이 글은 웹소설 <소녀, 홍길동>(2019)에 나타난 남장 서사를 중심으로 고전소설의 남장 서사 주체와 비교를 통해 우리 시대의 주체성에 대해 진단하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 지금까지 로맨스 웹소설 연구에서는 로맨 스 장르의 문제성이나 웹소설의 상업성과 통속성을 폭로하는 것이 대부분이었다. 이 글은 주체성의 측면에 서 바라보았을 때 시대정신과 관련해 변화된 부분이 더 중요하다고 생각했다. 그래서 작품 속 남장 서사를 고전소설의 것과 비교해본 결과, 남장이 로맨스를 조장하는 수단으로 활용되고 있으며 무엇보다 욕망을 은폐시킨 주체의 모습을 발견할 수 있었다. 이런 로맨스 웹소설의 낭만적 사랑은 기존 로맨스 소설의 문법을 일정 부분 따르면서도, 조금 다른 방식으로 로맨스를 형상화한 것이다. 기존 로맨스에서는 완벽한 ‘나’를 찾으려는 욕망이 내재해 있고, 이것은 진정성의 주체를 생산한다. 그러나 <소녀, 홍길동>에는 이러한 시도들이 부재하며, 오로지 상대방의 욕망 안으로 주인공의 욕망이 한정되기에 사랑‘만’을 읊조리는 유아 적이고 자폐적인 주체, 즉 ‘포스트-진정성’의 주체가 생산되었다. ‘포스트-진정성’의 주체는 환상성에 기대 고 있고, 이 환상은 생존을 중시하는 사회와 속물주의에 근원하고 있다. 이에 필자는 웹소설 장르가 환상성 이 아닌 상상력을 기반으로 한 새로운 주체 생산으로 가야할 것을 제안했다. 그것은 유목적 주체로, ‘타자 되기’를 통해 미래에 다가올 시대에 발맞춰 K-서사의 올바른 방향을 설정할 수 있으리라 본다.

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is presented as a superior teaching method compared to existing lecture-based learning. Objectives: To analyzed the effectiveness of creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy in physical therapy students after PBL. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: This study involved 29 physical therapy students and analyzed changes in their creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy and the correlations between these measurement variables before and after PBL on the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject. Results: PBL in the musculoskeletal exercise therapy-related subject significantly improved class participation and self-efficacy (P<.05) compared to conventional lecture-based learning, but there was no significant difference in creative problem-solving competency. There was also a positive correlation between a higher level of class participation and higher self-efficacy (P<.05). Conclusions: PBL in the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject in the Department of Physical Therapy can be an effective educational strategy to increase students’ class participation and self-efficacy. Accordingly, instructors in this department should systematically construct the design of PBL curricula to improve the quality of educational content.

When exporting nuclear-related items, export control is required from two perspectives: the control of “Trigger List Items” as controlled by Nuclear Supplier Groups (NSG) and the control of the “Items Subject to the Agreement” as specified in bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While Trigger List Items and Items Subject to the Agreement are largely similar, there are some items where they do not overlap. Furthermore, national law for controlling each item is different. The Trigger List Items are governed by the Foreign Trade Act, and the Items Subject to the Agreement (Internationally Controlled Items) are governed by the Nuclear Safety Act. As a result, the detailed procedures and requirements for controlling each item are quite distinct. For the Trigger List Items, export license must be obtained in accordance with the Foreign Trade Act. The details such as responsible authority, the items subject to license, license requirements and procedures, penalties are specified in the Public Notice on Import and Export of Strategic Goods. For the Items Subject to the Agreement, the process and obligations set forth in bilateral agreements and related administrative agreements are fulfilled in accordance with the Nuclear Safety Act. However, in contrast to the Trigger List Items, the details for complying with the agreements are not specified legally. Since most of the Items Subject to the Agreement are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, the obligations in accordance with the agreements are reviewed and implemented during the export license assessment process. However, if the Items Subject to the Agreement are not are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, there is a risk of control omission. For example, this applies to cases of exporting tritium and tritium removal facilities, which are not the Trigger List Items, to Canada and Romania. Moreover, since subjects to the agreement and compliance procedures are respectively different for 29 bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements signed with different countries, it is difficult for enterprise to recognize the appropriate procedures and obligations under the agreement by their own. The bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements establish legal obligations between state parties while NSG are non-legally binding arrangements. Therefore, it could be even more necessary to comply strictly with the agreements. Consequently, legal improvements are required for effective implementations of Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While it may be challenging to institutionalize details of 29 Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, it is essential to legally specify key elements such as the list of items subject to agreements, responsible authority, requirements and procedures for implement the agreement obligations, and penalties. Furthermore, domestic awareness on compliance with Nuclear Cooperation Agreements is lower compared to the system of export license for Trigger List Items. The continuous outreach is also necessary, along with institutional improvements.

