본 연구의 목적은 미국의 소년범에 대한 무관용주의 형사정책의 딜레마와 시사점을 살펴보는 것이다. 미국의 소년범 무관용주의 형사정책의 딜레마는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연방대법원과 주법원 간 청소년 범죄자에 대한 사형, 가석방 없는 종신형, 성인법원 기소 등 무관용주의적 처벌에 대한 갈등이 반복되고 있다. 둘째, 무관용주의 형사정책 은 청소년의 발달과 개별환경을 고려하지 못하며, 소년범에 대한 가혹한 보복적 제재 라는 비판을 받는다. 셋째, 소년범의 성인교도소 구금은 부적절한 형사사법처우이며, 넷째, 연방대법원의 정치적 성향이 소년범 판결에 지나치게 영향을 미치며, 다섯째, 소년범 무관용주의 형사정책의 근거법인 학교총기금지법이 공립학교에만 적용되어 특 정 인종 및 빈곤계층이 차별적으로 대우를 받는다는 비판이다. 미국의 소년범 무관용 주의 형사정책의 딜레마는 우리에게 다음과 같은 시사점을 준다. 첫째, 소년범에 대한 획일적인 무관용주의 형사정책은 청소년을 범죄인화로 이끄는 파이프라인이 될 수 있다. 둘째, 가족과의 분리를 전제로 하는 구금처우는 소년범의 사회적 자본을 단절시켜 재사회화를 어렵게 한다. 셋째, 소년범에 대한 검사의 선의주 의는 검사의 재량을 지나치게 확대하여 인권침해 소지가 있다. 넷째, 소년형사법원의 도입이 필요하다. 다섯째, 비행 청소년에 대한 개별평가가 제대로 이루어져야 한다. 여섯째, 소년범에 대한 엄격한 무관용주의 정책은 막대한 사회적 비용을 초래하며, 일 곱째, 소년범 처벌에 대한 사법기관의 일관성 있는 판결과 사법정책이 필요하다.

The association between the COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and the risk of fibromyalgia has been investigated in previous studies, but the results are controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis has been performed to confirm the association between COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and the risk of fibromyalgia in this study. Our study includes eleven case-control studies with 2,909 individuals comprised of 1,365 fibromyalgia patients and 1,544 control subjects. The regression analysis was performed using the random effects model or the fixed effects model and OR with the corresponding 95 % CI was calculated for the allele, recessive, dominant, over-dominant, co-dominant 1, and co-dominant 2 model. No statistical significant associations were observed between COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and risk of fibromyalgia in allele model (P-value = 1.00), recessive model (P-value = 1.00), dominant model (P-value = 0.54), co-dominant 1 model (P-value = 1.00) and co-dominant 2 model (P-value = 1.00). In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed that the COMT rs4680(G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism might not be genetic risk factor for the fibromyalgia.

Radon is a radioactive gas material, which is not detectable by humans because of the absence of color and odor. Radon gas can exist indoors through a number of pathways and long-term exposure to such material can affect the human body, which may result in serious health issues such as lung-cancer. It is thus essential to reduce and maintain indoor radon concentration in order that potential health risks from radon can be diminished. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, it is requisite to utilize a practical detector which is capable of continuous radon monitoring. In relation to this, a recently developed prototype radon detector, i.e., RS9A, provides highperformance comparable to existing research-grade radon detectors for the purpose of continuous radon monitoring in the air. Furthermore, RS9A is a convenient piece of equipment for use by the public as it is compact in size and affordable. In this paper, we conducted continuous measurements of indoor radon concentrations by using sets of RS9A and evaluated the equivalence of RS9A in terms of quality assurance.

Radon is known to be one of the representative carcinogen materials, and may cause severe health damage to the human body with long-term exposure. Without proper treatment such as natural and mechanical ventilation, indoor radon concentration tends to increase as time passes. In this aspect, it is necessary to maintain indoor radon concentration below the domestic indoor air quality (IAQ) management standard by continuous monitoring. However, the number of practical devices which can detect radon concentration is scarce and most of the existing devices are very costly. Among such devices, the RS9A, a prototype of a radon detector, detects indoor radon concentration and is priced significantly lower compared to other existing radon detectors. In this paper, we investigated the RS9A for the continuous detection of indoor radon gas and compared its performance to a commercially available radon detector (RadonEye). We measured indoor radon concentrations at two separate sites by using both detectors simultaneously. The indoor radon concentrations measured by the aforementioned detectors revealed a high correlation. Therefore, the RS9A can be considered as an appropriate candidate for use as a continuous indoor radon monitoring system.

