The IAEA states that in the event of sabotage, nuclear material and equipment in quantities that can cause high radiological consequences (HRC), as well as the minimum systems and devices necessary to prevent HRC, must be located within one or more vital areas. Accordingly, in Article 2 of the ACT ON PHYSICAL PROTECTION AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY, the definition of the vital area is specified, and a nuclear facility operator submits a draft to the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission to establish vital areas and must obtain approval from Nuclear Safety and Security Commission. Since the spent fuel pool and new fuel storage area are areas where nuclear material is used and stored, they can be candidates for vital areas as direct targets of sabotage. The spent fuel pool is a wet spent fuel storage facility currently operated by most power plants in Korea to cool and store spent nuclear fuel. Considering the HRC against sabotage, it is necessary to review whether sepnt fuel pool needs to establish a vital area. In addition, depending on the status of plant operation during the spent fuel management cycle, the operation status of safety systems to mitigate accidents and power system change, so vital areas in fuel handling building (including spent fuel pool) also need to be adjusted flexibly. This study compares the results of the review on whether the essential consideration factors are reflected in the identification of essential safety systems and devices to minimize HRC caused by sabotage in the spent fuel storage system with the procedure for identifying the vital area in nuclear power plants. It was reviewed from the following viewpoints: Necessity to identify necessary devices to minimize the radiation effects against sabotage on the spent fuel pool, Review of necessary elements when identifying vital areas to minimize the radiation effects of spent fuel pool against sabotage, Necessity to adjust vital areas according to the spent fuel management cycle. The main assumptions used in the analysis of the vital area of the power plant need to be equally reflected when identifying vital areas in spent fuel pool. And, the results of this study are for the purpose of minimizing the radiological consequences against sabotage on the spent fuel storage system including the spent fuel pool and used to establish regulatory standards in the spent fuel storage stage.

본 연구는 팬데믹으로 인한 돌봄 위기 속에 돌봄의 최전선에서 활동하고 있는 돌봄 영역의 필수노동자인 장기요양 돌봄노동자에 주목하고 있다. 팬데믹 시대, 장기요양 돌봄노동자의 노동실태는 어떠한지, 문제 해 결을 위한 근본적인 과제는 무엇인지를 논의한다. 이 논문은 크게 5가지 내용으로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 장기요양 돌봄노동의 현황과 실태를 통해 일반 현황을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 코로나19 이전의 장기요양 돌봄노 동의 주요 이슈(예컨대 열악한 노동조건, 근골격계 질환 및 감정소진, 성희롱 문제 등)에 대해 살펴보았다. 셋째, 코로나19 발생 이후에 진행된 실태조사 자료들을 바탕으로 장기요양 돌봄노동에 관한 주요 이슈를 3가지 범주로 재구조화하였다. 코로나19로 장기요양 돌봄노동자들은 더욱 심화된 불안정 노동, 안전하지 못한 노동, 그리고 추가업무 및 활동 통제에 의한 과중한 노동 등에 시달리고 있다. 넷째, 팬데믹 이후 돌봄 노동자를 지원하기 위한 정책적 움직임을 살펴보고 실천현장의 사례들을 정리하였다. 마지막으로, 돌봄 영 역의 근본적인 문제 해결을 위하여 돌봄의 가치를 존중하는 사회, 돌봄노동자를 돌보는 사회로의 전환이 필요함을 제안하였다.

