability in climate scenarios resulted in variations in forest productivity, with a notable decline in the growth of pine forests. The applicability of the BGC-MAN model to the Korean Peninsula was examined at a time when the ecosystem process-based models were becoming increasingly important due to climate change. In this study, the data on the effects of climate change disturbances on forest ecosystems that was analyzed was limited; therefore, future modeling methods should be improved to simulate more precise ecosystem changes across the Korean Peninsula through processbased models.

The primary heat transport system consists mainly of the in-core fuel channels connected to the steam generators by a system of feeder pipes and headers. The feeders and headers are made of carbon steel. Feeders run vertically upwards from the fuel channels across the face of the reactor and horizontally over the refueling machine to the headers. Structural materials of the primary systems of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are exposed to high temperature and pressure conditions, so that the materials employed in these plants have to take into accounts a useful design life of at least 30 years. The corrosion products, mainly iron oxides, are generated from the carbon steel corrosion which is the main constituent of the feeder pipes and headers of this circuit. Typical film thickness on CANDU-PHWR surface is 75μm or 30mg/cm2. Deposits on PHWR tends to be much thicker than PWR due to use of carbon steel and also for the source of corrosion products available on the carbon steel surface. Degradation of carbon steel for the feeder pipes transferring the primary system coolant by flow-assisted corrosion in high temperature has been reported in CANDU reactors including Point Lapreau, Gentully-2, Darlington and Bruce NPPs. The formation of Fe3O4 film on a carbon steel surface reduces the dissolution rate of steel substantially. The protectiveness of the Fe3O4 film over the carbon steel is affected by the environmental factors and the operational parameters of the feeder pipes, including the velocity, wall shear stress, solution pH, temperature, concentration of dissolved iron, quality of solution, etc. For effective chemical decontamination of these thick oxides containing radionuclides such as Co-60, it is necessary to understand the corrosion behaviors of feeder pipes and the characteristics of oxide formed on it. In this work, we investigated the growth of oxide films that develop on type SA-107 Gr. B carbon steel in high temperature water and steam environment by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) for the quantification and the solidstate speciation of metal oxide films. This study was especially focused to set the experimental tests conditions how to increase the oxide thickness up to 50 m by changing the oxidation conditions, such as solution chemistry and thermo-hydraulic conditions both temperature and pressure and so on.

This article conducts a multidimensional quantitative data analysis of writing scores and related variables such as word frequency, stroke number, and the number of components in the corpus of Chinese character acquisition of primary Chinese learners from non-Chinese culture circles, and then analyzes the cognitive characteristics and rules of Chinese character acquisition reflected in the data from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Data analysis shows that there are “stroke number effect” and “component number effect” when learners write Chinese characters, and the influence of the stroke number and component number on writing depends on the level of Chinese characters in the whole book frequency, and the dividing line is about 200. From the perspective of cognitive rule, frequency, stroke number and component number affect the whole process of perception, memory and extraction of Chinese characters. There are differences in the recognition methods of Chinese characters with different frequencies when writing. Learners use compressed and holistic recognition for high-frequency words (frequency>200), while partial and feature recognition for medium and low-frequency words (frequency≤200), and the basic units of feature recognition are strokes and components.The score of wrongly used characters is not significantly correlated with frequency, strokes and components, and the cognitive rules reflected by wrongly used characters need further study.

In this study, we investigate the opportunity of using waste tire char as a cathode material for lithium-ion primary batteries (LPBs). The char obtained by carbonizing waste tires was washed with acid and thermally fluorinated to produce CFX. The structural and chemical properties of the char and CFX were analyzed to evaluate the effect of thermal fluorination. The carbon structure of the char was increasingly converted to CFX structure as the fluorination temperature increased. In addition, the manufactured CFX- based LPBs were evaluated through electrochemical analysis. The discharge capacity of the CFX reached a maximum of 800 mAh/g, which is comparable to that of CFX- based LPBs manufactured from other carbon sources. On the basis of these results, the use of waste tire char-based CFX as a cathode material for LPBs is presented as a new opportunity in the field of waste tire recycling.

이 글은 고대 동아시아 한자의 위상과 역할, 현대 초등학교 한자교육과 교재의 현황, 한자교육이 뇌에 미치는 영향, 인성 정화, 외국어교육의 보조와 국민생활의 편의라는 관점을 종합 적으로 고려함으로써 한국 한자교육의 필요성을 확립함에 있 다. 본문의 제1장은 고대 동아시아 문자의 위상과 역할에 대해 논의하고, 제2장은 현재 한국의 한자 교육 문제를 요약하고, 제 3장은 현재 한국의 초등학교 한자 교재의 현황을 분석하고, 제 4장은 한국의 초등학교 한자 교육의 필요성에 대해 진술하였 다. 이 연구는 현재 한국 초등교육의 실제 상황에 기초하고 있 으며, 문헌의 정리 및 데이터 분석을 통해 한국 초등 한자 교 육 연구에 새로운 관점을 제공하고자 하였다.

