There was a significant difference in Japanese"s consciousness among region, age, and job. Although traditional and conservation trend is strong in Tohoku and Kyushyu, people in metropolital areas tend to stick to old customs rather than those in non-metropolis. The difference of consciousness between suburban and rural areas is getting weaker. Depending on the character of research, however, the difference in consciousness was shown between Kanto and Kansai. People in big cities exhibit different consciousness, and people in Kyushyu show entirely different consciousness even in the same area like Kagoshima. There was a significant difference in consciousness regarding morals, politics and tradition. In particular, there was a conspicuous difference in awareness among people who have different jobs. People in agriculture and fishery showed strong conservatism while peolpe in technique and business showed openness. If this research findings show the difference of consciousness in region, age, and occupation, it might provide a model of stereotype. The purpose of this study, however, is to help Koreans to reconsider the stereotype of Japan, It is hoped that this research help people to be aware of a variety of Japanese.

Jang Bogo Station (JBS), the second Korean Antarctic research station, was established in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica (74.62°S 164.22°E) in February 2014 in order to expand the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) research capabilities. One of the main research areas at JBS is space environmental research. The goal of the research is to better understand the general characteristics of the polar region ionosphere and thermosphere and their responses to solar wind and the magnetosphere. Ground-based observations at JBS for upper atmospheric wind and temperature measurements using the Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) began in March 2014. Ionospheric radar (VIPIR) measurements have been collected since 2015 to monitor the state of the polar ionosphere for electron density height profiles, horizontal density gradients, and ion drifts. To investigate the magnetosphere and geomagnetic field variations, a search-coil magnetometer and vector magnetometer were installed in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Since JBS is positioned in an ideal location for auroral observations, we installed an auroral all-sky imager with a color sensor in January 2018 to study substorms as well as auroras. In addition to these observations, we are also operating a proton auroral imager, airglow imager, global positioning system total electron content (GPS TEC)/scintillation monitor, and neutron monitor in collaboration with other institutes. In this article, we briefly introduce the observational activities performed at JBS and the preliminary results of these observations.

본 논문에서는 구면 영상에서 영역 분할 정보를 사용하여 바닥 영역을 검출하는 방법을 제시 한다. 평면 영상에서의 Watershed 영역 분할 방법을 수정하여 구면 영상의 영역 분할에 적용할 수 있도록 하였다. 영역들을 분할한 뒤 가정된 바닥 영역 픽셀의 색상과 질감을 그 외의 영역 들과 비교하여 바닥 영역을 검출한다. 구면 파노라마 영상에서는 구면 왜곡으로 인하여 평면에 서의 바닥 검출 방법을 그대로 적용할 수 없다. 구면 왜곡을 고려한 바닥 영역 검출을 위하여 바닥 영역의 외곽선을 검출하는 알고리즘을 설계하였다. 실험에서 지상물이 없는 경우와 있는 경우의 모두에서 적절하게 바닥 영역을 검출할 수 있는 결과를 보였다.

The purpose of this study is to reveal network potential among agricultural villages focused on landscape and amenity resources. For this study, we conducted Social Network Analysis (SNA) utilizing existing landscape resource database. As a result of the study, major landscape types shared among villages were found for each city. For example, agricultural and residential landscapes were identified as major types for Danjin city. Add to major landscape resources, in Dangjin city, Habduk village were recognized as a core. Seokmun, Daehoji, Woogang, and Sunseong villages were widely found as the sub core group. For Seosan city, Jigok, Palbong, and Kobuk villages were widely recognized as core group. Most of villages which indicated the highest degree centrality were superior in terms of the number of total landscape resources as well as landscape type diversity. These results can be useful for initial planning process when considering major theme for landscape-based network organization. Also, this information will be helpful for planning stage through the specification of the potential role of each village in overall network.

