본 연구의 목적은 GIS의 공간분석 기법을 이용하여 일제 강점기에 제작된 ｢조선오만분지일지형도｣의 지형 재현 정확도를 평가하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 좌표가 보정된 이미지 형태의 지형도로부터 등고선을 추출하였다. 비교를 위한 기준은 현재의 1:25,000 수치지형도의 등고선이다. 등고선으로부터 DEM을 추출하여 지형면 분석, 중첩분석, 3D 분석, 수문 분석 등을 수행하였다. 음영기복, 고도 차이, 지형단면, 하계망의 위치, 하천차수 및 길이, 곡률도, 능선의 위치 등을 통하여 지형 재현의 정확도를 정성적 혹은 정량적으로 평가하였다. 북한산과 설악산 주변을 사례로 분석을 수행하여 얻은 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정성적 평가와 정량적 평가 모두에서 서울에 인접한 북한산 주변 지형도의 지형 재현 정확도가 설악산 주변보다 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 특수지형의 기호화 방식, 삼각측량 결과를 바탕으로 한 고도 재현 등 당시 지도제작 방식이 국지적으로 현재와 다른 혹은 부정확한 지형 재현의 결과를 초래하였다. 셋째, 지형에 대한 접근성과 관찰가능성이 지형 재현의 정확도에 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 설악산 주변의 경우 접근 및 관찰이 용이한 남쪽 사면의 정확도가 상대적으로 높은 반면, 접근성이 떨어지는 북쪽 사면은 매우 부정확하게 재현되었다. 북한산과 설악산 주변 지형 재현 정확도의 차이는 지도화하는 지역이 식민지 지배와 개발에서 차지하는 중요성과 관련이 있어 보인다.

환경과 개발이 조화된 한반도 국토 종합개발 계획 수립을 위해서는 환경계획에 활용할 수 있는 환경공간정보가 필요하다. 하지만 기 구축되어 있는 북한지역의 환경공간정보는 매우 한정적이다. 기존 환경부의 대분류 토지피복지도가 있으나, 대분류 토지피복지도는 국토의 토지피복분류를 7개 항목으로만 분류체계가 구분되어 있고, 공간 해상도 또한 떨어져 정책적으로 활용할 수 있는 분야가 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 접근불능지역을 대상으로 원격탐사 기술을 적용하여 신규 구축이 가능한 토지피복지도가 북한 지역의 환경공간정보로 타당하 다고 판단하였다. 그리고 기존 대분류 토지피복지도보다 공간 및 속성 해상도가 높아 다양한 분야에서 활용할 수 있는 중분류 토지피복지도를 구축하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 환경, 도시, 산림, 농업 분야의 토지피복지도 관련 구축 현황을 살펴보았으며, 각각의 분야에서 이용하고 있는 분류체계를 기반으로 중분류 토지피복지도의 구축 가능성과 활용성을 고려하여, 기존 환경부 중분류 토지피복지도의 22개 분류체계에서 신규 16개 분류체계로 변경하여 각각의 분류체계의 구축방안을 제시하였다. 그리고 개성지역을 시범지역으로 선정하고, 각각의 분류체계별 구축방안을 시범 구축하였다. 이러한 북한지역의 토지피복지도의 시범구축 결과 분류체계의 항목별 전체 분류정확도는 95.35%로 산정되어, 북한지역의 중분류 토지피복지도 구축에 적용가능하다 판단하였다.

