Grapholita dimorpha is a new pest of apple, pear and plum in Japan and Korea as well. Although G. dimorpha was reported as a multi-voltine insect with four generations per year, the phenology is not fully known in Korea. We present a model to predict the spring occurrence of G. dimorpha adults based on the relationship between the cumulative proportion of G. dimorpha adult catches and accumulated degree-days. Five different distribution models were applied and the selection was made based on the statistical information criteria (AICC and BIC). Model validation was performed with the field data of the male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps of two apple production regions (Chungju and Geochang) of Korea in 2011. Model predictions of the dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches were within five days variation. Because G. dimorpha has a feeding habit of boring inside the fruit the management practice of G. dimorpha should apply on egg and neonate larval stage. The management strategy of G. dimorpha in spring might be improved by the model.

Tortricinae is the one of three subfamilies (Tortricinae, Olethreutinae and Chlidanotinae) in the Tortricidae and widely distributed around the world. It has been divided into 11 tribes (Horak and brown, 1991). The subfamily can be distinguished from other subfamilies by the two rings of scale on each antenna segment, and the caulis articulated with the juxta by a short membrane. A total of 1010 named species are presenting in Palaearctic region (Razowski, 2008) including 382 species of six tribes are distributed in Europe (Razowski, 2003), more than 260 species were recorded from South East Asia (Robinson, Tuck and Shaffer, 1994). The fauna of Tortricinae in Vietnam is poorly known even some expeditions were previously done by some foreign entomologist. For Vietnamese entomologist, the first investigation on insect pest of agricultural crops was done by National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) in the period 1977-1978 and 1997-1998 with only seven Tortricidae species were recorded. In the year, 2000 Kuznetzov annotated a list of 208 tortricid species from Vietnam. Recently, more than 80 species of 31 genera belong to Tortricinae are announced from 2008 to 2009 by Razowski. Of them, 33 species were described as new to science from Vietnam. At present, the tortricid fauna of Vietnam is estimated approximately 315 species (Svetlana V. Nedoshivina, 2010). In this study we briefly reviewed of subfamily Tortricinae in Northern part of Vietnam. Totally, 28 species of 13 genera are recognized, but only 9 species were previously recorded. Besides, Some unidentified species are waiting for further study. The materials for identification are based on the collection of University of Incheon, which were collected from 2004-2010 in the Northern part of Vietnam by Vietnamese and Korean entomologist.

The study was conducted to develop the full seasonal phenology model of G. molesta in pear orchard. G. molesta is a multi-voltine insect with four to five generations per year depending on temperature, food resources and geographic location. For precise model construction, information on temperature-dependent development and the distribution of developmental completion of overwinteirng and summer G. molesta population was used. The performance of model was based on single cohort population of G. molesta. The validation of model system was performed with the male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps of pear orchards in four pear production regions (Anseong, Icheon, Naju and Ulju), three apple production regions (Andong, Chungju and Geochang), and four plum orchards (Uiseong) of Korea in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The observed phenology of seasonal population of G. molesta was explained by our model system. The predicted dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches per each generation were within seven days variation per each generation. The precise predictive model of G. molesta adult occurrence could help decision making and enhancing control efficacy.

Understanding the spatial pattern of G. molesta and the temporal variation of their patterns are important to develop and maintain pest management programs in fruit orchards. The overwintering larvae of G. molesta pupate early in the spring and new adults begin a flight for several reasons such as mating, seeking resources (food or shelter) and oviposition. It was known that G. molesta presented “low movement activity” and male G. molesta flight behavior was closely related to the proximity of its host crops. Unmated males remain near the site of emergence in order to find and copulate with unmated females. The fruit-bearing status of orchards are important factors for G. molesta movement. To elucidate the spatial distribution and temporal variation of G. molesta within and among orchards, pheromone traps targeting male G. molesta were used because the trap represent a reliable and economic tool for monitoring adult G. molesta populations. The study was conducted in two apple orchards (one is isolated from other fruit orchards and another is surrounded by apple orchards), Andong and in seven plum orchards, Uiseong, 2010. Using spatial analysis by distance indices, the spatial pattern of G. molesta in each sampling date was presented. In the study of the spatial pattern within apple orchard, the index of aggregation (Ia) of isolated orchard were presented >1, indicating an aggregated distribution pattern, from monitoring results. The spatial association between successive monitoring using X (the index of spatial association) was negative during spring season and after then the value was changed to positive. In the experiment of the spatial pattern among orchards, the index of aggregation was >1 in most monitoring date and the index of spatial association was negative during early and late growing season. Factors influencing the spatial-temporal dynamics of G. molesta are discussed.