This study aimed to find out the direction of reinforcing the subject special description as English records. The study analyzed the English subject description data published in 2017 and 2020 by the Ministry of Education. Focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 18 teachers, 6 each for elementary, middle, and high school. Analysis results of the 2017 data showed that the elementary data had a weak link with the curriculum, middle school data focused on functional areas rather than knowledge or attitudes, and high school data only presented examples of students with high achievement levels. On the other hand, the 2020 data includes not only subject special description but also teachers' content of teaching and evaluation materials according to achievement standards. Based on the results, the introduction of Likert scales and the creation of vocabulary groups by achievement standards are suggested.

근자에 헌법기관인 중앙선거관리위원회를 둘러싸고 2가지 쟁점이 문제가 되고 있다. 중앙선거관리위원회를 비롯한 선거관리위원회의 정치적 편향성 문 제 그리고 친인척 특혜채용과 관련한 내부 비위 문제에 대하여 감사원이 선 거관리위원회를 직무감찰할 수 있는지 여부가 바로 그것이다. 민주적 선거제도의 구현과 국민의 참정권의 완전한 실현을 위해서는 선 거관리를 담당하는 선거관리위원회의 정치적 중립성 유지가 무엇보다 중요 하다. 현행 헌법 시행 이후 비교적 정치적 중립성 유지를 잘 해왔던 선거 관리위원회가 2010년 이후 공고화된 양당 체제에 따른 정치적 대립의 격 화 등 다양한 요인으로 인하여 정치적 중립성을 유지하지 못하고 정부와 여당에 우호적인 편향성을 빈번하게 드러냈었는데 2017년 문재인 정부 출 범 이후 이러한 편향적 경향은 짙어져 여러 차례 정치문제로 비화되었다. 이러한 정치적 편향성 문제에 더하여 2023년에는 선거관리위원회 전·현직 공무원의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹이 불거져 사회적으로 큰 문제가 되었다. 그리하여 선거관리위원회의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹에 대하여 감사원이 직무 감찰에 나서야 한다는 여론이 강하게 제기되어 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사 원 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당되는지 여부가 법적 쟁점으로 부각되었다. 본 논문에서는 중앙선거관리위원회가 정치적 편향성을 드러내는 구조적 원 인이 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 9인 중 8인을 비상임으로 하고 대통령이 임명 하는 위원 중 1인을 상임위원으로 호선하는데 있음을 논증하였고 여기에 현직 대법관이 위원장으로 호선되어 중앙선거관리위원회 위원장을 겸직하는 오랜 관행도 중앙선거관리위원회 정치적 편향성에 간접적으로 원인제공을 한다는 점을 살펴보았다. 그리하여 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 전원을 상임직으로 전환 하는 동시에 대법원장이 대법관을 역임한 자를 중앙선거관리위원회 위원으로 지명하고 해당 피지명자를 위원장으로 호선하는 개선방안을 제시하였다. 한 편, 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사원의 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당하는지는 헌법의 문리적 해석, 역사적 배경, 선거관리위원회가 담당하는 사무의 법적 성격, 기능적 권력분립주의 등을 고려할 때 직무감찰 대상기관으로 볼 수 없음을 논 증하였으며 선거관리위원회의 내부적 비위나 직무태만 등에 대하여는 중앙선 거관리위원회의 내부적 감찰 활동에 우선 맡기고 내부적 통제가 미흡한 경우 국회나 수사기관 등에 의한 외부적 통제를 고려해야 함을 개선방안으로 제시 하였다.

A bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA) should define what is subject to the agreement and when. Nuclear Materials (NM) are the subject of NCA with almost all countries, and the definition used in these agreements is borrowed from Article 20 of the IAEA Charter. The IAEA’s definition of NM as consisting of special fissionable material and source material and describes the types of material each contains. In order to control the export of NM under national laws and implement NCA, not only the types of NM but also quantitative criteria are required. This is because controlling small quantities of NM is impossible, unnecessary, and would create excessive administrative burdens. For this reason, the NSG guidelines establish a quantitative threshold of NM requiring control. Nevertheless, no quantitative thresholds have been agreed upon for NM subject to a NCA. Whether NM transferred is subject to the NCA is primarily a matter for the supplier states to determine. The supplier states make the decision based on quantitative criteria defined in their own export control laws. ROK identifies NM that require export licenses by reflecting the same criteria as the NSG guidelines in Foreign Trade Laws and its Notifications. Less than 500 kg of Natural Uranium, 1,000 kg of Depleted Uranium, 1,000 kg of Thorium, and 50 effective grams of special fissionable materials do not require an export license and is therefore not subject to NCA. In the US, the quantitative threshold for requiring an export license is different from that of ROK. For example, special fissionable materials that are not Pu are required if the individual shipment exceed 1 effective gram or 100 effective grams per year. The difference in the quantitative thresholds for NM between the two countries mean that the same item may be subject to NCA under US standards, but not under ROK’s. For example, the export of 8 grams of highly enriched uranium (93%) contained in a neutron detector would not be subject to the NCA in ROK, but would be considered NM subject to a NCA and required a special license in the US. Of course, in order to ensure the application of safeguards and physical protection to all NM transferred between the two countries, the agreement may not include a quantitative threshold for NM. However, the absence of such a threshold can lead to different conclusions by the two countries on the same item and make it challenging to control retransfers. The definition of quantitative standards will be necessary in the supplementary administrative arrangement for the practical control and management of NM subject to the NCA.

게임 아이템 불법 매매 및 음란사이트 이용 등의 사이버 이용에 대한 처벌이 강화되 고 있는데 반해, 청소년의 무분별한 이용은 여전히 증가하고 있다. 특히 보호관찰대상 청소년의 이와 같은 사이버 일탈의 비행문제에 대한 실증연구를 통해 보호관찰대상 청소년의 비행 및 문제 행동의 예방책을 강구하고자 이 연구에서는 보호관찰 대상 청 소년의 사이버 일탈에 대한 영향요인을 법준수 인식과 자기통제력의 요인을 검증하고 자 하였다. 이를 위하여 2018년 한국형사법무정책연구원의 『소년원생의 안정적 사회 정착을 위한 실태조사 및 정책지원 방안 연구』의 패널데이터 1차 자료를 활용하였다. 총 463개의 자료를 중심으로 하되, 주요변수의 무응답 또는 결측값이 높은 변수들을 제외하고 총 459명의 자료를 활용하여 최종분석에 활용하였다. SPSS 28.0ver 통계프 로그램을 활용하여 주요변수들의 빈도분석, 교차분석, 신뢰도 분석을 실시하였고, 최 종분석으로 보호관찰 대상 청소년의 사이버 일탈에 대한 영향요인 검증을 위한 로지 스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 자기통제력은 사이버 일탈의 영향요인으로 나타나지 않았으나, 법준수 인식이 사이버 일탈에 유의미한 영향관계로 나타났다. 법준 수 인식이 높을수록 유의미하게 사이버 일탈을 하지 않는 것으로 나타나, 게임 아이템 불법 거래와 음란사이트 이용 등이 법에 저촉될 수 있는 행위임을 강조한 법준수 인식 교육이 보호관찰 대상 청소년에게 강화될 필요가 있다.