The study of environmental behavior is widespread in the literature. However, while substantial consideration has been given to home environmental behaviors and sustainable consumption, far less research has focused on workplace environmental behaviors. The values-beliefs-norms (VBN) model is a framework that has been utilized to examine environmental behavior but the model has rarely been applied to a workplace setting. This paper examines the “4Rs” (reducing use, reusing, repurposing, and recycling) of workplace environmental conserving behaviors, based on Ones and Dilchert’s (2013) taxonomy, along with all elements of the VBN framework. This research identifies relationships between these variables via a quantitative methodology. In doing so, this study presents a new and important application of the VBN framework to employee pro-environmental behavior and suggests potential directions for using related interventions and communications to improve environmental behavior in organizations.

목 적 : 확산강조영상(diffusion weighted image, 이하 DWI)은 조직의 생물학적 특성을 반영하여 암을 진단할 수 있게 하며 또한 조영증강이 따로 필요하지 않아 유방암을 평가하는데 많이 이용되고 있다. 이에, 유방암에서 RS-EPI와 SS-EPI를 이용한 DWI 영상의 겉보기확산계수(apparent diffusion coefficient, 이하 ADC)값의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 11월부터 2015년 12월까지 본원에서 조직검사상 유방암으로 진단되어 유방 자기공명영상을 시행한 40명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 연구를 진행하였다. 모두 여자였으며 나이는 30세에서 58세(평균 연령, 43.6세)였다. 검사장비는 MR/PET 3.0T scanner(Biograph mMR; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany)와 유방 전용코일(mMR Bl Breast Coil;4-channel)을 사용하였다. 확산강조영상은 축상면 RS-EPI (b-value=0 and 1,000s/mm²), TR/TE=8300/60, FOV 340×273mm, 총 40명의 유방암 환자를 대상으로 유방자기공명을 시행한 여자환자 중 지원자 중 정상군 6명(성인남자 6명, 45.25+10.24)을 대상으로 3.0T 자기공명영상장치(Philips Ingenia system: Nederland Version R5.1.7)의 Head coil을 이용하여 데이터를 획득하였다. 검사기법으로는 Single-shot EPI기법과 TSE기법을 사용하였으며 매개변수로는 TR/TE:Shortest, FA:90°, Thickness:2mm, No gap, SENSE Factor:2, b-value:1000(s/mm²)과 각각 FOV:200mm, Matrix:111x112와 FOV:180mm, Matrix:100x100으로 검사하였다. Signal Intensity의 측정은 Philips사의 Viewforum을 사용하였으며, NEX값은 1, 2, 3, 4로 변화시켰다. Cerebellum의 Anterior lobe(Cerebellar nuclei)와 Posterior lobe(Inferior semilunar lobule)에 각각 ROI의 Signal Intensity(SI)를 측정하여 Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)를 비교 평가하였으며, 영상왜곡 정도를 방사선사 5명이 평가하였다. 결 과 : Cerebellum의 Anterior lobe과 Posterior lobe에서 EPI기법을 사용한 경우는 NEX값이 증가함에 따라 SNR 값이 각각, 163.93±1.52, 102.70±1.39, 80.70±1.34, 67.56±1.28과 156.91±1.85, 125.64±1.43, 99.07±1.39, 84.59±1.53으로 측정되었으며, TSE기법을 사용한 경우는 각각, 357±1.42, 158.00±1.04, 69.93±1.48, 55.89±1.87과 368.30±1.72, 175.55±1.62, 76.18±1.79, 61.21±1.03으로 측정되었다. 영상왜곡 평가에서는 EPI기법에서 심하다가 9명으로 가장 높았으며, TSE기법에서는 매우 심하지 않다가 11명으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결 론 : EPI기법에서는 NEX가 증가함에 따라 SNR이 감소하지만 상대적으로 감소폭이 적고, 영상왜곡 정도와 육안적 영상평가에서는 변화가 없었으며, TR이 증가하면서 검사시간이 증가하였다. TSE기법에서는 SNR의 감소폭이 상대적으로 크고, 영상왜곡 정도에는 변화가 역시 없었지만 육안적 영상평가에서는 변화가 있었으며, TR의 변화 없이 검사시간이 증가하였다. 그러므로 국소적으로 왜곡이 심한 부위에서는 TSE기법의 DWI를 이용하여 3NEX 이상을 주어 검사하는 것이 병변진단에 유용하다.

