Coprinellus miaceus, belongs to Coprinaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for an edible purposes in asian countries. This experiment was initiated to evaluate the free radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of C. micaceus fruiting bodies extracted with methanol and hot water. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than positive control, BHT at the concentrations of 0.125-2.0 mg/mL. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities than the positive control, BHT at the 0.125-0.2 mg/mL concentration. In the HPLC analysis of phenolic acids profile of the mushroom fruiting bodies, 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin were detected. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61%. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol extract in a concentration dependent manner. In the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at the 1.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory substances which might be used for promoting human health.

본 연구에서는 느릅나무버섯의 자실체에서 메탄올과 열수를 이용해 추출한 물질의 항산화, 항염증 및 MelanomaB16/F10 세포에서의 멜라닌 생성 저해 효과를 탐색하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 환원력을 이용해 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군으로 사용한 BHT에 비해 항산화 효과는 낮았지만 다른 종류의 버섯에 비해 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 철 이온 제거 항산화 실험에서느릅나무버섯의 열수 추출물은 양성대조군인 BHT에 비해 철 이온을 효율적으로 제거하여 항산화 효과가 높게나타났다. 느릅나무버섯 자실체의 염증 저해 실험에서는배양 중인 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 자실체의 메탄올과 열수추출물을 각각 처리 한 후 염증 유도 물질인 LPS를 투여하여 추출물의 NO 생성 저해효과를 조사한 결과, 처리한 추출물의 농도 의존적으로 염증 유발의 주요 인자인NO의 양이 현저하게 감소하는 우수한 소염효과를 보였으며, carrageenan에 의해 흰쥐 뒷발에 유도된 부종을 저해하는 실험에서는 투여한 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종의 용적도 비례적으로 감소하여 항염증 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. Melanoma 세포에 버섯추출물을 처리하고 생합성된 멜라닌의 양을 측정한 결과 농도 의존적으로 melanoma 세포내 멜라닌의 양이 감소하여 멜라닌 저해 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다.따라서 느릅나무버섯 자실체의 항산화, 항염증 및 멜라닌생성 저해 선분은 앞으로 항산화제, 소염제 및 미백제로의 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp. L.) seed extracts. Methanol and hotwater extracts of the seeds were evaluated for their total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content, antioxidant activ-ities, and protective effects against oxidative stress on L-132 cells. The hot water extracts showed higher total phe-nol (4.23mg GAE/g) and tannin (0.511mg TAE/g) content, while the methanol extracts showed higher flavonoidcontent (1.53mg CE/g). The methanol extracts performed better than the water extracts for DPPH radical-scavengingactivity, while the water extracts performed better for ABTS radical-scavenging activity and SOD-like activity. WithL-132 cells, the water extracts showed strong protective effects against oxidative stress in a dose dependent mannerwith an effect three-fold higher than that of the methanol extracts at a concentration of 500µg/mL. A higher inhi-bition activity of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells was observed with the water extracts than with the methanolextracts at a concentration of 250µg/mL. In summary, the water extracts showed the highest total polyphenol andtannin content and a more powerful protective effect against oxidative stress and inhibition effect of NO. Our resultssuggest that amaranth seeds may be useful as natural antioxidant compounds.

Propolis, bee glue is a sticky substances, which is used to prevent corruption of the ones who broke into the hive, and which is known as a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms within the hive. In order to use this propolis, is required to extract the active ingredients from the raw propolis. Mainly goes through the process of extraction with ethanol. Propolis is registered as health functional food for food and drug safety with a valid registration which is anti-oxidant effects and anti microbial effects of oralflora. Inthis study, in order to determine the antioxidant effect of propolis produced in various regions collected 58 regions. Antioxidant effects were tested by DPPH free radical scavenging effects method. Asa result, the propolis concentrations by 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000㎍ were 43, 73, 78, 82, and 73%, in Gangwon province, Gyeonggi Province, 57, 83, 83, 79, and 71%, Chungcheong Province, 55, 80, 80, 76, and 68%, Jeolla province 48, 75, 78, 78, and 71%, Gyeongsang province 47, 77, 81, 79, and 71%, respectively. More than a certain concentration was to determine antioxidant falling rather. These results can be said to suggest if you use the edible excess should be avoided.