본고는 국내 대학 중국 관련 학과의 교육 목표와 교육 현황을 이해하고 향후 발전 방향을 예측하고자 각 학과의 교과 과정 및 학과명에 관한 분석을 진행하였다. 편성 교과목 비율에 있어서 중국어 언어 교육이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였고, 그 뒤로 ‘문화’, ‘문학’, ‘중국학’, ‘어학’의 순으로 높은 비중을 나타냈다. 다양한 융합교과목이 편성되어 있으며 대학 소재 지역에 따른 교과목 편성 차이도 존재했다. 2000년에 조 사된 교과목 현황과 비교해 볼 때, ‘중국어실습’, ‘문화’, ‘중국학’ 관련 교과목은 양적 증가를 보인 반면 ‘문학’, ‘어학’ 교과목은 감소한 경향을 보였다. 교과목 성격을 보면 개론성 교과목의 수가 줄어들고 특성화, 전문화된 교과목이 늘어났다. 학과명에 있어 서는 현재까지도 ‘중어중문학과’라는 명칭이 가장 많이 사용되고 있지만, 이전에 비 해 학과명 사용의 편중성이 줄어들고 다양화가 실현되었다. 학과명은 지역에 따른 경향성이 뚜렷하며 교과 과정과도 긴밀한 관련성을 보였다. 이전에 비해 학과명의 균형성, 다양화, 복합화, 특성화의 특징이 두드러졌는데, 이는 학과의 교육 목표와 발 전 방향이 다양해지고 특성화를 추구하는 변화의 추세가 반영된 것으로 보인다.

The main purpose of the Bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreement is to obtain the prior consent of suppliers in the case of peaceful use of items covered by the agreement, application of IAEA safeguards, reprocessing, enrichment or transfer to a third country. Reports on inventory changes and status for mutually transferred obligated items should be exchanged annually. According to the Agreement, items subject to bilateral agreement information must be exchanged with each other prior to direct or indirect transfer of controlled items. And the importing country proceeds with prior confirmation. After that, upon receipt of the target item, shipment notification and shipment confirmation are made, and an annual report on the target item is made. Such as the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), annual reporting and management of obligated items are made centered on institutions that use a lot of nuclear materials. But there are cases of delays in the agreement work due to the implementation, and discrepancies in data are occurring in the process of checking inventory details of obligated items. In addition, it was difficult to check the inventory of items subject to the agreement and the status of Export and Import status online, making it impossible for managers to monitor all aspects of bilateral agreements. Currently, there is generated to inconsistent in information between the annual report and the international transfer report in terms of Export and Import control. To solve these problems, KAERI is aim of promoting transparency in the international nuclear power sector and enhancing national reliability. And It is planning to establish an Export and Import management system for items subject to bilateral. In order to ensure the accuracy, it is going to enhance the efficiency of management methods such as new registration for new institutions when exporting and Importing items. This has the ultimate purpose of improving the efficiency of the implementation of the agreement items through the systemization of the database of agreement items and the management of the implementation of the agreement based on the sincere and timely implementation of the agreement.

