This study was carried out to analyze correlation between heterosis of F1 hybrids and the genetic distance of parental lines. Growth characteristics such as number of leaves, plant height, bulb diameter, bulb height, bolting rate and marketable yield were examined in 15 F1 hybrids. The genetic distance among one male sterile line and fifteen restorer lines were analyzed with SSR markers. 21 primer pairs amplified polymorphic band and the average number of polymorphic allele was 3.4. As a result of UPGMA cluster analysis, the similarity coefficient value among parental lines ranged from 0.43 to 0.63. Combination of M1 and R14 is high similarity and number of leaves, plant height and yield are 10.2, 66.7cm and 6,818kg·10a-1. The case of the lowest value combination, they are 9.0 and 63.7cm and 7,728kg·10a-1, respectively. The results showed that there are no significant correlations between genetic distance and heterosis of F1 hybrids and only molecular marker does not predict growth traits and yield of onion.

Toxic (high phorbol esters) and nontoxic (low phorbol esters) jatropha accessions cannot be distinguished morphologically. Their seeds must be chemically analyzed through a complex and costly process using HPLC method. EST-SSR markers can be used to classify jatropha accessions with high and low phorbol esters. In this study, ninety-seven EST-SSR markers amplified the genomic DNA and showed polymorphism among 5 high phorbol esters accessions and 10 low phorbol esters accessions. These markers can be further exploited for jatropha improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit species in the world. The identification of Pyrus spp. based on analysis and comparison of their phenotypes has been causing a number of synonyms and homonyms among Pyrus spp. For accurate identification, genotype analysis with molecular marker such as microsatellite is necessarily to use. However, It is difficult to share and compare of microsatellite profiles obtained among different laboratories because no effort has made to standardize equipment or protocols. A strategy for data comparison by dint of reference to the alleles detected in well-known cultivars will be helpful for co-work with laboratories and developing international databases. Thus the study was performed to compare results between laboratories of microsatellite DNA profiling for reproducibility and standardize allele scoring by defining reference alleles efficiently. In this study, ninety pear species including forty-four comparison Asian pears, six of comparison suspicious Asian pears and reference pears, seven basic pear species, and twenty-seven Korean native pear cultivars to development of a standard set of SSR reference alleles. Twelve primers covering most of pear genome were chosen, which are CH02b10, CH03g07, CH04e03, CH03d12, EMPc117, CH01f07a, EMPc11, CH01d09, GD147, CH01d08, CH05c06, and GD96 located in pear chromosome of 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17 respectively. Genotyping was conducted with Fragment Analyzer. After genotyping, a set of defined standard alleles based on reference pear cultivars can facilitate data comparison among laboratories and will permit the improvement of a common international database.

국내에서 육성된 콩 91품종에 대하여 SSR마커를 이용하여 품종판별의 기초자료로 이용하고자 다형성이 높은 5개 의 Primer(Sat_043, Sat_036, Sat_022, Sat_088, Satt045)를 이용하여 5단계로 판별하였다. 5개마커의 총 대립인자수 는 64개이었고, 범위는 10-15개이었으며, 평균대립인자수는 12.8개이었다. 판별 1단계의 Sat_043으로 판별 하였을 때 육성품종 91품종 중에서 부석콩(172bp)의 1품종이 판별되었고, 판별 2단계의 Sat_036으로 판별하였을 때 호장 콩(90bp)등 34품종이, 3단계의 Sat_022로 단경콩(230bp)등 29품종이, 4단계의 Sat_088로신팔달콩(160bp)등 12품 종이, 5단계의 Satt_045로 새별콩(132bp) 등 6품종이 판별되었으며, 82품종이 판별되었다. 판별되지 않은 9품종은 형태적특성에 의하여 서로간에 판별되었다.

