The era of globalization has created a proverbial ‘rush’ to utilize trade and investment in developing nations. Growing fear over the abuse of developed nations’ bargaining power in these areas led the WTO to adopt remedial measures ensuring the protection of developing nations during disputes. The WTO’s dispute settlement system is unequivocally the most comprehensive form of the resolution of disputes among its Member States. Despite the numerous privileges and safeguards offered to developing Members States, reluctance and a lack of understanding in using the WTO dispute resolution process remain within these nations. This paper explains the options available to these nations, in an attempt to attract to use the dispute resolution process, and offers key insight on future amendments that can facilitate developing Member’s participation in the future. It will further articulate the statutory safeguards and favors provided to developing countries in DSS.
In th process of the way music service changing from download to streaming with the improvement of internet technology, digital sound transmission was regulated as a sub-concept of public transmission that is separated with transmission and broadcasting through copyright law revision in 2006. While the scale of digital sound transmission copyrights collecting is steadliy increasing the rate of its settlement distribution is not, as it is applied to the field of bankground music in shop service way of internet streaming. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the reason why the rate of digital sound transmission settlement distribution is not increasing in the same league as the increasing rate of its copyrights collecting and to propose an improvement for the rate of increasing its settlement distribution.
The implementation system of the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body is an important component of the WTO dispute settlement procedure. Where there is any disagreement between disputing parties as to the existence or consistency with a covered agreement of measures taken to comply with the recommendations and rulings, a winning party may refer the matter to a compliance panel and the Appellate Body. If a losing party is found to have failed to comply with the recommendations and rulings, DSB may authorize the winning party to retaliate. This article analyzes the implementation system of the WTO dispute settlement procedure in comparison with other systems of ‘second-order’ compliance in international law. Also, attention will be directed to the relationship between the WTO retaliation and countermeasures in general international law. Countermeasures under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, in particular, have a legal nature akin to that of countermeasures under the law of State responsibility.
게임 이용자들은 게임을 즐기기 위해 유료 콘텐츠를 구입하게 된다. 이는 미성년자도 마찬가지 이다. 미성년자가 게임 콘텐츠를 할 때 가장 많이 이용하는 결제 방식은 각종 상품권을 이용한 결제이다. 이 외에도 이용하는 결제 방식은 휴대폰 과금에 의한 결제, 부모의 신용카드 정보 입력을 통한 결제 등이 있다. 그런데 이러한 결제 방식은 그 편리함으로 인하여 보다 용이하게 결제가 이루어짐에 따라 그에 따른 분쟁 또한 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이러한 미성년자 게임 결제와 관련된 분쟁에 의해 이용자와 게임 사업자가 모두 피해를 보고 있어서 경우에 따라서는 사회적 문제로 대두되기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 분쟁을 예방하고 효율적으로 해결하기 위해 먼저 미성년자 게임 결제와 관련이 있는 법제도를 조사ㆍ분석하고, 미성년자 게임 결제 관련 분쟁사례를 분석함으로서 미성년자 결제에 대한 환불 정책(제도) 표준화를 위한 자료를 제시하고자 한다.
As the amount payment system have been completed and put into the scale of operation, the China National Advanced Payment System (CNAPS) has achieved initial success, it is an important milestone for China's payment and settlement system in the development history . At present, the people's Bank of China Tianjin branch of modern payment system construction has made great progress, but because the system construction is not fully considered and access to other related systems, leading to some problems still exist in the system development. Therefore, through the development and implementation of the bank payment and settlement system, the use of network technology, information technology and integration technology to achieve the bank payment and settlement business, service, publicity, training, management, and applied in the whole jurisdiction, may realize the business innovation, improve the level of bank management.
This study was carried out to find out the time-dependent change of central functions in the depopulated rural areas. Three county areas were selected for the case study ; Haenam(as a remote flat area), Goksung(as an intermediate mountainous area), and Hwasun(as a peri-urban area). For each district area administered by each county, service facilities stock was surveyed at both the present('02) and the past('89 or '94)time, and its functional index checked. From the study results, table-tennis rooms, oil shops and inns were ascertained to be disappeared now in the absolute or real terms, while beer halls, restaurants and bakeries to be sharply increased. Generally, in spite of the substantial depopulation in the past decade, service facilities stock has been increased in and concentrated to the highest order center of rural area (county office seated district). However, where this center leans to the outer side of its county area and to the opposite direction against the regional center, the dependent level of service function on the highest center have decreased.