In order to humanize and contextualize ESL/EFL learning, poetry writing has been suggested and considered as an effective strategy for meaningful literacy. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence for the pedagogical significance of poetry writing on language learning. To make up for the dearth of research about poetry writing, the present study explored to what extent a primary English language learner can express herself through poetry writing in an American classroom and the significance of poetry writing as meaningful literacy in ESL/EFL learning. Adopting a qualitative research approach, this small-scale case study conducted textual analyses of a young English language learner’s poetry works and in-depth interviews with her. Findings suggest that poetry writing encouraged the participant learner to express herself with her own voice, enhanced her L2 linguistic awareness, provided meaningful learning opportunities―authorship and readership―, and motivated the learner to overcome challenges as an English language learner. The present study contributes to the understanding of young English language learners’ poetry writing in the field.

본 연구는 코덱스 식품분류에 포함된 식물성 가공식품 에 대해 그 원료식품에 대한 코덱스 식품원료 분류 정보 (그룹 및 subgroup)와 국내 식품원료 분류 포함 여부를 파 악하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구 결과를 간략히 요약하면 다 음과 같다. 첫째 코덱스 주요 가공식품 그룹별로 코덱스 분류 내용을 가공식품 그룹(분류 코드의 수/원료식품이 포 함되는 식품원료 그룹 수/식품원료 분류에 포함되지 않은 원료식품의 수)로 보면, 건조 과일류(46/8/0), 건조 채소류 (76/11/1), 건조 허브류(54/4/12), 곡류 도정 가공품(36/1/0), 차(19개 코드, 가공식품으로만 분류), 식물성 조제유(17/4/ 3), 식물성 정제유(34/8/9), 과일 주스(20/8/0), 채소 주스(3/ 2/0)로 나타났다. 둘째 국내 식품원료 분류에 포함되어 있 지 않은 원료식품의 수는 건조 과일류 9종, 건조 채소류 14종, 건조 허브류 35종, 곡류 도정 가공품 0종, 차 6종, 식물성 조제유 3종, 식물성 정제유 9종, 과일 주스 2종, 채 소 주스 0종이었다. 셋째 코덱스와 국내 식품 분류에 차 이를 보이는 코코넛(코덱스는 열대과일뿐만 아니라 견과 로도 분류), 올리브(유지종실뿐만 아니라 열대과일로도 분 류) 그리고 코덱스 분류에서 특이점을 보이는 건조 고추( 향신료로 분류, 건조채소류로 분류하지 않음), 토마토 주 스(원료식품은 채소류, 주스는 과일주스로 분류), 생강(잎 은 식품원료 분류에 포함되어 있지 않으나 뿌리줄기는 향 신료에 포함)과 같은 식품에 대해 코덱스 식품 분류를 활 용하는 데 주의가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 뮤지컬 배우의 효율적 발성 훈련을 통한 보컬 역량의 회복 및 성장에 있어 중추 조절 의 효용성을 알아보는 것에 목적이 있다. 뮤지컬 배우는 폭넓은 음역대와 강도 높은 보컬을 요구 하는 뮤지컬 곡들을 소화하다 보면 목의 긴장에서부터 자유롭지 못하다. 따라서 알렉산더테크닉 의 중추 조절, 즉 목-머리-몸통의 협응이 호흡뿐 아니라 효율적인 발성기관의 운용에 유의미하다 는 이론적 배경을 토대로 목-머리-몸통 관계의 역동성 원리를 발성에 적용하고 효과에 대하여 고 찰하였다. 연구자는 서울 소재 대학교 뮤지컬 전공 여자 5명 남자 5명을 대상으로 주 1회 7주간 중추 조절의 원리를 이해시키고 이를 발성과 뮤지컬 보컬에 적용하였다. 7주간 훈련 후 반 구조화 된 인터뷰와 객관적 측정 도구인 보이스프린트의 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 중추 조절이 회복되었을 때의 유의한 변화는 첫째, 머리가 떠오르면서 눌린 후두, 갑갑한 호흡, 눌렸던 몸통의 길이와 폭이 회복되어 목-머리-몸통의 연결감과 안정감을 경험했다. 둘째, 음성스케일 시 음질이 선명해지고 후두의 움직임뿐 아니라 음역도 확장되었다. 셋째, 핸즈온(Hands-On) 시 청각적으로 는 음색이 맑고 음정이 안정되었으며 몸 감각적으로는 머리의 진동감과 몸통의 안정감이 강해짐을 경험하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 발성 훈련에 있어 알렉산더 테크닉의 효용성을 시사하며, 구체적 인 실천 모델을 제안함에 그 의의가 있다. 또한, 향후 보다 발전적인 발성 훈련 프로그램 개발 자료로 활용될 가치를 지닌다.