국내에서 수집된 블루베리 34품종의 식별을 위하여 SSR 마커를 이용하여 품종별 SSR 프로파일 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 블루베리 품종의 식별에 적합한 마커를 선정하기 위하여 6개 품종을 대상으로 총 49개의 마커를 분석하였다. 6개 품종간에 높은 다형성과 재현성을 나타내고, 밴드패턴이 선명한 17개의 마커를 선발하여 공시된 34품종을 분석하였을 때 총 115개의 대립유전자가 분석되었다. 대립유전자의 수의 분포는 2∼15개를 나타내었고, 마커당 평균 대립유전자의 수는 6.8개로 분석되었다. PIC 값은 0.248∼0.888의 범위에 속하였으며 평균값은 0.671로 나타났다. 115개의 대립유전자를 Jaccard 방법에 의해 유사도를 산출하고 비가중 산술방식에 의해 집괴 분석한 결과 공시품종의 유전적 거리는 0.31∼0.81의 범위로 나타났고 계통도는 유사도 지수 0.40을 기준으로 할 때 종에 따라 3개의 그룹으로 구분되었다. 17개 SSR 마커에 의해 34품종이 모두 식별되었고, 34품종을 식별할 수 있는 3개의 최소마커 조합을 선정하였다. 본 결과는 블루베리 품종식별과 신품종 보호 심사를 위한 유전자 분석 자료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥 수수 품종개발을 위하여 육성한 79개의 자식계통들에 대하 여 대표적인 분자마커인 SSR마커를 이용하여 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석을 실시하였다. 집단구조에 대한 분 석 결과에서 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들은 groups I, II, III, IV, admixed group으로 구분되었다. 4개의 옥수수 자식 계통은 group I에 포함되었고, Group II는 총 17개의 자식계 통들이 포함되었다. 그리고 6개의 자식계통들은 Group III에 포함되었으며, 22개의 자식계통들은 Group IV에 포함되었 다. 그리고 admixed group에는 30개 옥수수 자식계통들이 포함되었다. 튀김옥수수 자식계통들에 대하여 50개 SSR 마 커와 10개의 양적 형질 사이에서 association mapping 분석 을 하였다. Q GLM 분석에서는 0.01의 유의수준에서 92개의 marker-trait association을 확인하였으며, 반면에 Q+K MLM 분석에서는 0.01의 유의수준에서 6개의 marker-trait association 을 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들 에 대한 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석의 결과는 앞 으로 강원도농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥수수 품종개 발을 위한 계통 육성 및 교배조합 구성 등에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

Amaranth (Amaranthus sp. L.) is an important group of plants that includes grain, vegetable, and ornamental types. Centers of diversity for Amaranths are Central and South America, India, and South East Asia, with secondary centers of diversity in West and East Africa. The present study was performed to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of 75 amaranth accessions: 65 from South America and 10 from South Asia as controls using 14 SSR markers. Ninety-nine alleles were detected at an average of seven alleles per SSR locus. Model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of two subpopulations and 3 admixtures, which was consistent with clustering based on the genetic distance. The average major allele frequency and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.42 and 0.39, respectively. According to the model-based structure analysis based on genetic distance, 75 accessions (96%) were classified into two clusters, and only three accessions (4%) were admixtures. Cluster 1 had a higher allele number and PIC values than Cluster 2. Model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of two subpopulations and three admixtures in the 75 accessions. The results of this study provide effective information for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs in Amaranthus.

본 연구는 감 수집종의 분류 및 품종 육종을 위하여 EST-SSR 마커를 개발해 유전적 유연관계를 분석하고, 형태적 유연관계를 비교 분석하여 DNA 마커의 효율성을 극대화한 연구 결과이다. 경북농업기술원 상주감시험장에서 수집한 42품종을 대상으로 6가지의 양적형질(과실크기, 과고, 과경, 과경굵기, 과경길이, 종자크기)과 19가지의 질적형질(횡단면, 종단면, 골의 정도, 얕은 동심원 균열, 옆모양, 정부열과, 세로홈, 꽃받침 끝 주름, 배꼽 홈길이, 꽃받침 쪽의 홈, 꽃받침 크기)을 사용하여 형태적 유연관계를 분석하였다. 유전적 유연관계를 분석하기 위해 수집한 감에서 cDNA library를 만들어 sequence를 분석한 후, PCR을 통해 얻은 polymorphism이 인정되는 25개의 primer set에서 16개의 EST-SSR primer set를 선발하였다. 수집한 감 42품종의 형태적 유연관계와 개발한 14개의 EST-SSR 마커를 이용하여 유전적인 유연관계를 분석한 결과 형태적 유연관계에서는 여러 그룹이 형성되었지만 coefficient가 0.02 이하로 형성되어 형태적 특성을 사용해 분류하기는 어려웠다. 유전적 유연관계는 coefficient 0.77에서 3개 그룹으로 분류되어, 상주수수감과 상주수꽃감, 밀양반시와 밀양고동시, 영동반시와 영동수시는 각각 같은 그룹으로 분류되었다. 형태적 분석과 유전적 분석의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 형태적 분석의 유사도 거리와 유전적 분석의 유사도 거리 간의 값이 -0.03으로 유의성이 매우 낮게 나왔다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 분자마커는 (EST-SSR 마커) 국내 감육종 효율 증진뿐만 아니라 우수형질을 도입하는데 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Excessive water stress can cause severe damage to sorghum and results in significant yield reduction. The aim of this study is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for excessive water stress in sorghum. As a first step, two out of 21 bmr mutants were selected for their superior agronomic performance and Chlorophyll a fluorescence OJIP transient, and were crossed with an elite Korean cultivar, Hwangkeumchal, to construct mapping populations. One hundred ten out of 236 SSR primers showed polymorphism between two parens, which cover ten chromosomes of sorghum from different published SSR linkage maps of sorghum. Development of recombinant inbred lines from the crosses ‘25M2-0698 x Hwangkeumchal’ and ‘25M2-0404 x Hwangkeumchal’ are in progress using the single seed descendent method for generation acceleration.