Under the bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements (NCA) and its administrative arrangement (AA), Korea annually exchanges the inventory of subject items (including nuclear materials (NM), non-nuclear materials, equipment, and related information) with US, Canada and Australia. Also, the government performs export control procedures such as notification or prior consent during importing and exporting of relevant items. It makes NCA a means of realizing the nuclear non-proliferation regime. However, it raises difficulties in management because the entity that uses and treats those items are end-user, not the authorities of AA, the government agency of each country. Accordingly, to increase the accuracy and effectiveness of item management at the national level, it is required to establish a system for the individual company that has the NCA items, considering the characteristics of each company. In this study, significant companies are classified into more than three types, and the management system of the items subject to the agreement is analyzed. Each company’s item management status has different characteristics depending on its role (position) within the entire nuclear fuel cycle, the type of facility, its possessed items, the main form of national trade, and the frequency of domestic movement. Those differences lead to diversity in the management systems currently owned by each company. For example, from the perspective of nuclear materials, institutions requiring bulk management have systematically organized their management system and obligation code program compared to the ‘item institutions’ that can track batch history for all facility inventory changes. Although Domestic law imposes only the duty of origin management on NMs, fuel manufacturers or research institutes have established their standard obligation codes to manage multiple obligations. The non-nuclear materials and equipment can be easily tracked and controlled by individual items. However, the management of NCA items is a complicated task involving various processes, from importing goods to using, storing, managing inventory change, selling to others, or fulfilling the obligations of AA when exporting. In particular, when the movement of items within a company or international trade occurs frequently, or when the end-users are diverse, the management difficulties increase. So a system that can accurately convey and track items subject to the AA is needed. In addition, since various entities are related, it is necessary to improve understanding of NCA items to increase the system’s utilization and effectiveness. The comparison result and requirement for system improvement based on the review above will be reflected in the history management system for items subject to NCA under development.

Subgroups of sperm which share similar motility features documented in mammals indicate between-subject variations that might be related to fertilizing potential of the respective ejaculates. The objectives of this study were to define subpopulations of motile sperm in Gyr falcon semen using kinematic parameters driven by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) and to investigate the subjectrelated variations in these subpopulations. A total of 24 fresh ejaculates from 6 falcons were used to assign each of the 20473 sperms into 3 subpopulations by a multivariate cluster analysis. The proportion of sperms in different sub-populations were compared among subjects by a generalized linear model and repeatability of sperm frequency in different subpopulations was investigated by corelation analysis. The resulting 3 categories of sperm indicated significant differences in all kinematic parameters (p < 0.05). Subpopulation 1 (15.91%) contained sperms with the highest velocity and progressiveness of movement trajectory while subpopulation 3 (6.4%) included the least progressively motile sperms. Proportion of rapid and medium progressive sperm were consistently higher in the ejaculate of three falcons compared to the two other birds which also had the highest proportion of slow non-progressive sperms (p < 0.05). Respective proportion of sperms in each subpopulations indicated significant repeatability over multiple measurements (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subpopulations of motile sperm in Gyr falcon can be identified using kinematic parameters generated by CASA. Individual differences in the proportion of these subpopulations might have potential application for identifying the males with higher fertilizing capacity.

본고에서는 한국어와 중국어 이중주어문에서 문장의 어순, 의미, 통사 그리고 서술 어의 ‘거리도상성(距離象似性)’ 등 몇 가지 방면을 모두 고려해야 주어와 화제를 잘 파악할 수 있다고 보았다. 주어와 화제에 관한 논쟁이 많이 일어나는 문장 유형 중, 성상형용사 구문, 소유-소재형용사 구문, 심리형용사 구문을 중심으로 검토하였는데, 화제는 독립된 통사 성분이 아니지만 통사 층위에서 실제적인 문법 특징을 가지고 있으며 어떤 성분이 화제 특징 [+TOP]을 가지게 하는 기능 용법인 것이다. 소위 한 국어의 이중주어문이라 하는 구문을 복문이 아니라 단문으로 분석해 내었다.

