LC/MS/MS를 이용하여 2019년 1월부터 6월까지 서울 강서지역에 유통하는 콩나물 및 숙주나물 82건에 대한 카벤다짐 모니터링을 실시한 결과 숙주나물에서는 카벤다짐이 검출되지 않았으며 콩나물에서는 59건중 6건에서 카벤다짐이 검출되어 10.2% 의 검출율을 나타내었다. 카벤다짐이 검출된 콩나물 6건중 5건이 허용기준을 초과하여 검출건수 대비 83.3%의 부적율을 나타내었다. 검출된 카벤다짐의 농도는 최소 0.012 mg/kg, 최대 0.104 mg/kg, 평균 0.063 mg/kg 이었으며 6건중 5건이 재래시장에서 유통되는 비포장 제품이었다. 카벤다짐이 검출된 6건의 원료수 입국은 수입산이 3건, 출처불명이 3건 이었으며 국내산으로 표시된 제품은 없었다. 카벤다짐이 검출된 콩나물에 대한 위해성 평가결과 %ADI 값이 1 이하로 인체에 미치는 위해도는 안전한 수준인 것으로 평가되었다.
Soybean sprouts have been a considered a nutrient-rich vegetable for hundreds of years. To evaluate the seedlot quality of soybean sprouts grown, and to evaluate a method for reducing the presence of improper seeds in soybean seedlots, microbes associated with soybean sprout rot were isolated from samples collected. Morphological characteristics and gas chromatography profiles of the cultured fungal and bacterial strains were identified. Eight types of improper seeds were identified: purple stain(Ps), black rot(Br), seed coat black spot(Cb), wrinkled seed(Ws), brown hilum(Bh), seed coat fracture(Cf), unripe seed(Us), and brown seed coat(Bc). The improper seeds were also dipped into 15%, 20%, and 25% NaCl solutions, as well as a saturated solution of NaCl, for 1min. As the NaCl concentration increased, the number of floating improper seeds increased as well. The highest floating rates were observed for the Cf seeds.
우리나라의 남부지역에서 나물콩의 적정파종시기를 구명하고자 본 시험에서 주요 특성 및 수량성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다.
1. 파종기의 진전에 따른 개화일수는 파종시기가 늦을수록 짧아졌고 단축정도는 세 지역간에 큰 차이 없이 비슷하였다.
2. 생육일수는 밀양과 익산에서는 비슷하였으며 제주에서는 3 ~ 5일 짧았고 파종시기 진전에 따른 단축일수 세 지역 모두 비슷하였다.
3. R5 stage에서 익산은 파종기가 빠를수록 경장, 건물중 및 엽면적지수가 컸고 밀양은 6월 10일 파종에서 경장이 크고 단위면적당 건물중이 가장 많았고, 엽면적지수는 5월 10일과 5월 25일 파종에서 비슷하면서 파종기가 진전될수록 적었다. 제주는 R5 stage에서 파종시기가 빠를수록 경장이 길고 건물중이 무거우며 엽면적지수가 컸다.
4. 익산에서 풍산나물콩의 수량성은 5월 25일 파종에서 가장 많았으며 파종시기가 늦을수록 감소하였고, 밀양에서 수량성은 5월 10일 > 5월 25일 > 6월 25일 > 6월 10일 순으로 높았으나 기계수확과 관련된 도복정도는 5월 10일에서 6월 10일 파종시기에서 높았으며 제주지역에서 수량은 5월 10일부터 7월 10일 파종시기까지 비슷하였다.
5. 단백질 함량은 밀양이 39.5 ~ 40.7%로 가장 높았고 다음으로 익산이 37.6 ~ 38.5% 그 다음이 제주로 36.8 ~ 38.7% 가장 낮았고, 익산과 밀양은 파종시기간 차이는 없었으며 제주는 파종시기 늦을 미미한 증가를 보였다.
6. 파종시기에 따른 지방함량은 익산과 밀양의 경우 파종시기간 비슷하였으며 제주는 6월 10일 파종까지는 증가하였으나 이후로는 점점 감소하였다.