대한민국 영역 밖에 있는 우리 국민(넓은 의미의 재외국민)에 대한 국가의 보호‧지원과 관련된 헌법상 국가의 의무는 두 개의 중요한 축을 중심으로 논의될 수 있다. 첫째는 헌법 제2조 제2항에 근거한 재외국민보 호의무이고, 둘째는 국가의 외교적‧영사적 기본권보호의무이다. 먼저, 헌법 제2조 제2항의 재외국민보호의무의 보호대상은 본조항의 연혁적 해석 상 외국에 장기 거주하는 교민인 국민(좁은 의미의 재외국민)이다. 또한 그 보호내용은 ① 이들이 체류국에 있는 동안 국제법과 체류국의 법령에 의해 정당한 대우를 받도록 하는 외교적‧영사적 보호와 ② 외국에 생활의 근거지를 둔 이들의 특성을 고려하여 국민으로서 이들의 사회통합을 실현하고, 국내외 활동의 편익을 증진시키기 위해 베푸는 시혜적인 지원을 말한다. 다음으로, 헌법상 국가의 외교적‧영사적 기본권보호의무는 (국적 자가 영토고권이 미치지 않는 곳에 있다고 하더라도) 국적자의 기본권에 국가권력이 기속되어야 한다는 점에 근거하므로 그 보호대상은 (체류원 인이나 목적과 상관없이) 외국에 있는 모든 국민(넓은 의미의 재외국민) 이다. 또한 그 보호내용은, 국가의 영토고권이 미치지 않는 외국에서 발생한 국민의 기본권침해상황에서, 국가가 외교적‧영사적 수단을 통해 국민의 기본권을 보호해야 한다는 것이다. 한편, 헌법상 재외국민보호의무의 보호내용 중에서 외교적‧영사적 보호의 내용은 국가의 외교적‧영사적 기본권보호의무의 내용과 중복되는 측면이 있으나, 후자는 좁은 의미의 재외국민의 보호·지원에 중점이 있는 전자와는 달리 넓은 의미의 재외 국민을 직접적인 보호대상으로 하고, 그 의무위반이 기본권적 보호법익의 침해를 야기하며, 이론적으로 그 보호의무에 상응하는 주관적 공권이 도출될 수 있다는 점 등에 있어 전자와 구별된다.

본 논문은 2011년 리비아 사태를 보호책임의 이행체제에 적용하여 실 제 과정을 검토하고 이행결과에 대한 요인을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 실제 사례의 이행결과를 통해 보호책임 규범의 향후 지속가능 성에 대해 평가하고자 한다. 이를 위해 보호책임의 개념과 이행체제에 관한 이론적 검토를 거친 후, 리비아 사태에서 보호책임 규범의 이행체 제가 어떻게 적용되었는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 구체적으로 리비아 사태에 서 각 이행주체들의 보호책임 이행과정을 예방책임, 대응책임, 재건책임의 단계별로 살펴보고, 그 결과에 대한 요인을 분석할 것이다. 마지막으로 이상의 분석을 통해 리비아 사태에서의 보호책임 이행에 대해 평가할 것이다.

The purpose of the paper is to introduce a system that reduces the occurrence of weak-story in the event of earthquake. Weak-story concentrates deformation on the story and causes all member to collapse before the capacity of all member is reached. This paper introduces Strong-Back system (SB) to protect weak story. SB is a hybrid of zipper frame, tied eccentrically braced frame, and elastic truss system and it is divided into elastic and inelastic areas. Elastic areas prevent the generation of weak story by distributing energy, and inelastic areas dissipate energy through buckling or yielding. In this paper, the seismic performance is evaluated by comparing the four type braced frame with SB through push-over analysis. The four criteria are compared from the base shear, the ductility capacity, the column failure order, and the quantity of brace. As a result, SB proved to have sufficient performance to protect the weak-story.

This study represents the first attempt to investigate how consumers expect sport management to respond to sport celebrity transgressions, while still protecting their corporate social responsibility. Consumer responses were resourced from online forum sites and the investigation noted that consumers expect sport management to respond to sport celebrity transgressions in several ways. Findings indicated that consumers noted specific sport celebrity transgression responses: 1) suspension; 2) apology; 3) fine; and 3) develop educational programmes for sport celebrities. Additionally, consumers indicated that these response strategies should be consistent and uniform through all types of sport.

In the last decade, more natural disasters have occurred than before in the world. The ASEAN regions are particularly prone to such disasters. Natural disasters can happen anytime and will be a more serious problem in an armed conflict area. In disaster management, humanitarian assistance of the international community is basically subject to the principle of state sovereignty. In a conflict area, however, the principle of sovereignty must be harmonized with the doctrine of responsibility to protect. How could the ASEAN countries accept the doctrine of the responsibility to protect during natural disaster management in an armed conflict? This paper aims to analyze the doctrine of responsibility to protect in the course of managing natural disaster of an armed conflict area in terms of lessons from the ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Myanmar and the Philippines.

This paper investigated impact resistance capacity and failure mode of strengthened column with PROTECT (Poly-Resilience-Oriented hybrid TEChnology plaTe) panel by analytical study. PROTECT panel is the composite panel with two steel plates and nano-composite. In order to perform impact analysis, dynamic properties of concrete, steels and nano-composite were determined. Finite element analysis was performed with these properties under the drop-weight impact. From the FEA, different failure modes corresponding to different columns were derived.