Background : Ixeris dentata is the perennial herbaceous plant in the Ixeris genera within the Compositae family. The whole plant has been used traditionally as herbal medicine. It is widely distributed in South Korea and the genetic difference among the plants harvested from different regions may differ due to the disparity in cultivation climate. Therefore, this research was performed to discriminate the I. dentata that are collected from four locations in South Korea based on sequence analysis of nrDNA-ITS region. Methods and Results : Genomic DNA was extracted from I. dentata obtained from Goesan, Dangjin, Yangpyeong, and Chuncheon. I. stonolifera was included for a comparison of genetic distance with I. dentata. PCR amplification was performed by using an universal barcode nrDNA-ITS primer for DNA barcoding. After sequencing, the data was aligned using ClustalW multiple alignment tool in BioEdit version 7.2.5 software. SNP and phylogenetic analysis were conducted with the MEGA7 program. Phylogenetic analysis was presented with Neighbor-joining method using the K2P model. Statistical significance are evaluated using bootstrap (1,000 replicates). PCR products were amplified with about 800bp length for the ITS1-4 sequences of all samples. Nineteen SNPs were detected within a 578bp fragment of the aligned sequences. The mean GC content was 51.88% for ITS1-4 sequences of them. The interspecific genetic distance between I. dentata and I. stonolifera was 0.029%. The highest region-specific distance was confirmed to 0.010% between the plants from Dangjin with Goesan and Chuncheon group. Meanwhile, the mean intraspecific distance among the plants from Yangpyeong was 0.002%. Conclusion : In the phylogenetic analysis, the plants from Goesan and Chuncheon were placed within the same clade, while the plants from Dangjin formed independent clade. On the other hand, the plants from Yangpyeong were not grouped into one clade followed by the intraspecies variation. In conclusion, the data from the research will be useful for the regional identification of Dangjin, even if it is required to perform some additional researches.

Background: A set of logical criteria that can accurately identify and verify the cultivation region of raw materials is a critical tool for the scientific management of traditional herbal medicine. Methods and Results: Volatile compounds were obtained from 19 and 32 samples of Angelica gigas Nakai cultivated in Korea and China, respectively, by using steam distillation extraction. The metabolites were identified using GC/MS by querying against the NIST reference library. Data binning was performed to normalize the number of variables used in statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software. Significant variables with a Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 as obtained through OPLS-DA and those that resulted in p-values less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Among the 19 variables extracted, styrene, α-pinene, and β-terpinene were selected as markers to indicate the origin of A. gigas. Conclusions: The statistical model developed was suitable for determination of the geographical origin of A. gigas. The cultivation regions of six Korean and eight Chinese A. gigas. samples were predicted using the established OPLS-DA model and it was confirmed that 13 of the 14 samples were accurately classified

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm of the guidance line extraction for autonomous agricultural robot based on vision camera in paddy field. It is the important process for guidance line extraction which finds the central point or area of rice row. We are trying to use the central region data of crop that the direction of rice leaves have convergence to central area of rice row in order to improve accuracy of the guidance line. The guidance line is extracted from the intersection points of extended virtual lines using the modified robust regression. The extended virtual lines are represented as the extended line from each segmented straight line created on the edges of the rice plants in the image using the Hough transform. We also have verified an accuracy of the proposed algorithm by experiments in the real wet paddy.

This study investigated the problem of the existing rural development plan where the opinions of local residents are excluded due to the lack of expert knowledge and limited participation and sought the village development plan driven by the voluntary participation of local residents by applying a rural forum targeting rural villages to solve the problem. As a result of the study, (1) the problem of the current village development plan should be made based on the participation of local residents, and (2) this problem has remained as an important challenge. Therefore, the village improvement activities that have reflected the opinions of local residents can be said to be (3) the process that seeks the change into the rural planning process led by local residents, and this study derived the ways to ensure the voluntary behavior of local residents, strengthen local residents' capacity to create on-going villages, and expand local residents' participation opportunities in the entire process of rural planning through the application of the rural forum. (4) Although it is generally difficult for local residents to propose opinions directly and exert influence in the rural planning and design process and it is not easy to reduce the difference in the perspective between the professionals and local residents, significance lies in the fact that local residents voluntarily determine the future of their region and derive the plan. Therefore, the experience of decision-making and consensus process through the rural forum can promote the sustainability of the village creation participated by local residents and the increase of local residents' role. This study took one village as an example to reflect the results applied to the rural forum, and it is difficult to determine that it has been fully verified with the method of residents' participation. Therefore, future studies to verify the effectiveness of village creation and seek the empirical utilization measures are needed more, and the operation of education programs and various support plans suitable to the capacity and level of local residents should be promoted rather than the traditional lecture-style stereotyped education in the future for sustainable rural development.