본 연구는 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥수수 품종개발을 위하여 육성한 79개의 자식계통들에 대하여 SSR 분자마커를 이용하여 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석을 실시하였다. 집단구조 분석결과, 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들은 groups I, II, III, IV, admixed group으로 구분되었다. 4개의 옥수수 자식계통은 group I에 포함되었고, Group II는 총 17개의 자식계통들이 포함되었다. 그리고 6개의 자식계통들은 Group III에 포함되었으며, 22개의 자식계통들은 Group IV에 포함되었다. 그리고 admixed group에는 30개 옥수수 자식계통들로 구성되었다. 더욱이 본 연구에서는 튀김옥수수 자식계통들에서 분석에 이용된 50개 SSR 마커와 13개의 질적, 양적 형질과의 연관성을 분석하기 위해서 association mapping 분석을 실시하였으며, false positive associations을 최소화하기 위해서 population structure(Q), kinship(K) 값을 이용하여 Q GLM과 Q+K MLM 분석을 실시하였다. 0.05의 유의수준에서, Q GLM 분석을 이용하여 총 44개의 SSR 마커가 12개의 형질과 association을 보였고, Q+K MLM을 이용하여 분석하였을 때, 총 25개의 SSR 마커가 12개의 형질과 association을 보였다. 그리고 0.01의 유의수준에서, Q GLM 분석에서는 34개의 SSR 마커와 12개 형질의 association을 확인하였다. 더욱이 Q+K MLM을 이용하여 8개의 SSR 마커는 5개의 형질과 association을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 79개의 튀김옥수수 자식계통들에 대한 집단구조 및 association mapping 분석의 결과는 앞으로 강원도농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 튀김옥수수 품종개발을 위한 계통 육성 및 교배조합 구성 등에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

Amaranths (Amaranthus sp.) are cosmopolitan and include grain, vegetable, ornamental and weed types. Forteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 59 accessions of cultivated amaranth from Asian countries. A total of 63 alleles were detected with an average of 4.5 per locus. The averaged values of gene diversity and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.35 and 0.33, respectively. Alleles per locus in accessions from South Asia was 4.35, whereas 2.93 and 3.79 alleles per locus were found in Nepal and India, respectively. The mean gene diversity in Central Asia and East Asia was 0.36 and 0.28, respectively, whereas the mean PIC values were 0.27 and 0.22, respectively. The genetic diversity and PIC of the India amaranths were higher than that of other Asian countries. The model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of three subpopulations, which was basically consistent with clustering based on genetic distance. An AMOVA analysis showed that the between-population component of genetic variance was less than 56.16% in contrast to 43.84% for the within-population component. The overall FST value was 0.56, reflecting genetic differentiation within Asian amaranths. These findings could be used for designing effective breeding programs aimed at broadening the genetic bases of commercially grown varieties.

Genome duplication is an abundance phenomenon and in plant kingdom and consequently formed paralogous region. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has a possibility of tetraploid by comparing chromosome numbers of relative species. During development of EST-SSR markers in Korean ginseng, most of primer sets have produced multiple bands in gel electrophoresis. In this study, for identifying origin of multiple bands, five EST-SSR markers showing multi-band were selected and two bands around expected size were sequenced. Sequence comparison classified the multiple bands into individual loci. Two bands can be identified by SNP or InDel variation with number of SSR units. Sequencing result represented that paralogous loci with high similarity were existence caused by recent duplication. One clear band were amplified with newly designed locus specific primer picked from SNP variation. SNP and InDel polymorphism between paralgous loci were useful for identifying each locus. This study will provide better understanding of ginseng genome and will be helpful for development of DNA markers.

