The rate of industrial accident reduction is slowing down as the attention of the Ministry of Employment and Labor and related agencies on risk assessment systems decreased. this paper focuses on weakness of legal system for the risk assessment in recent years. A survey was conducted to identify the status and condition of the risk assessment system applying on small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. A set of questionnaires is designed to reflect various perspectives of the companies regarding the problems and solutions of the system. The results refer that differentiated instructions and support systems in response to the actual conditions of the companies are mandatory to reinforce the efficiency of risk assessment system.

This study is intended to look into the effect of construction safety supervision system on risk control and reduction. To achieve this, a survey was carried out to 114 companies in construction, ordering, contract and management. The overall findings were as follows. The effect of construction safety supervision system on risk control and reduction showed that factors of supervision system, supervision cost and supervision method had a positive effect on risk control and reduction. And their perception of the introduction of safety supervision system in construction sites according to process showed that there was a difference between them according to the field of ordering, contract and supervision. There was the biggest difference between owner and contractor in double supervision system, but no difference between them in the perception of risk reduction. These results show that all ordering, contract and supervision are positively needed for the introduction of construction safety supervision. This means that there is a difference between owner and contractor in the perception of process according to system operation. All companies agree to system improvement by the settlement of safety supervision system for the prevention of safety accidents and safe construction, but the systematic complement of safety supervision is the burden of contractor. And there is a big difference between owner and contractor in the perception of responsibility and concern for cost burden.

This study is intended to evaluate a risk of overseas construction companies. To achieve this, a survey was empirically carried out to overseas construction site experts. The results were as follows. The relative importance of parent factors showed that‘social culture’(0.157) was the highest, followed by ‘institutional regulation’(0.150),‘environment’(0.145),‘productivity’ (0.142),‘economic finance’(0.137),‘market condition’(0.136) and‘political policy’(0.133). As for the above-mentioned findings, the most important risk factor in overseas construction was social culture of entry countries, followed by construction-related legal system. All construction companies, contractors and design companies said that social culture was the most important parent factor, varying from construction industry. And they said that workforce availability was also the most important in the importance of sub-factors, followed by conflict due to the differences in lifestyle. Consequently, it is important to manage risk for socio-cultural factors in overseas construction, risk for double workforce, and risk for the differences in thinking or lifestyle by the participation of multinational workforce.

Currently, the luxury retail market exceeds one trillion dollars in sales (Aroche, 2015) and is proliferated by the use of celebrities as endorsers and luxury brand ambassadors (Buckley, 2015; Okonkwo 2010). The practice of linking celebrities in luxury brand communications dates back to at least the 1800s and while the successful usage of celebrities is widely documented (e.g., Agrawal & Kamakura, 1995), so too are the stories of catastrophes as a result of celebrity transgression, overshadowing or just poor fit. Even without negative publicity or inappropriate behaviours, the use of a celebrity can still present risks to the luxury brand. For example, where unintended meanings associated with the celebrities are transferred to the luxury brand (Walker & Langmeyer, 1992; Till, 1998) or when the popularity of the celebrity (e.g. Angelina Jolie) overshadows the brand (e.g. St John) (Buckley, 2015; Horwell, 2011; Rossiter & Percy, 1987; Till & Busler, 2000). Overshadowing isn’t the only risk luxury brand managers may encounter when utilising a celebrity to endorse their brand. If, for example, consumers don’t see a match between the brand and the celebrity, or if consumers perceive the celebrity as being irrelevant to the brand, or if the celebrity has lost their appeal and connection with consumers then the celebrity presents a risk for the brand image (Choi & Rifon, 2012; Fleck, Korchia & Le Roy, 2012; Till & Busler, 2000). The choice of the ‘wrong’ celebrity can be an extremely costly mistake, with loss of sales and/or damage to the brand equity and image of the luxury brand being the potential outcome (Carrillat, D’Astous & Lasure, 2013; Folse, Burton & Netemeyer, 2013; Halonen-Knight & Hurmerinta, 2010; Thwaites, Lowe, Monkhouse & Barmes, 2012). Risk reducing strategies and due diligence during the selection process is a lengthy, complicated and complex process (Erdogan, Baker & Tagg, 2001). Luxury brand managers have long called for a more systematic and objective criteria by which to evaluate the potential celebrity risk factors (Okonkwo, 2010; Toncar, Reid, & Anderson, 2007); and this paper takes up that call with three contributions to both the literature and to practice. The first contribution concerns risk reduction strategies and extensions to the current thinking on the celebrity construct (for a thorough discussion on the celebrity construct see Gabler, 2001; Goldman, 2011; Rojek, 2001; Turner, 2004). There is a small stream of research that discusses the non-human celebrity as both a risk reducer for celebrity endorsement and also as an extension of the concept of ‘celebrity’ (e.g., Blewitt, 2013; Callcott & Lee, 1995; Folse et al., 2013; Giles, 2013; Rindova, Pollock & Hayward, 2006). This stream of research is novel and emergent and our work adds to this literature by defending our claim that like firms, animals, mythical beings and fictitious humans, events can also be celebrities. Broadening the conceptualisation of celebrity to apply to more than just real people, allows luxury brand managers to reduce costs, and regain some degree of control over the important image and reputational management of the celebrities with whom they wish to be associated The second contribution is the Celebrity Criterion Checklist, which provides luxury brand managers with a simple, systematic and quick way to determine whether someone or something (an entity) is a celebrity or not (given at least 15 years of debate about the contest term of “celebrity”). The Celebrity Criterion Checklist contains five criterion. If a luxury brand manager finds the entity they are considering fulfils all five criteria, then the brand manager be confident that they are a celebrity. The third contribution is the Celebrity Risk Evaluation Matrix (CREM). The Celebrity Risk Evaluation Matrix (CREM), facilitates higher-ordered assessments of the risk/benefit ratio associated with using different types of celebrities in luxury brand communications in a simple visual representation. Since celebrities are dynamic and have an ongoing narrative, celebrities can and do move between these quadrants and movement will depend on their life-cycle, their behavioural choices, their media presence, their authenticity and their relevance to consumers.