7. 아이소플라본 함량은 세 지역 모두 파종시기가 늦을수록 유의차는 없지만 증가하였다.
숙주나물과 콩나물은 blanching 후 변질 속도가 크게 차이가 나는 바 이들이 Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes 등 4종의 부패성 및 식중독 미생물의 중식에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 숙주나물과 콩나물 조리과정 중 blanching 조건이 달라 각각의 조건에서 두 시료 모두 blanching하여 생균수를 측정한 결과 blanching 한 후 미생물수는 저장시간에 따라 증가하나 그 차이가 없었다. 최소배지에 숙주나물과 콩나물 농축물 및 부패성 미생물을 접종한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과 숙주나물에 접종한 모든 균들의 초기 균수가 높았으나 24시간 이후 비슷한 증식양상을 나타내었다. 그러나 숙주나물과 콩나물의 여액을 배지로 사용하여 실험한 결과 미생물의 증식 양상은 균주마다 다른 것으로 나타났다. 저장기간 동안 색도를 측정한 결과 숙주나물의 경우 24시간에는 색차가 거의 없다가 48시간 이후 현저한 차이를 보였고, 콩나물의 경우 24시간에 다른 계통의 색으로 변하다가 48시간 이후 현저하게 많은 차이를 보여 다른 양상을 나타내었다.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the growth promoting effects and improvement of antioxidant activity of the soybean sprouts treated with Chlorella sp. culture solution. The soybean sprout treated with 0.1% and 0.2% Chlorella sp. culture solution was significantly increased the length (more than 43.0%), the thickness (more than 0.5~0.7 mm), fresh weight (more than 2.9~3.7 g) compared to non-treated control in vitro. In organic soybean sprouts farm, the 0.2% chlorella culture solution applied to mass culture of soybean sprout and the fresh weight of soybean sprouts increased by more than 25% and the yield was very high as 598.33% compared to untreated control. In addition of sensory test, there is no fishy odor and better crunchy texture and nutty flavor for the treatment soybean sprouts compared to untreated soybean sprouts. Particularly, free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) of the soybean sprouts were significantly increased more than 26.1% and 40.4%, respectively by treated with 0.1% and 0.2% Chlorella culture solution. Consequently, the treatment of chlorella culture solution to grow soybean sprouts is also promoting quality and antioxidant activity as well as promoting the growth of sprouts. Therefore, chlorella is considered to be worth as functional materials for high-quality sprouts grown.
‘조양1호’는 1999년 내병 다수성인 ‘풍산나물콩’을 모본으로, ‘수원187호’를 부본으로 하여 교배하여 계통육종법으로 육성한 품종이다. 유한신육형이며 꽃은 자색이고 잎은 피침형이며 모용은 회색이다. 종자의 종피와 배꼽은 황색이며 성숙한 꼬투리는 잘 터지지 않는다. 개화와 성숙이 빠르며 평균 성숙기는 9월 27일로 ‘풍산나물콩’보다 10일 빠르다. 경장은 51 cm로 다소 작으며 도복에 강하고, 불마름병과 뿌리썩음병, 성숙기 탈립에 강하다. 바이러스 접종시 괴저가 발생하나 포장에서는 강하며 종자병해는 ‘풍산나물콩’과 비슷하다. 종실 100립중은 11.6 g이며 발아율이 높고 경실종자가 거의 발생하지 않아 ‘풍산나물콩’에 비해 콩나물 수율이 11% 높다. 종실 수량성은 전국 4개소에서 3년간 시험한 결과, 3.03MT/ha로 ‘풍산나물콩’보다 3% 증수하였다.