Free-radical copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate(GMA) and N-phthalimidoethyl acrylate(NPEA) were carried out at 60℃ in dimethylformamide(DMF) solution in the presence of benzoylperoxide(BPO) at low conversion. The polymers were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR. The compositions of the copolymer was analyzed by ultra violet(UV/Vis) spectrophotometry. The reactivity ratios of the monomer was determined by the application of Fineman-Ross(FR) and Kelen-Tudos(KT) methods. The monomer reactivity ratios of the system and Alfrey-Price's resonance effect(Q) and polar effect(e) value for NIEA were determined as follow. The reactivity ratios of the monomer obtained from FR and KT are found to be r1=0.87, r2=0.98 and r1=0.88, r2=0.99 respectively. The Q and e values of poly(GMA-co-NPEM) calculated from r1 and r2 was Q= 1.31, e=0.75 respectively.

In the present study, acetone extract and sub-fractions of Albizia amara stem bark were evaluated for their free radical potential. The results showed that the crude extract and all the fractions exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities under different in vitro assays. Among the different fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than the standard quercetin. A. amara stem bark might be valuable source of natural antioxidants that could be used for medicinal and food applications.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the reduction activity of red ginseng extract (RGE; Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) on hydroxyl radical (·OH) using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and spin-trapping techniques. ·OH generated by a Fenton Reaction System was trapped by 5, 5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N oxide (DMPO). The decay rate showed approximately pseudo-firs order kinetics over the period of measurement (by 10 min), and the half lifetime of the DMPO/·OH signal was estimated as approximately 8.15 min. However, the half lifetime of RGE/·OH was estimated as approximately 7.5 min, and the half lifetime of RGE was higher than that of DMPO/·OH adduct only. The order of reduction activities was ascorbic acid > N, Nʹ-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) > RGE > trolox > mannitol in the Fenton Reaction System. Thus, these observations indicate that RGE reaction with ·OH has relative reduction activity. The second-order rate constant of RGE/·OH may be 3.5~4.5 × 109 M-¹ ∙ S-¹.

We investigated free radical reactions in lung of living mice using an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and nitroxyl radical as a probe. When an aqueous solution of nitroxyl probe was trans-tracheally administered into lung of living mice, a sharp triplet signal was observed at the chest of the mice. The signal showed a gradual decrease with time, obeying first-order kinetics. Signal decay rates of carbamoyl-PROXYL and carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl were faster than those of CAT-1 and carboxy-PROXYL. The mechanism of signal decay may be attributed to (i) reaction with reactive oxygen species such as ·OH, (ii) transfer into blood circulation, or (iii) reduction by compounds continuously supplied. However, little is known about the clearance mechanism of the nitroxyl probe in lung. To evaluate the disappearance of the ESR signal of the nitroxyl probe in lung, in vivo ESR spectra in chest of mice was recorded after trans-tracheal administration of an aqueous high concentrate solution of nitroxyl probe. A broad signal from the chest was observed immediately after administration due to Heisenberg spin exchange interaction. A sharp triplet signal was superimposed on the broad signal and the appearance of a triplet signal was followed by disappearance of the broad one. Peak-to-peak line width of the sharp signal was almost the same as that after intravenous administration. A distinct signal was detected in blood collected 10 min after trans-tracheal administration of nitroxyl probe. The observations indicate the transfer from lung to blood circulation and its contribution to clearance of probe in lung. Appearance of a sharp signal in blood after trans-tracheal administration was dependent on the kind of nitroxyl probe, showing a different transfer rate from lung to blood.

The polysaccharides from fruit body of Auricularia auricula and Tremella fuciformis were extracted using hot water, and partially purified through ethanol precipitation and dialysis. Free radical scavenging activities of the crude and purified polysaccharides were examined and compared each other. Free radical scavenging activities of the partially purified polysaccharides were higher than those of crude polysaccharides. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical and SOD-like activities of partially purified polysaccharide at 1 mg/mL of concentration from A. auricula were 61.7, 9.6 and 38.9%, respectively, while those of T. fuciformis were 9.6, 5.7 and 15.3%, respectively. Results of site and nonsite specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activities indicated that the partially purified polysaccharide fractions from A. auricula and T. fuciformis exhibited the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect by hydrogen donating ability and iron ion chelating ability. Also, reducing powers of A. auricula and T. fuciformis were 77.1 and 14.7% of BHT (0.1%) as standard, respectively. It was suggested that antioxidant activities of A. auricula were about 1.4~6.4 times higher than those of T. fuciformis due to different levels of polyphenol content.

HOMO(the highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO(the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of four recalcitrant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated by MOPAC program(CaChe Co). The previous papers which reported experimental results about radical reaction of PAHs were reviewed. The reported radical reaction positions of four PAHs corresponded with predicted positions in which δE(HOMO-LUMO) was high. From these results, it appears that determining the δE(HOMO-LUMO) of a PAH is a promising method for predicting the radical reaction position.