본고는 서부경남지역의 저명한 학자로서 동학농민혁명에 관해 상세한 기록을 남긴 조성가의 ..월고일기..를 통해 서부경남지역의 동학의 확산과 향촌사회의 대응을 살핀 것이다. 서부경남지역은 관리들의 탐학과 혹심한 가뭄으로 자주 민란이 일어나고 있었으며, 호남지역 동학농민혁명을 계기로 동학농민혁명이 발발하게 되었다. 1894년 4월 산청 덕산에서 백낙도 등의 동학교도들이 처형 되었음에도 불구하고, 7월부터 호남지역의 지원을 받아 덕산의 동학농민군의 활동이 다시 활발하게 재개되었다. 동학농민군은 8월 19일부터 곤명의 봉계와 진주의 마동 일대에 모이기 시작하였으며, 동학농민군에 비판적인 사족들을 체 포하기 시작하였다. 이어 9월 초 섬진강을 건너온 순천, 광양의 영호도회소나 구례 등지를 거쳐 남원 등에서 온 호남지역 농민군과 함께 하동,진주, 사천, 곤양 등지를 동학농민군이 장악하게 되었다. 동학농민군은 폐정개혁과 왜적의 침 입을 막아낸다는 명분하에 대규모로 집결하였기 때문에, 진주 병영이나 관아에 서도 동학농민군의 기세를 막아 낼 수 없었다. 이에 조정에서는 관군과 일본군이 합세하여 서부경남지역 동학농민군을 공 격하게 하였다. 그 중 가장 큰 전투는 10월 14일 전개된 하동의 고성산성 전투 였다. 동학농민군은 전력을 기울였음에도 불구하고, 일본군의 무기와 전투기술 에 눌려 끝내 동학농민군은 패배할 수 밖에 없었다. 이어 이곳에 관군이 진격하 고 진주 우병영의 활동이 본격화되면서 동학농민군의 활동이 종식되게 되었다. 당시 동학농민군의 활동에 맞서 경상 우병영에서는 각 지역의 사족들을 군무 참모관으로 임명하고, 지역별로 성첩을 수리하고, 군량미를 확보하고자 하였다. 각 지역별로 요호(饒戶)를 대상으로 군무참모관을 뽑아 향회를 개최하고, 성첩 을 수리하고, 군기를 보수하였으며, 군량을 확보하는 방안을 마련하였다. 당시 사족들은 경상우병영의 대책에 대해서 불만이 많았으나, 어쩔 수 없이 자금을 제공하고, 군무에 종사할 수 밖에 없었다. 각 마을에서는 오가작통제를 강화하고 산에 보를 축조하였다. 오가작통제는 경상감영의 지시로 실시되었는데, 각 洞에 오고가는 자를 살펴서 수상한 자취 가 발견되면 통수→두령→통장→영수→관아→감영으로 보고하는 체계를 갖추 었다. 보는 진주 우병영의 지시로 단성이나 옥종면 일대의 산에 많이 축조되었다. 월횡리에서 축조한 사림산 보의 경우, 보의 축조에 마을 사람 전체가 동원되었 다. 마을 사람들은 산의 정상에 성문을 축조하고 보 안에는 사람들이 머무를 수 있는 집을 지었다. 그리고 식수원과 연결하는 길을 내었다. 그러나 이 보는 땅 이 좁아서 마을 사람들이 거주하기 불편하였고, 동학농민군의 신속한 공격에 맞서 제대로 대응하지 못하였다. 그러나 이러한 오가작통이나 보의 축조에도 불구하고, 마을에서는 동학농민 군에 가담한 인물이 점차 늘었다. 월횡리에는 최소한 두 개 이상 동학농민군 조 직이 있었으며, 10월 초 일본군이 진격해옴에 따라 마을 사람들이 동학농민군 에 강제 징집되었다. 대부분 탈출하였으나, 상당수가 동학농민군을 따라 백곡, 수곡, 북평을 거쳐 이동하였으며, 고성산성 싸움에 참여하기도 하였다. 그러나 동학농민군이 고성산성에서 패배함에 따라 전투에 참여하였던 사람들은 죽거 나 피신하였으며, 월횡리에는 도인과 속인의 조사가 시작되면서 동학농민혁명 이 막을 내리게 되었다.

In this study, we produced satellite-based drought indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), NDWI(normalized difference water index), and NDDI(normalized difference drought index) and extracted time-series principal components from the drought indices using EOF(empirical orthogonal function) method to examine their relationships with climatic variables. We found that the first principal components of the drought indices for Sonid Right Banner, Inner Mongolia were dominant in cold seasons and were closely related to low temperature, little rainfall, and high surface albedo. The satellite-based drought indices and their EOF analyses can be utilized for the studies of cold-season drought and warm-season drought as well.