During periods where a fine dust watch was announced, we measured particulate matter by the light scattering method and the gravimetric method in accordance with the application of an air cleaner in 3 homes. The first investigation showed a lower indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration distribution than normal when there was a fine dust warning. Also, it was found that the result of the second research was similar to the first research, and was the effect of an air cleaner. The result of a comparison of black carbon (BC) concentration in accordance with an air cleaner at one room showed a lower concentration distribution than normal, as in the first and the second research when there was a fine dust warning. PM2.5 risk reduction effect showed 9.09E-5 (light scattering method) ~ 9.37E-5 (Gravimetric method) and 1.71E-4 (Light scattering method) ~ 1.76E-4 (Gravimetric method). Therefore, it was found that when there was a fine dust watch without ventilation, if air cleaner with the proper capacity is used and the influx of outside air reduced, the harmful effects of the fine dust can be lessened.

This study was carried out to analyze water suspension in the water supply system through fault tree analysis. And quantitative factors was evaluated to minimize water suspension. Consequently the aim of this study is to build optimal planning by analyzing scenarios for water suspension.Accordingly the fault tree model makes it possible to estimate risks for water suspension, current risks is 92.23 m3/day. The result of scenario analysis by pipe replacement, risks for water suspension was reduced 7.02 m3/day when replacing WD4 pipe. As a result of scenario analysis by water district connections, the amount of risk reduction is maximized when it is connecting to network pipe of D Zone. Therefore, connecting to network pipe for D Zone would be optimal to reduce risk for water suspension.

In recent years, the national surveillance network reported the isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and coliform from powdered infant formula (PIF). PIF means a breast-milk substitute specially manufactured to satisfy the nutritional requirements of infants during the first month. PIF is not sterile infant food and may be intrinsically contaminated with pathogens, such as E. sakazakii and Salmonella enterica that can cause serious illness in infants. Intrinsic contamination of PIF with E. sakazakii and S. enterica has been a cause of infection and illness in infants. E. sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogens and more commonly found than S. enterica in manufacturing environment. Even low levels of contamination of E. sakazakii and S. enterica in PIF were considered to be a risk factor. Enterobacteriaceae showed the high prevalence and some Enterobacteriaceae causing disease were detected. The infant food industry should be encouraged to reduce the concentration and prevalence of E. sakazakii in both the manufacturing environment and PIF. The presence of these microorganisms in PIF may occur as a results of contamination through ingredients during PIF manufacturing process and from the processing environment during packaging. In order to ensure that ingredients and packaging materials are microbiologically suitable, PIF manufacturer need to be selection of supplier according to stringent criteria (e.g. HACCP, good hygienic practices) and testing of ingredients especially colostrum. In conclusion, it is continually necessary to monitor the potential pathogens and reduce them to improve the microbial quality of non-sterilized PIF.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fast food customer's perceived risks on risk reduction behavior, attitude and purchase intention. A total of 268 usable surveys were collected using a stratified random sampling method. Descriptive analysis and factor analysis was then conducted using SPSS 12.0, and a Cronbach's α was generated to estimate the internal consistency of the survey items. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships among variables. The results indicated that fast food safety and monetary risks had a negative effect on customer feelings and satisfaction with fast food, which had a positive effect on buying purpose and recommendation purpose. Conversely, obesity and monetary risks only had a negative effect on buying purpose. An improved menu more effectively reduced the risk perceived by the fast-food customers than an improved image.