‘원흑’은 나물콩 특성이 우수한 고품질 내재해 다수성 신품종육성을 목표로 ‘다원콩’과 ‘진주1호’의 F1에 ‘진주1호’를 다시 교배하여 계통육종법으로 선발한 YS1318B-2B-3-3-3-4-1계통으로 계통명은 익산63호이다.유한신육형으로 꽃색은 자색이고 잎의 모양은 난형이며 종피색과 제색은 흑색이며, 성숙기가 지나도 협개열에 강하다. 성숙기는 10월 4일로 ‘다원콩’보다 10일이 늦은 만숙종으로 경장이 다소 길고, 꼬투리수가 많으며, 종자 100립의 무게는 8.8 g으로 ‘다원콩’보다 작은 소립이다. 바이러스 접종시 모자이크를 보이나 포장에서는 강하며 불마름병은 ‘다원콩’보다 강한 중도저항성을 보였다. 종실의 조단백과 조지방함량은 ‘다원콩’과 비슷하며, 콩나물의 아스파라긴산 함량은 낮았으나 이소플라본 함량이 ‘다원콩’의 2배 이고, GABA 함량이 높은 고기능성 품종이다. 콩나물재배시 경실과 비정상발아율이 낮고 발아율과 배축신장성이 좋으며 수율이 풍산나물콩에 비해 20% 높았다. 수량성은 2007년부터 2009년까지 3년간 실시한 지역적응시험 결과 전국 6개소 평균수량은 ha당 2.34톤으로서 ‘다원콩’보다 128% 증수하였다.
In this study, the response of 22 soybean cultivar sprouts to flooding stress was investigated. After sprouts were subjected to flooding stress for 10 days at the V4-V5 growth stages, their dry weights were compared. All plants were kept in a greenhouse under natural light conditions, an average daytime temperature of 35.6 ± 5.3℃ and an average nighttime temperature of 18.2±1.7°C. Soybeans were grown in a concrete bed filled with silt loam soil. Subjecting plants to flooding stress resulted in a large reduction in plant dry weight, plant height, number of nodes, and number of leaves. Cultivars differed significantly in their responses to flooding stress, as indicated by these characteristics (p<0.05). Soybean cultivars were classified into three groups based on their degree of flood tolerance: strong, moderate, and weak. Hannamkong, Namhaekong, Sobaegnamulkong, and Sorogkong had strong tolerance for flood conditions. Tawonkong, Pureunkong, Eunhakong, Myeongjunamulkong, Doremikong, Saebyeolkong, Paldokong, Sowonkong, Pungsannamulkong, Dagikong, Dachaekong, and Anpyeongkong had weak tolerance for flood conditions.
To evaluate peanut sprouts as a functional food material, the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of soybean yoghurt with different percentages (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%) of peanut sprout powder (PSP) contents were investigated. The pH of soybean yogurt with PSP decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner during fermentation, whereas the titratable acidity increased under the same conditions. The Hunter L value (lightness) decreased while the b value (yellowness) and a value (redness) increased as the PSP concentration in soybean yogurt increased. Prior to fermentation, the sugar content of the soybean yogurt increased as the PSP level increased, but the contents decreased as fermentation progressed. Meanwhile, the viscosity of the soybean yogurt increased during fermentation, and the lactic acid bacteria population was higher than that of the control. The sensory properties, including the flavor, color, taste, and overall acceptability, of the soybean yogurt containing 0.5 and 1% PSP, respectively, were higher than those of other tested yoghurts (with 0, 2.0, and 3.0% PSP contents). The antioxidant activity of the soybean yogurt significantly increased at the PSP concentrations of over 1.0%. These results suggest that the addition of PSP has beneficial effects on the quality and functionality of soybean yogurt, and that the addition of 1.0% PSP is the most suitable for manufacturing soybean yogurt.