We performed phylogenetic analyses of a total of 21 acessions covering 5 species in the Korean Trigonotis and one outgroup species using nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast rbcL, matK, ndhF sequences. Outgroup were chosen from the closely related genus Lithospermum zollingeri. Both parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the group. The evidence collected indicated that phylogenetic relationships among Korean Trigonotis species are unresolved based on nuclear marker (ITS), as the same as based on separated chloroplast sequences. While the phylogenetic relationships of Korean Trigonotis species almost clearly were resolved in combined chloroplast sequences. Thus, the members of Trigonotis coreana can be distinguished to the members of Trigonotis peduncularis in combined cpDNA sequences and Trigonotis nakaii was treated as a synonymed to Trigonotis radicans var. sericea. In addition, the MP and BI analysis showed Trigonotis icumae as sister of the remained Korean Trigonotis species based on combined molecular markers (BI: PP = 1).

본 논문에서는 의용영상의 병소부위 특징을 추출하는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 특징 추출을 위해 위장영상을 입력하여 DCT계수 행렬을 구하였다. DCT계수 행렬은 저주파 영역으로 에너지가 집중되기 때문에 저주파 영역에서 128개의특징 파라미터를 추출하였다. 추출된 특징 파라미터를 이용하여 질환영상과 정상영상을 비교하여 그래프로 나타내었다. 특징 파라미터는 PACS의 차등압축과 CAD를 위한 입력 파라미터로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study describes an efficient approach to the development of DNA markers for use in distinguishing the Scrophularia species that have been used as useful medicinal crops. In order to distinguish Scrophularia species, DNA sequences of rpl-5 region in mitochondrial DNA of Scrophularia species were analysed for detecting sequence variations, and the PCR-RFLP method was applied for developing practicable DNA marker patterns. Several DNA variations were detected by the sequence comparison of rpl-5 region among Scrophularia species. Genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species was carried out based on these DNA variations. DNA variations of rpl-5 region were revealed that it was significantly efficient in genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species. In addition, Scrophularia species tested in this study were completely discriminated by four polymorphic genotypes by PCR-RFLP combined with Tsp509 I (^AATT) restriction enzyme. Our results suggested that DNA sequence variations of rpl-5 region were sufficiently useful for genetic relationship analysis of Scrophularia species. Polymorphic genotypes by PCR-RFLP using the Tsp509 I enzyme will be useful for discrimination of Scrophularia species as a practicable DNA markers.

본 연구는 호남지방에서 수리적 위치와 지리적 요인의 영향을 명확히 반영하여 호남지방의 날씨 및 기후 특성을 잘 나타내는, 탁월한 일기 및 강수현상의 하계 순별 출현의 다소와 그 변화에 대해, 정보이론을 이용하여 일기엔트로피와 정보비를 추출하고 응용하여, 그 공간 스케일의 시간적 변동을 살핀다. 그리고 본 연구는 하계 순의 호남 지방의 15개 관측 지점별 일기 및 기후 대표성의 특성을 규명하고 공간적 질서를 밝혀 일기 및 핵심 기후지역 설정을 시도한 것이다. 그 결과 15개 기준지점의 정보비 분포와 일기대표성의 특성은 주로, 9월 하순(제1위 임실 기준 시 장수 0.73, 9월 하순)에 가장 커서 신뢰성이 있으며 8월 초순(제1위 여수 기준 시 전주 0.09, 8월 초순)에 가장 작아 국지성이 크다는 것을 밝혔다. 그리고 호남지방의 일기 및 기후대표성을 나타내는 핵심지역은 장흥-남원-임실-정읍-완도를 잇는 오각형내의 호남 서남부 지역(핵심 기후축: 장흥, 정읍, 완도)이 해당됨을 밝혔다.

본 연구에서는 2002년 강릉지역에 큰 피해를 일으킨 태풍 루사(Rusa) 호우 사례에 대하여 PMP(Probable Maximum Precipitation)의 산정 및 전이에서 발생할 수 있는 문제에 대해 분석하였다. PMP산정을 위해서는 2가지 이슬점온도 산정이 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 그 중 대표 12시간 지속 이슬점온도를 지상일기도, 지표 풍향, 850 hPa 수분속, 유선장 뿐만 아니라 강릉 지역의 지형적 특성까지 고려하여 수분 유입 지