This study is carried out for the fire safety of the factory building, the fire risk reduction measure in compliance with an example approached in fire risk reduction systematically, contribute to reduce the fire risk. The analytical fire risk process of discovering, identifying, estimating and evaluating risk and control measure as risk reduction measures are core concept, applies loss prevention with loss control techniques. The painting process in the workplace where the fire hazard and death accident accompanies coexists. Loss prevention problem of creation prevention of dangerous atmosphere at workplace is health and human services problem of normal circumstances, must be inspected with problem of combustible gases at the time of fire explosion. Static electricity measure accomplished the risk control process thoroughly as the fire risk reduction process model with the ignition sources measure which is presented. Fire risk from within organizing will be able to classify with each field by detailedly but risk treatment process will be able to apply basically all the same concept. Consequently about risk management example from before, this study is proposed risk management techniques that standardized rightly in the actual condition of organization with one plan, with discovery of fire risk, the feedback process in compliance with a fire risk reduction and the review which control the result is joint responsibility of engineer, technical expert and manager as part of safety management to practice with the fact must be supervised.

The intussusception recurs in approximately 10 percent of children after successful nonoperative reduction. The main objective was to determine the clinical and sonographic findings that could be used to predict recurrence of ileocolic intussusception in children that had been successfully reduced by enema. A retrospective search was performed on 66 children, at age of 3 months to 7 years, with successful enema reduction of intussusception during a 2.5-year period from January 2013 to July 2015. The clinical, laboratory records, and sonographic findings were compared between recurrence of intussusceptions group (ROI) and non-recurrence group (NROI). Statistical significances were found in age (median, 26.0 vs 18.5 months; P =0.022) and terminal ileal wall thickening (mean, 10.23 vs 7.8 mm; p=0.002); in contrast, there was no significance considering gender, irritability (p=0.074), currant jelly stool (p=1.0), or C-reactive protein (p=0.908). Recurrence is associated with age and the thickening of terminal ileal wall, but clinical or laboratory findings. Given the small number of cases, further studies should be conducted.

In this presentation, a review on the major disasters that occurred in the Philippines over the recent years will be concisely presented. This include the overview of the type of disasters that occurred, the frequency of occurrence, as well as the effects of these disasters on communities (e.g., economic costs to agriculture and infrastructure, etc.). Also, the legal basis for policies, plans and programs to deal with the disasters will be presented. It will be covered under the four thematic areas, namely, (1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which correspond to the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC). By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and implements the NDRRMP and ensures that the physical framework, social, economic and environmental plans of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plan. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) is consistent with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF), which serves as “the principal guide to disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) efforts to the country….” The Framework envisions a country of “safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development.” It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein men and women have increased their awareness and understanding of disaster reduction risk management (DRRM), with the end in view of increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) 2011-2028 will also be discussed. The NDRRMP sets down the expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, indicators, lead agencies, implementing partners and timelines under each of the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing thematic areas. The goals of each thematic area lead to the attainment of the country’s overall DRRM vision, as graphically shown below.