Grain sorghum is the fifth most important crop grown in the world for either a major food crop or animal feed. It is important to identify the genetic diversity of sorghum genetic resources for cultivar development and evaluation of sorghum accessions in Korea. Two hundred thirty six SSR primer sets, which are evely distributed across the sorghum genome, were used to assess the genetic variation of 23 sorghum accessions with a US cultivar, BTx623. Results showed that SSR markers were highly polymorphic among the sorghum collections and the average alleles per locus were 3.15 with the average of 0.436 PIC (polymorphism information content) values. The sorghum accessions in this study were unequally separated and were clustered into 4 groups. The results showed that there was a sufficient SSR polymorphism with SSR primers used among Korean sorghum accessions, and the development of genetic map and marker-assisted selection for cultivated sorghum would be feasible with further studies.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant shattering. With QTLs mapping, the shattering loci can be described. SSR marker is based on the imformation of Simple Sequence Repeat and easy to analyze using PCR and has high reproducibility. For analyzing QTLs associated with shattering, we selected 219 SSR markers from 254 SSR markers and used them for implementing Mapmaker(Ver. 3.0) and Mapchart(Ver. 2.2). Mapmaker help to calculate distances between each markers and Mapchart is a program for drawing Genetic map. This Genetic map of rice (Oryza sativa L.) covering 2082.4 cM with 9.5 cM between makers in the Kosambi function has been constructed using 120 F1 DH plants from a single cross between the indica variety Chungchung and the japonica variety Nagdong.

Recently whole genome SNP genotyping has been used to do association analysis and to map a gene of interest. Here we report application of bulked segregant analysis(BSA) using Infinium HD assay with ‘BARC Bean6K_3’, a SNP genotyping beadchip containing 5,399 SNPs for common bean to locate a target gene. We used BSA using Infinium HD assay was performed to find the candidate region of a single dominant rust resistant gene in PI310762, a common bean cultivar. And SSR markers were identified and mapped on the candidate region using F2 population derived from the cross of susceptible Pinto114 x resistant PI310762. BSA revealed the candidate region of the resistant gene is on chromosome 4 where we developed nine SSR markers. Three SSR markers (beanssr1170, beanssr1168, and beanssr1167) of them appeared closely linked to the resistant gene which is located between beanssr1167 at 0.1cM and beanssr1170 at 0.5cM on chromosome 4. This study showed BSA using high-throughput whole genome SNP genotyping is a very fast and efficient method to locate a gene of interest on chromosome.

This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 70 amaranth accessions collected from South and Southeast Asia using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, 67 alleles were detected, with an average of 4.79 per locus. Rare alleles comprised a large portion (46.3%) of the detected alleles, and 29 unique alleles associated with rice accessions were also discovered. The mean major allele frequency (MAF), genetic diversity (GD) and polymorphic information content (PIC) of the 14 SSR loci were 0.77, 0.36, and 0.34, respectively. A model-based structural analysis revealed the presence of three subpopulations. The genetic relationships revealed by the neighbor-joining tree method were fairly consistent with the structure-based membership assignments for most of the accessions. All 70 accessions showed a clear relationship to each cluster without any admixtures. We observed a relatively low extent of genetic exchange within or among amaranth species from South and Southeast Asia. The genetic diversity results could be used to identify amaranth germplasms and so facilitate their use for crop improvement.

본 연구는 국내외에서 육성 및 수집된 장미품종에 대하여 SSR 마커를 이용하여 품종식별 연구를 수행하였다. 장미 품종식별에 적합한 SSR 마커를 선정하기 위하여 112개의 SSR 마커를 12개의 주요품종을 대상으로 분석하였다. 최종 선발된 22개의 SSR 마커를 대상으로 69품종을 이용하여 분석하였을 때 대립유전자의 수는 2～10개의 분포를 나타내었으며 총 114개의 대립유전자가 분석되었다. PIC 값은 0.211～ 0.813의 범위에 속하였으며 평균값은 0.621로 나타났다. SSR 마커를 이용하여 작성된 장미 69품종의 품종간 유전적 거리는 0.41～0.87의 범위로 나타났고, 공시 품종 모두 SSR 마커의 유전자형에 의해 구분되었다. 본 연구결과는 장미 품종의 식별과 유전적 다양성 연구를 위한 기초 자료로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.