This study tested the association between genotypes of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker, rs81437607 and capric acid (FA_C10_0) compositions in longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs. Eighteen fatty acid (FA) compositions were measured in a total of 974 F2 animals among 1,106 F2 progeny produced between Landrace and Jeju Black Pig (JBP). Among FA compositions tested, we identified a cluster of highly significant SNPs for capric acid compositions on 58 Mb position of Sus scrofa chromosome 12 (SSC12) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) with F2 genotypes from SNP panel analysis. GWAS results showed that the rs81437607 was the highest trait-related SNP marker with capric acid levels. Three genotypes (C/C, C/T and T/T) of rs81437607 marker were found in F2 population by further pyrosequencing. Association analysis results showed the significant differences between rs81437607 genotypes and capric acid compositions (P<0.05). The F2 pigs harboring rs81437607 C/C (0.119±0.002%) and C/T (0.116±0.002%) genotypes showed additively higher levels of capric acid content than those of T/T homozygotes (0.109±0.002%) (P=1.30×10-12). These results suggested that the genetic variations of rs81437607 may be helpful to find causative variants and assist as molecular genetic markers for improving the capric acid contents in longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs.

Shuttle-Based Storage/Retrieval System (SBS/RS) is relatively new to industry. The system is in the category of Automated Storage/Retrieval System (AS/RS), but it is different in that the SBS/RS uses shuttles as Storage/Retrieval (SR) machine instead using a stacker crane. The shuttles are assigned to each tier on multi-tier system and operated for pick-up or drop-off order. Since the system can handle multiple orders simultaneously, it can provide much higher throughput than that of general AS/RS with single stocker crane. Thus, this new system is well fit to recent tendency of increasing small quantity batch production and orders. One of the drawback of this system is that it needs a lot of investment to set up. The efficient operation of the system would be one of the critical matters to increase economic efficiency of capital investment. In this study, we focused on the dwell point policy for shuttles to find efficient way of operating the system. There are four basic policies for the dwell point and we had simulation-based experiment for two different scenarios based on the speed of the shuttle and inter-arrival time of the loads coming to the system combined with four different policies. As it was mentioned above, this SBS/RS relatively new to the field and there is no such experiment shown on previous research and the study of dwell point policy for this SBS/RS could provide the direct comparison of each policy with different hardware specification; the capability of the system. The policy that achieves most efficient operation among the given environment is proposed and the usability of the system is discussed.

We present results of a new high-resolution spectroscopic study of the RS CVn-type binary system EI Eridani (HD26337). We used high S/N ratio LSD profiles to measure a new RV orbit of the primary component and new orbital parameters. We found evidence of strong spectral line profile variations at time intervals indicating the existence of short-lived (few days) spots on the surface of the primary component. We measured a projected rotation velocity of star of 53.2 km/s

본 연구는 GIS․RS를 기반으로 무주군 산림의 이산화탄소 (CO2) 흡수량 및 바이오에너지 공급 잠재량을 추정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 추정 결과, 무주군 산림은 7,800,130 tCO2를 흡수한 것 으로 추정되었으며, 이용 가능한 전체 바이오에너지 공급 잠재량은 11,868,202,837 M㎈인 것으 로 추정되었다. 또한, 연간 바이오에너지 공급 잠재량은 314,876,637 M㎈/year이었으며, 이는 겨울철 난방용 바이오에너지로 무주군 전체 가구수 10,902 가구보다 많은 11,214 가구에 공급할 수 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구는 국가단위 산림의 CO2 흡수량 및 바이오에너지 공급 잠 재량 추정에 있어서 그 방법론을 제시하였으며, GIS․RS 등의 최신 기법을 기반으로 정밀한 산림 정보를 이용한 국가단위의 추정은 신뢰도를 더욱 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