기상청의 한반도 기후변화 전망보고서(2012)에 따르면 온실가스 배출이 현재와 같이 지속될 경우(RCP 8.5) 21세기 후반(2071-2100) 우리나라의 평균기온은 현재보다 5.3℃ 상승하고, 폭염일수는 30.3일 증가하여, 폭염으로 인한 강도가 한층 심화될 것으로 예측되고 있다. 폭염으로 인한 피해를 저감하기 위하여 우리나라에서는 2005년부터 국민안전처(구 소방방재청)에서 범정부적인 폭염대응 종합대책을 수립하여 시행하고 있다. 또한, 기관별, 지자체별로 각각 폭염대응정책 마련을 통해 폭염으로 인한 피해를 최소화하려는 노력을 하고 있다. 본 연구의 목표는 여름철 기온 상승으로 인한 폭염에 대응하고, 중장기적으로 폭염 피해를 경감할 수 있는 대책을 발굴하는 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 국내·외 구조적, 비구조적 폭염대책을 비교·분석하고, 국내의 폭염대책의 현황과 문제점을 조사하였다. 특히, 대표적인 폭염대책 중 하나인 무더위쉼터의 공간적 분포와 이용현황을 분석하였다. 또한, GIS를 이용하여 지역별 폭염일수, 취약계층 비율(65세 이상 고령자, 독거노인, 기초생활수급자), 재정자립도 등의 폭염취약지표를 이용한 폭염취약성을 분석하였으며, 폭염취약지역과 무더위쉼터 분포와의 공간적 상관관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통한 기존 폭염대책의 개선방안 및 새로운 대책은 중장기적으로 폭염피해를 저감하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

최근 10년간 우리나라 재해특성을 분석한 결과 호우에 의한 홍수피해가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 도시지역에서의 홍수피해가 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 최근 5년간 총 25개 시·군 77개 동이 2회 이상 반복적인 주택침수를 겪은 것으로 나타났으며, 서울시는 2010년과 2011년 집중호우로 광화문, 강남역 등 도심지역에서 홍수피해를 입기도 하였다. 이렇듯 도시지역에서 홍수피해가 빈번하게 발생하는 원인은 강우패턴 변화와 지역집중현상 증가 그리고 강우강도의 증가를 들 수 있으며, 도시화로 인한 불투수성 증가, 위험지역으로의 주거지역 확대, 무분별한 도시계획 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 도시 지역에 활용 가능한 도시홍수저감대책으로는 우수유출저감시설, 하수·우수관거, 펌프장, 하천시설 그리고 분리배수시설 등이 있다. 현재 도시는 i) 전기배선, 통신라인 등 각종 지중 매설물 설치로 인한 우수·하수관거 확대 및 정비 어려움, ii) 계획홍수위 보다 낮은 지역에 주거지가 형성된 경우 계획홍수위 조정이 필요하나 도시화로 하천확대 및 정비 어려움, iii) 부처별로 기본계획을 수립하고 있는 등 하천, 펌프장, 하수관거, 우수유출저감시설을 동시에 고려하는 홍수재해저감종합대책 수립 어려움 등의 문제점을 낭고 있어 홍수저감대책을 효과적으로 수립하는데 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시지역 홍수재해저감종합대책 수립을 위한 방안으로 일본의 특정도시하천특별법을 통한 도시지역 침수피해 저감 사례 등 국외 사례를 통해 하천, 펌프장, 하수관거, 우수유출저감시설을 동시에 고려하는 홍수피해저감대책 수립방안을 소개한다. 더불어 이러한 대책을 성공적으로 수행하기 위한 중앙정부, 지방정부, 전문가, 지역주민, NGO 등이 함께 참여하는 협의체 구성을 소개한다.

전 세계적으로 재해대응에 대한 다양한 요구와 기술지원의 필요성이 대두되고 있으며, 특히, 방재분야의 국제협력 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 2012년 로스까보스 G20 정상회의에서 방재기술 및 평가기법의 이전을 통해 개도국 재난위험관리 역량 제고를 위한 선제적 투자지원을 협의했으며, 2014년 한·아세안 정상회담을 통해 한국의 ODA사업 중점협력분야에 방재분야를 추가하는 계획이 발표되기도 했다. 이는 지금까지의 재난관련 국제협력이 물류적 지원측면이 강했다면, 앞으로는 기술지원 및 공동연구를 통해 보다 전략적으로 시행되야함을 시사한다. 특히, 대규모 자연재난의 경우 한 나라의 피해가 다른 나라의 경제산업에 미치는 영향을 고려할 때 자연재난분야 글로벌 네트워크 구축이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국립재난안전연구원의 『재난안전 신기술 해외보급(ODA)』을 소개하고, 향후 중점협력국 대상 방재분야 ODA사업의 추진방향에 대해 논의하였다.