Introduction The term “coping”refers to the actions or thoughts that people use to deal with stressful encounters (Folkman, Lazarus, Gruen, & DeLongis, 1986). Coping strategies are adopted to change the stressed person-environment relationship by either confronting and/or by regulating the emotions (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987). Research focusing on coping mechanisms has been a prolific area of study, emerged from a wide range of disciplines including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. However, for marketing researchers, questions still remain about the issue of how coping strategies are manifested in everyday consumption contexts. This represents an important area of research in that consumer coping behavior can determine critical post-purchase outcomes such as re-patronage intention, repurchase intention, and word of mouth (Raghunathan & Pham, 1999). When a service failure occurs, consumers frequently experience negative emotions and make decisions under emotionally taxing conditions (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). Numerous scholars have made attempts to understand various consumption-related emotions and subsequent conditions corresponding to them (e.g., Raghunathan & Pham, 1999; Richins, 1997; Sujan et al., 1999). However, despite the large volume of studies focusing on consumer emotions, very few studies have examined the relationships between negative emotions with consumer coping strategies (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). With that in mind, the primary aim of this conceptual paper was to propose a model that delineates consumer coping mechanisms derived from negatives emotions in a service failure and recovery context. Conceptual Model Coping strategies are closely linked with an individual’s attempt to manage a given stressful environment (Lazarus, 1991). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) defined coping as “constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person”(p. 141). Menaghan (1983, p. 159) defined coping efforts as “specific actions (covert or overt) taken in specific situations that are intended to reduce a given problem or stress.”Duhachek (2005) defined coping construct as “the set of cognitive and behavioral processes initiated by consumers in response to emotionally arousing, stress inducing interactions with the environment aimed at bringing forth more desirable emotional states and reduced levels of stress.”Thus, the key aspects of coping includes a consequence of emotion, a dynamic process, and behavior and emotional domains of consumer responses (Duhachek, 2005). Implicit in this conceptualization is the idea that links the emotions aroused from a particular circumstance, coping strategies, and subsequent behaviors. As shown in Figure 1, our conceptual model classifies a wide range of negative emotions generated by a service failure that are linked to a set of consumer coping strategies. This will in turn influence subsequent consumer post-purchase behaviors. The behaviors will be either retaliatory (vindictive WOM, brand switching, complaining) or conciliatory (positive WOM, re-patronage intention, repurchase intention) responses. Related Literature When an individual encounters a stressful event, different negative emotions are triggered according to one’s distinct appraisals of the situation (Lazarus, 1991). These appraisals, in turn, affect how the consumer responds to the situation emotionally and behaviorally. These emotions remain powerful until the emotion eliciting problems are resolved. Proposition 1. Cognitive appraisal of the service failure situation evokes negative emotions. While some studies use combined negative emotions to explain resultant consumer behavior, others suggest separate emotion inventories (Lerner & Keltner, 2001) as different emotions trigger huge variation in cognition. Consumer negative emotions that are associated with a service failure condition can be categorized into several subsets (Watson & Clark, 1992). Many studies have utilized a limited number of negative emotions to explain consumer behavior in a service failure context (Nguyen & McColl-Kennedy, 2003). Bonifield and Cole (2006) used an appraisal-tendency framework to predict the underlying mechanism of anger and regret, associated with consumers’appraisals about service failure and their effects on post-purchase behaviors. Yi and Baumgartner (2004) focused on four negative emotions of anger, disappointment, regret, and worry in a purchase context to investigate their linkages to consumer coping strategies. Further, Tronvoll (2011) identified a set of negative emotions experienced in unfavorable service experiences leading to consumer complaint such as shame, sadness, fear, anger, and frustration. Although some marketing theorists consider the emotion of frustration to be an overlap with anger, they can be distinct emotions, especially in the context of service failure, because blaming someone else is different from blaming no particular others (Roseman, 1991). Therefore, the