The ROK conducts several export procedures, communications in connection with transfers; exchange of information on export plan, shipments, and receipt of nuclear materials, in accordance with bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements (NCA) and Administrative Arrangements (AA) signed with US, Canada, and Australia. Also, the inventory amount of items subject to NCA has reported annually. This study reviewed the export procedures and management methods for spent nuclear fuel subject to NCA. The re-transfer procedures start with obtaining consent from the original exporting country. It is impossible to retransfer nuclear material without consent, whether long-term or individual case-bycase. If the material has multiple obligations, prior consent from all of those countries is required. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the foreign obligated materials correctly. In general, nuclear fuel is subject to multiple obligations of all countries through which the materials have passed during the front-end fuel cycle. Then the new obligations are imposed on those irradiated materials or their by-products after ‘used-in’ or ‘produced through the use of ’ equipment subject to NCA. For example, fuel assemblies manufactured under CANDU fuel fabrication equipment subject to ROK-Canada NCA or burned in nuclear reactors where US equipment is installed have obligations based on Canada or US agreements. In order to impose obligation to irradiated materials, the principle of proportionality is applied as stipulated in each Agreement. According to the AA between US and ROK, nuclear materials used in the equipment transferred under the Agreement and produced through them are differently controlled. After the cycle in the reactor with US-made equipment, uranium in the irradiated fuel is considered a material used in the equipment. So it would be appropriate to apply obligation proportionality according to its origin, regardless the US-made equipment. Meanwhile, the obligation under US NCA is given to the entire amount of produced plutonium in the irradiated fuel. Although the contribution to the production of fuel is to be discussed case-by-case basis in the case of Canadian obligation, applying a similar method is proper. Since the fuel is burned in the form of bundles or assemblies, it is impossible to separate the spent fuel into uranium and plutonium physically. However, as discussed above, to clarify the rights and obligations pursuant to Agreement and ensure accuracy in inventory management, the obligation codes should be imposed on irradiated fuel as not a single item but separated individual substance of materials. Moreover, when an obligation swap occurs for the irradiated fuel, its movement and combustion history should be considered to prevent confusion in confirming multiple obligations and implementing export procedure.

In April 2015, the government of the Republic of Korea and the United States of America signed a new Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA). Subsequently, in April 2016, the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) of the ROK and the Department of Energy (DOE) of the US signed the Administrative Agreement (AA) under the new Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Accordingly, when Korea imports items subject to the Korea-US agreement, it is required to determine the inventory of imported agreement items and notify the United States of the inventory amount every year. In addition, when re-exporting an agreement item to a third country, prior consent of the original exporting country (USA) must be obtained. Nuclear companies that import items subject to the Korea-US Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement must report their inventory to the government every year, but the standards and procedures for managing the inventory are not clearly stipulated in the national law. This makes it difficult for the government to verify the adequacy of the report submitted by nuclear companies, adding to the administrative burden on both the government and the companies. Accordingly, it is required for the government to establish and operate a system for history management system for import and export items subject to the agreement so that related information can be recorded and managed at each stage, such as first import of items to Korea, generation, disposal, and exports to third countries. This system provides history management functions such as initial import information record for items imported through import/export procedures according to administrative agreements, change of owned company due to domestic movement, deletion of inventory due to loss/disposal, deletion of inventory due to export or addition of inventory due to derived materials. Through this system, operators can easily manage agreement items, and the government can obtain reliable information on agreement items in close to real-time. In addition, when this system applies to exports of items subject to the agreement, the number of items subject to the agreement exported by Korea can be provided first so that the importing country can more quickly check the items subject to the agreement. It is expected to contribute to securing control of the items subject to the agreement and reducing concerns over nuclear proliferation.

The Nuclear Safety Act defines items defined in nuclear cooperation agreements with each country as internationally regulated materials and requires that import and export procedures be implemented according to each agreement. In particular, the US, Canada, and Australia, which are major nuclear power suppliers, describe detailed procedures related to imports and exports in administrative agreements attached to the agreement. This paper compares and analyzes the import and export procedures of agreed items in the three major countries and proposes procedures and precautions that nuclear companies should follow for smooth import and export. The import/export procedure, according to the annexed administrative agreement, is divided mainly into Direct-transfer, Indirect-transfer, and Re-transfer. Direct transfer refers to direct import and export between countries that have signed an agreement. The four-step process of prior notice, written confirmation, shipment notice, and receipt confirmation is commonly required for direct transfer. However, in the case of Canada, if the previously related information is the same, the shipping notification and receipt confirmation procedure may be omitted. Australia only defines items included in the notification without a separate form in the administrative agreement. Indirect transfer means transferring items originating from the other two countries that signed the agreement through a third country. All three countries stipulate that item transferred by indirect transfer are also subject to the agreement, and Canada stipulates separate advance notifications and shipping notifications for indirect transfer. Australia manages indirect transfers by including information from third countries in the exchange-related information between the two countries. The US does not have a specific procedure for indirect transfer, but it is presumed that it was omitted because it was difficult to confirm the time of shipment when the US exports through a third country. Re-transfer is a procedure to obtain consent from the original exporting country in advance when exporting items held in Korea to a third country. There are two types of consent based on re-transfer, the long-term consent method, and the individual case-by-case method. Long-term consent is a method of long-term consent for re-transfer to an agreed-upon country by agreeing in advance on a list of countries where re-transfer is possible. In the long term, the procedure will be reflected in domestic laws in detail and managed through an IT-based management system so that operators can smoothly implement such complex import and export procedures.