The long-period stacking order (LPSO) structures and stacking faults (SFs) in rapidly solidified powder metallurgy (RS P/M) Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations. The 18R-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ACBCBCBACACACBABAB and a period of 4.86 nm was observed in the as-extruded RS P/M Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy. After annealing at 773 K for 5 hr, the 18R-type LPSO structure was transformed to the 14H-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ABABABACBCBCBC and a period of 3.64 nm. The 24R-type LPSO structure containing 24 atomic layers of ABABABABCACACACABCBCBCBC with period of 6.18 nm coexists with the 14H-type LPSO structure in the same grains. The LPSO structures contain intrinsic Type II SFs such as BCB/CABA and ABA/CBCB stacking sequences of a closely packed plane.

SPC와 EPC의 통합은 연속공정산업에서 성공적으로 사용된다. 그러나, 이산적인 부품 제조공정의 모니터링과 연속 생산공정 모니터링 양쪽 모두를 포함하는 산업에서의 통합기법을 적용하기 위해서는 실시간 보정과 공정조절 등에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 SPC와 EPC의 차이를 비교분석하고, 혼성 산업에서 SPC와 EPC를 성공적으로 통합하여 효율적인 공정관리의 적용 사례를 제시하고자 한다.

We consider an AS/RS(Automated Storage/ Retrieval System) which performs both of single and dual commands. The service times of single and dual commands are assumed to be differently distributed. Steady-state probabilities at the service completion epochs

As for the performance estimation of the AS/RS(Automated Storage/Retrieval System) most research assumes the AS/RS machine performs only either single command (SC) or dual command (DC) at each operation, and in addition, the type of requests is known in advance, which are not adequate in the real system. In this paper, we propose a stochastic approach for the performance estimation of a unit-load AS/RS. We assume that the service time when the AS/RS performs single command is differently distributed from that of dual command. Especially, we obtain the steady state probability distribution of the numbers of storage and retrieval commands waiting in the queues at each service completion epoch.

최근에는 수요자 요구의 다양화, 전문인력의 부족, 고임금화, 열악한 작업장에서의 작업기피 현상 등의 영향으로 인해 생산 및 물류의 자동화가 활발히 추진되고 있다. 생산 및 물류시스템의 자동화가 진전됨에 따라 전체 시스템의 물류합리화에 중요한 역할을 담당하는 자동창고 시스템에 대한 설비관리 체계 구축이 필요하게 되었고, 그 일환으로 본 연구에서는 자동창고에 대한 예방보전 및 원인진단을 지원하는 자동창고의 예방보전 및 진단시스템을 개발하였다. 특히 자동창고의 이상을 진단하는데 과거의 트러블내용을 사례로 등록시키고, 전문가가 문제해결에 사용한 경험데이타, 즉 조사항목, 조사결과 및 대처내용을 진단용 사례기반 추론베이스로 구축하여 활용하는 사례기반추론(Case Based Reasoning)방법으로 접근시켰다. 또한 자동창고시스템의 예방보전, 사후보전, 이력관리 기능을 수행할 수 있는 운영소프트웨어를 개발하였다.

In this study the changes of the hardness and microstructures during aging at 120 of an RS-P/M Al-5.6wt%Zn-2.0wt%Mg-1.3wt%Zr-1.0wt%Mn-0.25wt%Cu alloy were studied using a transmission electron microscopy. The hardness increased rapidly at early stage of aging and reached the maximun when the specimen was aged for 24 hr. The many irregular-shaped and rod-shaped dispersoids with 0.1-0.4 m in length were observed in the as-extruded alloy. The dark particles with 2-3 nm in size were observed in aged specimen for 5hr and those are thought to be G.P.zones or precursor of precipitates. In aged specimen for 24 hr, the phases were distributed homogeneously within the matrix and the PFZ with 30-40 nm in width was observed along the grain boundary. With further aging, the width of PFZ increased and phases were also detected within the matrix.