subsequent behavior and adapting coping strategy may differ. Thus, this study distinguished frustration separated from anger. Building on the aforementioned research, this study identified five different categories of negative emotions that are frequently found in a purchase-related situation: anger, frustration, disappointment, regret, and anxiety. Anger associates with feeling of attacking someone or yelling, resulting from an individual to be blamed on of the situation (Lazarus, 1991). Frustration tends to occur when people attribute a goal incongruent event to situational factors (Roseman, 1991). Disappointment refers to the feeling occurred due to the outcome insufficient to meet the expectation (Ortony et al., 1988). Regret is evoked when alternative option seems to be better than the selected one (Zeelenberg et al., 1994). Anxiety is linked to uncontrollable circumstances that are not directly under the purview of the provider or the customer (Ruth, Brunel, & Otnes, 2002). Proposition 1-1. Consumer negative emotions associated with a service failure situation are categorized into anger, frustration, disappointment, regret, and anxiety. Appraisal theorists contend that people use different coping strategies to reduce negative emotions accordingly (Lazarus 1991). In this study, consumer coping strategies were categorized into engagement (problem-focused, emotion-focused) and disengagement categories. Coping strategies in the engagement category involves individuals actively trying to manage, control, or change both problem- and emotion-focused aspects of the stressful person and/or environment transaction (Tobin et al., 1989). Problem-focused coping occurs when an individual tries to manage the source of the stress. Emotion-focused coping refers to where the individual changes the meaning of the event or regulates the expressing emotions (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). In the disengagement category, mental disengagement strategy involves doing other things to take one’s mind off the problem, denial (refusing to believe that something has happened), distancing (refusing to think about the problem), and escape/avoidance (wishing problem would go away or somehow be over with). On the other hand, behavioral disengagement strategy involves consumers deciding to give up further action as nothing can be done about the situation. They acknowledge that a goal cannot be reached and that further efforts are futile. As the mechanism behind each type of coping strategy differs, the negative emotions generated from varying conditions are linked accordingly. Since anger arises from appraisals of other-responsibility, angry consumers often manifest in confrontive coping, aggressive action towards the blameworthy organization (Smith & Bolton, 2002). With respect to frustration, one is more likely to foster support-seeking coping as this does not imply blame attribution to a particular person or organization (Roseman, 1991), Further, previous work has suggested that person-related disappointment tends to result in confrontive coping behaviors such as direct complaining (Zeelenberg & Pieters, 2004) and behavioral disengagement (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). On ther other hand, complaining about it or telling others is unlikely take place for regret as this may highlight he or she mistake (Zeelenberg & Pieters, 2004). Lastly, anxiety tends to be associated with escape behaviors (Roseman, Antoniou, & Jose, 1996). Thus, anxiety consumers often are linked with emotion-focused coping such as mental disengagement. In addition, more proactive, problem-focused coping is likely to take place as stated in some other studies (Yi & Baumgatner, 2004). Proposition 2. Negative emotions have differential impacts on consumer coping strategies. Service failure literature indicates that negative emotions influence diverse retaliatory responses. Romani Grappi and Dalli (2012) contended that negative emotions of anger, discontent, dislike, embarrassment, sadness, and worry are associated with behaviors such as switching, complaining, and negative word of mouth. Maute & Dubé(1999) also indicated that customer anger is liked to exit and negative WOM. Likewise, Blodgett et al. (1999) similarly suggested that consumers are prone to spread negative word of mouth when they perceive service failure. However, even if a particular coping strategy is activated, depending on the strategy applied, the subsequent behavior can be changed. Many researchers indicated that when a service failure is not recovered, it is more likely to lead to negative WOM and complaining behavior (Anderson, 1998). Especially, WOM behavior is more emotion-driven responses (Sundaram, Mitra, and Webster, 1998). Therefore, vindictive WOM behavior is more likely to occur when the emotions are not handled properly. In addition, Kau and Loh (2006) stated that dissatisfied customers who do not directly complain to the firm about their negative experiences may not only engage in vindictive word of mouth behavior, but also switch