The medicines for treating osteoporosis currently in use have minor to severe side effects, and can be financially burdensome. Thus, there is a need for prevention and alternative supplement that is relatively inexpensive, and can be easily consumed daily as an alternative dietary therapy. In this study, bone marrow density of the spine and femur of osteoporosis patients were checked before and after consuming complex composed of calcium and magnesium, considered to be the core of bone mineral content. November 2017-November 2021, patients with T-score of less than －2.5 or －1.0 < T-score < －2.5 with history of fractures or recent fractures were enrolled. The data of 60 patients who orally administered Ionized Cal/MagTM Complex were reviewed retrospectively, and it was significantly confirmed that the average value of T-score was up-regulated by 0.5. Additionally, the cumulative dose was observed to have a positive effect, on the improvement of BMD in the 2nd Lumbar and Femur neck. It is expected that better results will be achieved if use of the supplement is continued.

본 논문은 남해안 자란만 패류양식어장에서 약 2년 동안 월별로 기초생산력, Chl. a, 영양염류, 입자유기물질과 퇴적물의 유기오 염 정도 및 생화학 조성 등 주요 양식생물의 서식환경인자의 변동특성과 상관성 등을 분석하였다. 또한, 다른 연안 어장과 기초생산력을 비교하고 어장환경관리와 관련된 정책방안을 제시하였다. 월별 평균 기초생산력은 6.43∼115.43 ㎎C m-2 hr-1 범위로 여름과 가을에 높았는 데, 가막만과 마산만 보다는 낮았고, 가로림만과 서해보다는 높았으며, 대체적으로 양식장이 많이 분포한 내만은 그 변동 폭이 상대적으 로 컸다. Chl. a를 구성하는 식물플랑크톤의 크기별 점유율이 시기별로 다소 차이가 있었고, 영양염의 고갈로 인한 식물플랑크톤의 생산력 제한은 거의 없었으나, 대부분 시기에 N/P비가 16 이하로 질소가 상대적으로 부족한 것으로 판단되었다. 수층 입자유기물질의 생화학적 조성은 탄수화물이 가장 높았으나, 반면 표층 퇴적물에서는 지질과 단백질 함량이 높았다. 퇴적물의 TOC와 AVS 농도는 만 안쪽에서 높 았고 일부 시기에는 어장환경기준을 초과한 상태였으며, C:N 비는 평균 8.1∼10.4 범위로 나타났다. 기초생산력은 Chl. a와의 상관성이 가 장 높았고, 입자물질성분 중에서는 탄소보다는 질소 및 단백질과의 상관성이 높았다. 최근 5년 동안의 수층에서의 Chl. a, DIN, DIP 농도는 감소하는 경향이었지만, 반대로 퇴적물의 오염도는 증가하는 추세였다. 자란만의 연간 기초생산력 125.9 gC m-2 yr-1, 굴 양식장 면적 4.97 ㎞2 를 고려하면 연간 식물플랑크톤으로부터 생산되는 탄소량이 약 625 ton이며, 연간 굴 생산 습중량은 약 6,250 ton으로 추정되었다.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid messenger involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and various diseases. Recent studies have shown an association between periodontitis and neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanistic relationship between periodontitis and neuroinflammatory diseases remains unclear. The current study found that lysophosphatidic acid receptors 1 (LPAR1) and 6 (LPAR6) exhibited increased expression in primary microglia and astrocytes. The primary astrocytes were then treated using medium conditioned to mimic periodontitis through addition of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides, and an increased nitric oxide (NO) production was observed. Application of conditioned medium from human periodontal ligament stem cells with or without LPAR1 knockdown showed a decrease in the production of NO and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin 1 beta. These findings may contribute to our understanding of the mechanistic link between periodontitis and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disease caused by galactose and its metabolites generated during carbohydrate metabolism, which is relatively rare in Asian countries, including Korea. Patients with galactosemia should be treated with a galactose-restricted diet. However, information is lacking about the exact content of galactose in food, and dietary guidelines for patients with galactosemia in Korea. This study aims to recognize the difficulties faced by parents and clinical experts of patients with galactosemia, and understand their demands. Totally, 5 parents of children diagnosed with galactosemia and 5 clinical professionals participated in the focus group interviews. The parents’ interview focused on the daily life of the patient, which included diet and social difficulties. The clinical experts mainly answered about medical care, including the number and status of patients, and their suggestions for effective treatment. Most parents were worried about social isolation due to conflicts in the family as well as in society due to a lack of understanding of the disease. The clinical experts stated the absence of a disease management system as the greatest problem. An integrated support system for patients with galactosemia, which includes appropriate dietary guidelines by considering the domestic environment, is required.