본 연구는 복숭아 주간부 동해 예방을 위한 피복재의 보온성을 평가하기 위해 백색부직포, 황색일반지, 방수패드로 만들어진 피복재의 물리적 특성 및 보온성을 평가하고 실제 겨울철 복숭아 주간부 보온효과를 구명하여 피복재로서의 이용가능성을 검토하기 위해 수행하였다. 세 피복재 중 2겹방수패드 처리가 보온율과 열저항성이 가장 우수하였다. 2겹방수패드 처리의 주간단열효과는 14.09oC 만큼 온도상승을 차단하였고, 야간보온효과는 7.23oC 만큼 온도하강을 차단하여 보온효과가 가장 우수함을 확인하였다. 따라서 방수패드 재질을 보온피복재로 개발·보급할 경우 복숭아 주간부 동해 피해를 경감시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

Previous research indicates that consumers may resist negative publicity when they perceive a firm to be socially responsible (Klein & Dawar, 2004; Chernev & Blair,2015). However, other research shows corporate social responsibility (CSR) may boomerang the damage of negative publicity (Sohn & Lariscy,2012). Firms may participate in CSR and it is important for market practitioners and researchers to understand the role of different types of CSR in minimizing the impact of negative publicity. This research aims to examine the moderating role of two types of CSR in the effect of negative publicity on consumer responses. An experiment with a 2 (negative publicity type: ability-related vs. morality-related) x 2 (CSR type: philanthropic donation vs. employee wellbeing) between-subjects factorial design was conducted in a major city of China. In the morality-related negative publicity and employee wellbeing condition, the participants were shown with employee wellbeing materials and a morality-related negatively publicized article about a fictitious hotel. Similar arrangements were setup for other different conditions. Then, consumer responses such as firm evaluation and patronage intention were measured. Results of two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect. The findings indicate that consumers’ patronage intention is lower when a morality-related negative publicity has happened to a firm having “philanthropic donation” type of CSR, and also when an ability-related negative publicity has happened to a firm having “employee wellbeing” type of CSR. Managerial