전 세계적으로 기후변화가 심화됨에 따라 자연재해로 인한 각종 피해가 대형화 되고 있을 뿐 아니라 일상화 되고 있다. 우리나라도 최근 기후가 빠르게 변화하고 있으며, 이상기후 현상이 빈번히 발생하여 그 피해가 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 유엔기후변화협약에서는 2010년 제16차 당사국총회에서 ‘컨쿤 적응틀’의 마련에 동의하여 국가 차원의 국가적응계획의 수립과 손실과 피해에 대한 프로그램, 그리고 적응위원회를 구축하기로 하여 그간 관련 논의가 진행되어 왔다. 손실과 피해는 제19차 당사국총회에서 바르샤바 국제적 메커니즘 구축에 동의, executive committee의 구축 등 기후변화와 관련된 각종 손실과 피해를 다루는 국제적인 틀을 구축하기 위한 협상이 진행 중이다. OECD 가입국가를 비롯한 상당수의 선진국들은 국가기후변화 적응전략을 수립하고 국가기후변화 적응계획을 수립 혹은 이행 중에 있다. 유엔기후변화협약에서는 기후변화에 특히 취약하며 적응역량이 부족한 최빈개도국을 중심으로 Global Support Program을 통해 국가적응계획의 수립을 지원하고 있다. 우리나라도 기후변화 영향의 확산과 적응의 시급성에 따라 2010년 관계부처 합동으로 제1차 국가적응대책(‘11~’15)을 수립, 이행하여 왔으며 현재 제2차 국가적응대책(‘15~’20)의 수립을 위한 준비가 진행 중이다. 또한, 지역 차원에서의 기후변화 적응의 중요성에 따라 광역지자체를 대상으로 적응계획을 수립하였으며, 국가적응계획 수립을 기초지자체로도 확산 중에 있다. 적응계획은 기후변화의 영향을 받고 적응이 필요한 모든 부문을 중심으로 중장기적인 관점의 적응계획을 수립하는 것이다. 자연재해 관련 피해가 증가함에 따라 자연재해 관련 적응계획이 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 앞으로 기후변화가 더욱 심화될 것에 대비하여 자연재해 부문의 적응계획을 기존의 자연재해 대응 정책과 연계하여 효과적이고도 효율적인 기후변화 적응대책을 수립·추진하여 기후변화로 인한 관련 피해를 최소화 하는 노력이 필요하다.

기후변화의 영향으로 최근 100년간(1911년∼2010년) 6대 도시 평균기온은 1.8℃ 상승하고 있고,이는 세계평균(0.6∼0.7℃)을 상회하며, 폭염을 포함한 다양한 형태로 심각한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이와 더불어 도시화·산업화로 인한 재난환경 변화로 홍수, 태풍 등 대형재난발생에 따른 대규모 피해가 우려됨에 따라 재난환경에 선제적으로 대응하기 위해 지역별 재난취약요소 및 수방시설물의 취약성 도출 및 재해저감대책을 마련할 필요성이 대두되었다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화 시대에 맞도록 「지역별 방재성능목표 설정·운영」제도 시행 및「방재기준 가이드라인」마련 등 방재기준을 재설정하였다. 새롭게 설정된 방재기준은 안전한 사회와 복원력있는 지역건설을 위해 재해위험지구 정비사업 조기 추진을 위한 예산투자 확대, 안전하고 친환경적인 소하천정비사업 추진 등에 활용될 수 있다.

재해가 발생하면 각국은 재해위험도저감 및 복원력 향상을 위해 복구 혹은 지역수요를 반영한 지속가능한 예방 사업을 수행한다. 이러한 대책들이 국가 혹은 지역에 적합하게 적용되었는지 또는 사업으로 인한 재해저감 효과가 있는지에 대한 모니터링 및 평가는 재난위험도관리에 있어 매우 중요하다. 현재 이를 위한 세부항목이나 프레임웍이 정립되지 않아 효율적인 평가가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사업의 재해저감 효과를 평가하고 효율적인 저감대책수립을 지원하기 위한 모니터링 및 평가 시스템을 개발한다. 국가단위 시스템 개발을 위하여 최근 6년(2007-2012) 동안의 글로벌 재해저감사업 내용과 사업에 따른 재해위험도 변화 등을 분석하여 지표항목들을 개발하였다. 지표의 객관성을 유지하기 위하여 수행목표와 유사한 항목은 지표에서 제외하였다. 효고행동계획에 반영된 성과나 기타 조사보고서에 반영된 성과는 성과지표로 반영하였다. 개발된 시스템의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 2014-2016년 동안 수행된 캄보디아, 아이티, 과테말라, 말라위, 에티오피아, 이지부티, 스리랑카, 네팔 그리고 베트남 사업에 시스템을 적용하고 그 결과를 분석하였다.