In this study, β -carotene concentrations was determined in soybean cultivar according to seed size, usage, seed coat color and cotyledon color as well as the process of seed germination. The total average concentration of β -carotene was 6.6~mug/g in soybean seed, 33.3~mug/g in soybean sprout. According to seed size, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean was 6.9~mug/g in large soybean seed, 6.7~mug/g in medium soybean seed, and 6.31~mug/g in small soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.4~mug/g in large soybean sprout, 30.5~mug/g in medium soybean sprout, and 43.5~mug/g in small soybean sprout. According to the utilization of seed, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean seed was 7.2~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean seed, 6.1~mug/g in paste and curd soybean seed, and 6.3~mug/g in sprout soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 25.9~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean sprout, 32.4~mug/g in paste and curd soybean sprout, and 41.9~mug/g in sprout soybean sprout. When comparison with seed coat color, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean with brown seed coat (8.8~mug/g ) was slightly higher than those of soybean with yellow (6.1~mug/g ). In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.8~mug/g in black seed coat sprout, 38.7~mug/g in brown seed coat sprout, 34.1~mug/g in green seed coat sprout, 39.5~mug/g in yellow seed coat sprout, and 30.5~mug/g in mottle seed coat sprout. The results of this study suggested the functional characteristics of soybean through quantitative analysis of β -carotene.
Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.
"소황"은 양질 내재해 다수성 나물콩 신품종 육성을 목표로 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 나물콩 품종으로 주요특성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. "소황"의 신육형은 유한형, 꽂색은 자색, 엽형은 피침형이며 모용색은 회색이며, 성숙기 꼬투리색은 담갈색이고, 종피색 및 배꼽색은 황색이며, 립형은 구형으로, 꼬투리는 성숙 후에도 잘 터지지 않는다. 2. "소황"의 성숙기는 9월 29일로 대비품종인 풍산나물콩 보다 10일 빠른 중생종이며, 100립중은 8
A new sprout-soybean cultivar, “oseo”was developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI) in 2007. Hoseo was selected from a cross between Camp and Nattosan. The preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials to evaluate the performance of Iksan 57 were carried out from 2003 to 2007. This cultivar has a determinate growth habit with purple flower, grayish brown pubescence, yellow seed coat, grayish brown hilum, rhomboid leaflet shape and small seed size (7.4 g/100 seeds). The maturity date of “oseo”is 12 days earlier than the check variety, “ungsan” It has good seed quality for soybean-sprout and resistance to lodging. This cultivar has resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and necrotic symptom (SMV-N). The average yield of “oseo”was 2.51 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials (RYT) for double cropping carried out for three years from 2005 to 2007.
A new sprout-soybean cultivar, "Pungwon" was developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), and National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2006. "Pungwon" was selected from a cross between S193001 and Suwon 164. The preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials for evaluation and selection of this line (Iksan 52) were carried out from 2002 to 2006. This cultivar has a determinate growth habit, white flower, grayish brown pubescence, yellow seed coat, yellow hilum, lanceolate leaflet shape and small seed size (10.9 grams per 100 seeds). The maturity date of "Pungwon" is seven days earlier than that of the check variety, "Pungsan". It has a good seed quality for soybean-sprout. The soybean-sprouts grown from "Pungwon" have high isoflavone (5,935 μg/g) and amino acid (160 mg/g) contents. This cultivar has resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV), necrotic symptom (SMV-N), and other most troublesome soybean diseases which are bacterial pustule and black root rot. Especially, "Pungwon" has useful characteristics, such as lodging and shattering resistance. The average yield of "Pungwon" was 3.04 ton per hectare, about 7 % higher than the check variety, "Pungsan" at the regional yield trials (RYT) for double cropping.
A new sprout-soybean cultivar, "Jonam" was developed at the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI) in 2006. Jonam was selected from a cross between Eunhakong and Jeonju-I1. The preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials for evaluation and selection of this line (Iksan 48) were carried out from 2002 to 2006. This cultivar has a determinate growth habit with purple flower, grayish brown pubescence, grayish brown hilum, lanceolate leaflet shape and small seed size (9.6 grams per 100 seeds). The maturity date of "Jonam" is 18 days earlier than that of the check variety, "Pungsan". It has good seed quality for soybean-sprout and resistance to lodging. This cultivar has resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and necrotic symptom(SMV-N). The average yield of "Jonam" was 2.57 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials for double cropping carried out for three years from 2004 to 2006.