The Internet is providing companies with an opportunity to market their goods more widely than has been the case in the past. This is having implications for senior managers as it means that some luxury goods are being made available to a wider market segment than previously and also, there are issues as regards authenticity and counterfeiting for example. Cultural value systems underpin psychological needs which are taken into account when advertising a brand and in addition, marketers are keen to build a relationship with customers, which takes into account the customers’ psychological aspirations. Meeting consumer expectations is crucial in the luxury sector because of the value placed on uniqueness and the price-quality dynamic. Bearing these points in mind, the research question to be addressed in this paper is: How can marketers utilize the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo 1984 & 1986) in order to maintain the quality of the luxury brand and develop a relationship with high net worth individuals while marketing the product online? The aim of the paper is to explain how marketers can develop a better understanding of how the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo 1984 & 1986) can be utilized to develop theoretical insights into promoting luxury goods online. Bearing this in mind, two research objectives were formed: (i) to explain how the Elaboration Likelihood Model can be used to formulate international luxury brand strategies; and (ii) to provide guidance as to how marketers can develop a better understanding of marketing luxury products online. The study will build on the work of Hennessey and Anderson (1990), as it will explain how involvement affects motivation vis-à-vis luxury brands. By studying luxury brands, the Internet, and social psychology, it should be possible for marketers to provide marketing practitioners with relevant theoretical insights into how marketing theory is evolving and is applied in practice. The Elaboration Likelihood Model represents “a fairly general framework for organizing, categorizing, and understanding the basis processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasive communications” (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986, p.125) and proves ideal with respect to researching cultural value systems. The Elaboration Likelihood Model allows academic researchers to look into and comprehend cognitive processing (Cacipppo, Harkins, & Petty, 1981, p.37). The main strength of the Elaboration Likelihood Model is that the variables that can impact certain judgements are made clear and in addition, the processes underlyingchanges in attitude are made known and so too are the resulting judgements (Petty, Rucker, Bizer, & Cacioppo, 2004, pp.66-67). The Elaboration Likelihood Model has been extensively used by marketing academics and has relevance in terms of how people formulate a systematic information processing strategy (De Meulenaer, Dens, & De Pelsmacker, 2015, p.610). Marketers are concerned about the price-quality dynamic and also the trust construct (Shu-Chen, Wanchiao, Sung, & Cheng-Kiang, 2006) and risk (Park, Lennon, & Stoel, 2005) vis-à-vis buying online. Furthermore, how online consumers interpret signals has been given attention (San Martin, Camarero & San Jose, 2011) and according to Areni (2003), argument-driven persuasion is important and will be given attention in the study. Attention will be given to luxury branding, the development of an international brand strategy and how marketers can protect a luxury brand through a marketing intelligence strategy that counteracts counterfeiting. As well as utilizing data collected via a group interview, reference will be made to data collected over a three year period using a survey instrument. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo 1984 & 1986) will be used as a basis for providing a framework for understanding how a luxury brand can be perceived and protected, and the research outcome will be used by marketers to advise senior management about the need for implementing an integrated international luxury brand strategy. For example, research has been undertaken into the relevance of the construct trustworthiness and it is important to note that “trustworthiness is an attribute of individual exchange partners” (Barney and Hansen, 1994, p.176). This is an important observation because the producers of luxury goods depend on a number of external specialists (eg., designers, communication and public relations advisors, and manufacturers of specialist components) in order to help the company to add value to the product/service and make sure that it is viewed as unique. Marketers employed by a luxury goods producer need to ensure that data and information relating to the product offering is well guarded because they need to have confidence in the fact that there are no vulnerabilities in existence. A vulnerability could result in leakage of sensitive data and information (e.g., a new design) and result in a loss in intellectual property and ultimately brand piracy and reputational damage. By failing to identify potential vulnerabilities and deal with them through adequate counter threat measures, it is likely that it will take several years and require a repositioning and a rebranding strategy to recover the brand in the market. What we are advocating is a marketing counterintelligence strategy that is aimed at reinforcing the need and usefulness of security to protect the brand and ensure that the brand is not diluted in any way. Another reason as to why marketers need to engage in risk management is because there are a number of country-of-origin issues that arise and need to be addressed. Balabanis and Diamantopoulos (2011) have indicated that consumers are not always able to link a brand correctly with its country-of-origin and this may prove problematic. This is linked with brand image perceptions and again the Elaboration Likelihood Model can help to provide evidence that is used by marketers to overcome consumer misperceptions. Reflecting on the fact that marketers are confronted with legitimate competition (products and services compete in adherence with regulatory processes) as well asillegal forms of competition, it can also be argued that marketers need to be aware of and embrace the standards that govern the production of the product/service to the quality specified. Thus, senior management need to ensure that employees lower down the organizational hierarchy are committed to maintaining the standards that are in being (Ghoshal and Bartlett, 1994, p.96). Ghoshal and Bartlett (1994, p.98 and pp.106-107) add to our understanding by suggesting that marketers need also to have a shared ambition and participate in a collective decision-making, which relies upon collective learning. The logic of this view manifests in the fact that the Elaboration Likelihood Model is used to reinforce and condition the views of the employees as well as the organization’s customers and because it has both an internal and an external dimension. Because marketers work closely with organizational strategists that are outward looking and intelligence driven, and liaise with R&D, technology and production staff that are inward looking and security driven, they are well able to contribute to the risk management process and advise on all the aspects of marketing strategy. The research undertaken will be placed within a strategic marketing context and the learning aspect will be drawn upon to show how marketers can link social psychology theory with marketing theory, and how risk communication can be used to reinforce the advertising message. The paper will explore the advertising-consumer perception dynamic and will examine how the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo 1984 & 1986) can be used to promote the uniqueness of a luxury good to individual consumers who share and exchange information using social networks. The influence of social networks is growing and marketers need to be aware of how and why consumers share and exchange information as they do across geographical boundaries. In particular, it will build on the work of Michaelidou and Christodoulides (2011) by establishing how certain psychological factors influence attitudes towards counterfeited products and what marketers can do to counteract these attitudes. This will contribute to the literature because it will highlight both price related and ethical related issues associated with the purchasing of counterfeited goods. In addition, it will allow marketers to identify trends in customer buying behavior and build on the work of Jack and Powers (2013) relating to shopping behavior and consumer satisfaction. By understanding better the motivations of those that purchase luxury products, marketers will be better able to plan product offerings and formulate and implement promotional strategies.

This study investigates the analytical study for evaluating impact resistance capacity and failure mode of PROTECT (Poly-Resilience-Oriented hybrid TEChnology plaTe) panel. PROTECT panel is a composite panel with two steel plates and nano-composite. In order to perform impact analysis, dynamic properties of steels and nano-composite were determined. Finite element analysis is performed with these properties under the drop-weight impact. From the FEA, different failure modes corresponding to different impact energy is derived.