참외의 기능성을 규명하기 위해 참외의 부위별 추출물의 라디칼 소거활성 및 항산화 물질 함량을 측정하였다. 참외의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 2mg/mL 농도에서 껍질 부위가 74.7%로 가장 높게 나타났고, ABTS 라디칼 소거능에서도 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 마찬가지로 껍질 부위에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량은 껍질 부위에서 생체 중 100g 당 각각 134.5mg, 159.1mg으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 다음은 태좌, 과육 순이었다. 비타민 C 함량의 경우 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량과는 다르게 태좌 부위에서 40.7mg으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 물질 간의 상관관계를 조사해 본 결과 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량과 항산화 활성 간에 고도의 상관관계가 나타났고, 비타민 C의 함량과는 다소 낮은 상관관계를 보였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하면 참외껍질 부위에서 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 성분함량이 가장 높게 나타났고, 참외의 항산화 활성을 나타내는 주요성분은 페놀성물질일 것으로 생각된다. 향후 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 성분 함량에서 가장 높게 나타난 껍질 부위의 활성성분 규명 등에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

In this study, block copolymer of polystyrene and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate(PEGMA) by ATRP(atom transfer radical polymerization) method was synthesized. 4 arm-molecule which contained halogen atom was synthesized for an initiator. With 4 arm-molecule monodispered polystyrene were synthesized by ATRP method. The molecular change of synthesized monodispersed polystyrene with respect to time was investigated and living polymer characteristic was confirmed. Block copolymer of polystyrene and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate(PEGMA) was synthesized by ATRP with macroinitiator which was synthesized from the monodispersed polystyrene(Mn=12000). The molecular weight of obtained PS-b-PEGMA was 22,000.

This study was conducted to investigate the total phenol contents, antioxidative activities and antibacterial activities of twenty species of entomopathogenic fungi. The total phenol content was highest in Aspergillus flavus (553.0±52.15 ㎍/g) and A. parasiticus (529.9±60.10 ㎍/g). On the other hand those in other strains were within the range of 26.6～121.9 ㎍/g. The antioxdative activity was shown in the most of strains and the highest DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was observed in A. flavus (90.9±2.90%) and A. parasiticus (77.9±4.13%). This result indicated that the antioxidative activities were very correlated with the total phenol contents. The antibacterial activitiy was found in the every tested pathogenic bacteria. Especially, the antibacterial activity was strongest against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherchia coli.

Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenolic compounds synthesized by plants that have a common chemical structure. Flavonoids may be further divided into subclasses, Anthocyanidins, Flavan-3- ols, Flavanones, Flavonols, Flavones, Isoflavones. Flavonoids have antioxidant and antiradical activities. The antiradical efficacy of flavonoids have established structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the antioxidant activity. Reactivity of flavonoids is highly dependent on the configuration of OH groups on the flavonoid B and C rings, there being little contribution from A ring to antioxidant effectiveness. This short article presents the current knowledge on structural aspects on their free radical reactions of flavonoids.

Solution copolymerization of Styrene(St.) with 2-Hydroxypropylacrylate(2-HPA) was carried out with Benzoylperoxide(BPO) as an initiator in toluene at 80℃ in a batch reactor. Reaction volume and reaction time were 0.3 liters, 8 hours respectively. The time to reach steady state was about the six time. The monomer reactivity ratios, r1(St.) and r2(2-HPA) were determined by both the Kelen-Tudos method and the Fineman-Ross method ; r1(St.)=0.376(0.330), r2(2-HPA)=0.408(0.778). The activation energy of thermal decomposition was in the range of 33~55kcal/mol.

Methyl methacrylate(MMA) was grafted onto microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) with ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN) as a redox initiator at the various conditions. The cellulose triacetate(CTA) composite films added MCC and MMA-grafted MCC powders were prepared on a glass plate. The graft yield(GY) and graft efficiency(GE) of the grafted MCC were calculated with the simple equations by the weight balance method. The double bond of C=O on the grafted MCC surfaces was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection(FT-IT ATR) spectrophotometer. After grafting, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose powders was decresed by judging from x-ray diffraction(XRD) data. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) photos showed the only solvent and CAN solution could change the roughness of MCC powders and the effect of powder dispersions in composite matrix. The tensile strength of MCC/CTA composite films was decreased with increase of MCC powder contents. When 5% grafted MCC was added, the tensile strength of grafted MCC/CTA composite films was increased from 82.3 MPa to 97.2 MPa. The thermal property of powders was also analyzed by the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+ scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.