Background: Gluteus medius muscle is important for the stability of hip joint. The sufficient core stability can be contributed to the performance of gluteus medius muscle in standing position. In addition, the external support may affect core stability in standing position. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigated the effectiveness of the external support on the strength and muscle activity of hip abductor muscle during hip abduction in standing position in subjects without core stability. Methods: Fifteen subjects participated in this study. The subjects were evaluated by using the double-leg lowering with bent knees to measure the core stability. The strength and muscle activity of hip abductors was measured in standing position with the condition with and without external support using the tensiometer sensor and the surface electromyography. The paired t-test was used to investigate the difference between hip abductor strength and activity according to external support. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius muscle with external support were significantly greater than those without external support during hip abduction in standing position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During hip abduction in standing position, the external support may be contributed to the improvement of the hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius especially in the subjects without core stability.

This paper presents a periodic replacement policy for a system subject to shocks when the system is operating for a finite random horizon. The system is subject to shocks during operation, and each shock causes downgrading of the system performance and makes it more expensive to run by the additional running cost. Shocks arrive according to a nonhomogeneous or a renewal process, and we develop periodic replacement policies under a finite random operating horizon. The optimum periodic replacement interval which minimizes the total operating cost during the horizon is found. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the results.

이 글은 2025년부터 순차적으로 적용될 2022 개정 교육과정안과 중등교원 양성체제 개편안에서 한문과와 관련된 내용들을 살펴보고, 그간 한문과에서 제안된 사항을 포함하여 향후 시급히 결정되어야 할 과제들을 점검해 본 것이다. 2022 개정 교육과정 편제안에서 가장 주목되는 점은 현행 고등학교 수업량의 기준이 되는 ‘단위’ 를 ‘학점’으로 전환하는 ‘학점 기반 교육과정’을 도입하겠다는 것과 ‘고교학점제’ 도입을 통해 모든 학생의 개별 성장 및 진로 연계 교육이 가능하도록 하겠다는 ‘교과목 재구조화’라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 현행 180단위에서 174학점으로 감소하는 교과 수업시수를 어떻게 조정하느냐가 쟁점이 될 것인데, 수십 개 교과가 묶여있는 ‘생활･교양’ 영역의 경우, 최소 16학점을 유지할 수 있도록 요구하여야 한다. 또한 ‘공통과목’ 개설이 어려울 경우를 대비하여 ‘일반’, ‘융합’, ‘진로’로 이루어진 ‘선택 과목’을 정교하게 구조화하는 것도 중요하며, ‘공동교육과정’이나 ‘학교 밖 교육’ 제도를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있도록 준비하여야 한다. 아울러 학점제형 내신평가제는 대학 입시와 직결되므로, 이것이 한문과에 어떤 영향을 끼칠지도 면밀히 검토해야 한다. ‘한문과 교육과정’의 경우, 교과의 성격과 목표, 교육환경의 변화 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 교과 역량을 도출하고, 내용체계와 성취기준을 재설정하는 한편 이를 실현할 수 있는 교수·학습 방법을 제시할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 다교과 역량 함양과 교원양성기관 특성화를 명분으로 한 교원양성체제 개편안은 소인수과목의 전문성을 훼손할 뿐만 아니라 존립을 위태롭게 할 수도 있으므로 적극적인 대응이 필요하다.