최근에는 범죄 피해자에게 당사자에 준하는 정도의 참여권을 인정하여 야 할 뿐만 아니라 형사절차를 범죄자 확정과 응징 과정에 그치지 않고 피해자가 범죄로부터 받은 정신적․심리적 충격과 상처를 치유하는 계기로 삼아야 한다는 이념이 제시되거나 적용되기도 있다. 이 논문은 다양한 이익과 원칙의 충돌 사이에서 방황하는 재정신청제도를 현대 형사소송의 새로운 패러다임이라고 할 수 있는 범죄 피해자 보호라는 가치와 이익을 기 준으로 다시 재구성해 검토한다. 재정신청제도는 본질적으로는 범죄 피해 자 개인의 고소권과 재판청구권 그리고 재판진술권을 위한 구제제도이면서 이와 함께 사회적으로 검찰의 공소권 행사의 적절한 통제라는 의미도 함께 추구하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 피해자를 소극적으로 보호하는 차원에 서 벗어나 현재처럼 형사절차에서 피해자가 적극적으로 당사자로 참여하 여 자신의 견해를 주장하는 방안이 모색되는 상황에서 검사의 불기소처분에 대해 제3의 기관이 충실한 조사를 바탕으로 객관적으로 평가하는 재정 신청제도는 피해자의 활발한 절차참여를 전제하는 현대적 의미의 피해자 권리보호에 필수적인 제도라고 할 수 있다. 그 결과로 재정신청제도는 피 해자의 참여권과 의견진술권을 보장하여야 하며 철저한 증거조사가 가능 하여야 한다. 이를 위해 입법적으로 재정법원의 강제조사권한에 관한 내 용과 범죄 피해자가 재정 신청인으로서 재정신청절차에 참여하여 의견진술 할 기회를 가질 수 있다는 규정을 명문화할 필요가 있다.

In this article, we reviewed how the therapy animals for animal assisted intervention (AAI) could be treated ethically in the aspects of animal welfare. Our goal is to reexamine the animal-human partnership from the animal's viewpoint to see what the benefits might be for the animal, or to see if the raising, training, and deployment of assistance and therapy animals is causing significant degradation in animal welfare. Also, we want to make an impression for AAI therapists to examine their ethical responsibility for the welfare of their therapeutic assisting animals. Animal assisted psychotherapist must respect the integrity of the animals and recognize that their rights and safety are safeguarded. In this article, we intend to provide recent advanced knowledge on the animal welfare and ethical reference in the filed of animal-assisted intervention.

An invasive pest is a non-native species which can cause damage to the economy, natural resources, or human health. The invasion of these non-native species is an escalating problem worldwide. In particular, it is estimated that ca. 50,000 nonindigenous species have been introduced into the United States, many of which have caused a total of > $100 billion losses in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Recently, two invasive pests, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), have emerged as serious agricultural pests in the U.S. Both species are native to Asia, however the distributions of the pests have rapidly expanded across the U.S. causing significant economic losses especially in specialty crops, presumably due to similarities in host plant complex and climatic environments between the native and new regions. In this study, a series of research efforts to protect agriculture and the environment against H. halys and D. suzukii in the U.S. are summarized and reviewed.

In Japan, milk and food companies have recently developed many functional yogurts using selected probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacterium strains. In 1991, the FOSHU (foods for specified health uses) system began instituted by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. In 2010, approximately 1,000 commercially available items were labeled as FOSHU products that are specially given brands showing good health effects for humans. Japanese commercial yogurts are classified into three type categories: fermented using selected probiotics, functional components added, and standard types. Many functions are considered in the selection of probiotics including competitive adhesion exclusion of enteritic pathogens, cholesterol lowering effects, and positive immuno-modulatory effects. Adhesion to the human intestine is one of the most important characteristics of probiotic LAB and bifidobacteria. Our new screening system for adhesive activity involves a combination of three methods: the rat colonic mucin-micro plate assay, the Carnoy’s histochemical staining method, and the carbohydrate probe binding assay. Recently, we developed a new screening assay using the BIACORE biosensor chip coated with human colon mucin (HCM). We found new LAB strains that recognize and specifically bind to the human ABO blood type antigens. We named these “blood type LAB”. We identified the molecular LAB binding mechanism occurring in the human intestine through unique adhesin molecules that are expressed on the bacterial cell surface as lectin-like proteins. Bacteria with strong adhesion ability improve gastrointestinal health by continuous proliferation in the intestine; and increase the chance of intake into the Peyer’s patches through M-cells that inhibit allergies because of LAB immune-stimulating activity. The future Japanese food market will contain superior functional yogurts containing adhesive effective probiotic LAB and bifidobacteria that are expected to be developed using our proposed mass screening system shown here.