to another brand. Sabharwal, Soch and Kaur (2010) also suggested that dissatisfied non complaints are likely to exit the service provider more easily resulting in brand switching. Bonifield and Cole (2007) identified conciliatory behaviors to include positive WOM, willingness to return to a service provider, and feeling sympathy for the service provider. Blodgett et al. (1993) suggested that when service failure is recovered, positive word of mouth will take place. Voight (2007) revealed that when certain platform is provided for customers to express their feeling regarding their purchase, customer loyalty increases. Proposition 3. Coping strategies lead to either retaliatory responses or conciliatory responses. Proposition 3-1. Disengaging coping strategies are associated with vindictive WOM, brand switching, complaining behavior more than engaging coping strategies. Proposition 3-2. Engaging coping strategies are associated with positive WOM, re-patronage intention, re-purchase intention. Additionally, our model proposes two individual characteristics as moderators: self-efficacy and self-band connection. Especially, those with high self-brand connection are assumed to counter-argue negative brand information in a service failure situation as this concept captures a strong “self”relevant emotive tie between the brand and the consumer (Escalas, 2004). We contend that these consumers would use prior brand knowledge to neglect their negative emotions and make more brand favoring attributions following service failure. Therefore, depending on the the previous connection with the brand performing the service failure, corresponding coping strategy may change. As self-efficacy relates to the belief that an adequate coping response is available, both factors should relate to the strategies consumers use to cope (Sujan et al., 1999). Proposition 4. Individual characteristics such as self-efficacy and self-brand connection moderates the relationships between negative emotions and coping strategies. Conclusions This paper integrates a broad range of literature into a conceptual framework that delineates consumer coping strategies in a service failure and recovery context. In so doing, the model establishes clear categories for classifying negative emotions consumers experience in a service failure situation into testable elements, and it is argued that although the concept of coping is not a simple one, it should be central to any examination of the service failure and recovery phenomenon. Also, the proposed model considers where marketers’recovery efforts should be directed by describing the ways in which consumers cope with a service failure. How a firm responds to its customers when a service failure occurs can say more about that firm than any other customer interaction. If handled well, it can cultivate emotionally intense relational outcomes. However, if the firm handles the situation badly, it may cause highly negative reactions with customers taking their feedback to online reviews and social media conversations in a way that can seriously damage the firm’s reputation. Future research is needed to empirically test and extend the proposed model. Further empirical research in a particular service setting would advance marketing research as well as be of great managerial significance.

컴퓨터의 발전과 함께 삼차원 게임의 그래픽 성능도 향상되고 있다. 삼차원 게임 사용자들의 요구사항인 다양한 맵의 제공을 위해 맵 에디터 프로그램이 출시되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 맵 에디터 프로그램들이 안고 있는 문제점을 해결하는 새로운 맵 에디터를 제시하려 한다. 제시된 에디터의 효율성 및 우수성을 예제를 통해 설명한다.

최근 지형렌더링에서 사용되는 DEM(digital elevation map) 데이터들은 일반 컴퓨터에서 처리 가능한 메모리 용량을 초과하기 때문에 밉맵(mipmap)을 이용한 상세단계(LOD : level-of-detail) 기법들을 사용하는 외부 메모리 처리(out-of-core) 기법들이 많이 연구되고 있다. 하지만 밉맵을 이용한 상세단계 기법들은 높은 레벨의 상세단계에서 데이터의 간략화에 따른 기하오차가 발생한다. 이러한 기하오차는 시점이 이동할 때 상세단계가 변화하는 부분에서 기하파핑(geometry popping) 현상을 유발한다. 본 논문에선 기하오차를 줄이기 위해 정점 응집맵을 제안한다. 전처리 단계에서 생성되는 정점 응집맵은 벡터를 저장한 텍스쳐이다. 이 벡터들은 상대적으로 기울기 변화량이 큰 위치로 주변의 정점들을 응집시켜 지형의 기하오차를 줄이기 때문에 단순히 밉맵을 이용하여 지형을 렌더링 했을 때 나타나는 기하파핑 현상을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있다.

This study is to develop the technology and the ways of the practical use of the integrated digital map of and Electronical Navigational Chart(ENC) and Digital Terrain Map(DTM) for the effective and scientific based conservation, development and management. In this study, as preliminary studies to make eventual integrated maps, the concept of coastal areas are defined and the characteristics of digital maps developed by Korean Geography Institute and National Marine Investigation Institute are carefully analyzed. A test coastal map was developed based on the integrated digital map, a high resolution satellite image and Global Positioning System. Results from the edge matching analysis of coastal lines shows 8 meters difference in maximum. The problems, causes and solutions for the edge matched differences are described. Furthermore, the practical value of utilization, future use and various field of application are described based on the integrated digital map data base of coastal area.