이 연구는 최근 국내외에서 주목받고 있는 대선후보 국민참여경선의 문제점을 파악하고, 대안을 제시하려는 목적에서 작성되었다. 이를 위해 연구는 한국과 유사한 대통령선거 제도를 도입하고, 대선후보 국민참여 경선을 도입했던 프랑스 사례를 분석하여 한국적 함의를 도출하고자 했 다. 연구방법론은 질적인 사례분석을 적용했다. 연구 결과, 프랑스 국민 참여경선은 실제 성과적인 측면보다 정당 민주화, 당원 책임성과 국민 대표성의 조화, 제도화 측면에서 보완할 부분이 많음을 확인했다. 한국적 국민참여경선을 보완하기 위해서는 첫째, 당원과 시민의 참여 확대의 조 화가 필요하고, 둘째, 공직 후보자 선출과정에서 정당 민주화의 관점과 시민참여의 확대, 셋째, 정당내 공직 후보 선출의 상향식 제도화를 강화 해야 할 것을 제시했다.

This study investigated if the difficulty of instructional classroom English in primary teacher-guidebooks of English is adequately manipulated by learner-proficiency. Corpora of classroom English were compiled from 20 guidebooks from five publishers, approved following the 2015 Revised National Curriculum of Korea. Extracted materials from grades three and four were compared with those of grades five and six to observe variations in the difficulty. Coh-Metrix, a software application that computes an extensive range of measures on cohesion and language, was used for analyses. With evidence-based assessments on (psycho)linguistic features and patterns of classroom English, we report results both congruent and incongruent with the prospect that the difficulty should increase as learners become more proficient. Overall, although partial difficulty manipulations between the two levels were noted, inconsistent results and invariances were also observed, disclosing much room for improvement of classroom English in the guidebooks. Some implications toward teacher-guidebook development, particularly in its classroom English, are suggested

This study aims to examine the challenges facing Tanzania's primary education in achieving quality education and make comparisons with other countries. This study employed secondary data analysis procedures. The documents reviewed were published from January 2002 to October 2021. Firstly, the documents comprised the government's plans and policies, as well as non-governmental and multilateral organizations’ reports. Secondly, empirical studies, namely scholarly journals, reviewed articles, reference books, and theses, were reviewed. As a result of searches conducted by Google Scholar, Taylor and Francis, Sage Publication, and Science Direct, a total of 50 documents were retrieved and considered for content analysis. The findings showed that despite the noticeable achievements, the learning quality and outcomes remain daunting in Tanzanian primary schools. Explicitly, the pupil-classroom ratio (PCR) is very high due to a shortage of school buildings to accommodate the rapid increase in enrollment of pupils necessitated by the Free Primary Education (FPE) policy. The textbook-pupil ratio (TPR) and pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) are high and do not match the desirable demands. Teachers have doubtful quality since there are low entrance qualifications for the colleges and they receive little or no in-service training. Also, teachers’ absenteeism from duty is overwhelming. The budget allocation and expenditure on education have been inadequate, resulting in a shortage of necessary school infrastructure, including classrooms and libraries. Moreover, the curriculum lacks relevance to the Tanzania context, and its development process is not inclusive of stakeholders. The academic performance of pupils in school tests and national examinations is not impressive and consistent. Similar challenges face Uganda, Rwanda, and Kenya, which are considered case studies of developing countries, specifically in Sub-Saharan Africa. Developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Korea, on the other hand, experience language barriers in multicultural societies, technological bullying, classroom breakdowns, a lack of parental cooperation, and academic pressure and anxiety. This study recommended policymakers in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa at large should critically rethink their educational plans, policies, and programs so that they can adopt the best approaches and strategies for providing quality primary education. This could involve more investment in education, researching on alternative education, and trying to embrace the out-of-school programs that continue to receive considerable attention in academic discussions