Cydia Hübner is a large genus in the family Tortricidae, including over 230 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005) and mainly in the Holarctic region. Nine species of the genus reported from Korea. We found a new species of Cydia feeding on the cones of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière in Mt. Deogyu. The adults and the early stages of Cydia picicola sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Korea. The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.

Genus Spilonota is a small group of the family Tortricidae, including over 29 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005). Most larvae of the genus feed on various plant families including Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, and Juglandaceae, with economical importance (Park, 1983, Zhang & Li, 2005). Even though this genus has been relatively well investigated in East Asia: five species from South Korea (Byun et al., 2009); ten species from China (Zhang & Li, 2005); eight species from Russian Far East (Kuznetsov, 2001); thirteen species including four unidentified species from Japan (Kawabe, 1982, Oku, 2003), it has been very poorly studied from North Korea with only two recorded species to date (Razowski, 1999, Byun et al., 2009) The aim of the present study is to clarify the fauna of the genus Spilonota from North Korea, including two new records, based on the material deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (HNHM). In the present study, the author examined all available material from North Korea. In this study, four species of Spilonota are recognized. Among them, two species, Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932 and Spilonota ocellana (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), are reported for the first time from North Korea. A key to the species is provided. Photos of adults and the genitalia are provided with brief comments on the distribution.

The study was conducted to investigate the spring emergence pattern of G. molesta and to forecast the emerging time of overwintering G. molesta on tree fruit orchards. G. molesta is one of major insect pests on fruit trees in Korea. The host range of G. molesta includes many economically important tree fruit plants such as apple, pear, peach and plum. The overwintering G. molesta emerge from late March as an adult lay eggs on the shoot of peach or fruits of apple, plum and peach. Therefore, it is important to understand the biofix and to forecast the emerging peak period of overwintering G. molesta for establishing the pest management strategy. The pheromone trap of G. molesta has been utilized to monitor the population density in apple orchard. The commercial stick trap (GreenAgroTech) and lure (Z8-12:AC, E8-12:Ac, Z8-12:OH, 95:5:1) was set to monitor the population density of G. molesta on each place (56 different fruit orchards). The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The parameters for forecasting the emerging time and peak period of overwintering G. molesta were calculated from the results of Yang et al (1997 and 2001). Although the estimated biofix of G. molesta was not fitted well, the peak period of overwintering G. molesta was explained by linear regression model. The spring emergence pattern of G. molesta was presented differently related to host plant and geographical location. The peak period of G. molesta at the same mornitoring county was presented differently according to host plant. The synchronization between host plant and G. molesta may be studied to figure out the spring emerging time of overwintering G. molesta.

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a significant horticultural pest native to Australia, and currently with a limited global distribution. However it can tolerate very heterogeneous climatic and vegetation conditions and has recently invaded California with considerable consequences for US international and domestic trade. By comparing the climatic conditions of its native (Australia) and long-established (New Zealand) ranges to the rest of the world using CLIMEX, it was suggested that E. postvittana has potential to establish mainly in countries in Central and South America, southern Africa, west Europe and South-east Asia. However, the predicted global distribution of E. postvittana using a new multiple-species-distribution model system suggested that there are additional climatically suitable areas around the world where this species could potentially survive and establish. Our study provides basic but important information for further assessment of the establishment capacity of this species in new habitats, wihch will provide the knowledge required to make science-based decisions in biosecurity.

The genus Parapammene Obraztsov, 1960 belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae, family Tortricidae includes very small to small moths. The genus is characterized by the followings: forewing with median fascia and speculum, and without whitish stria below apex; tegumen of male genitalia being a broad band with the top emarginate laterally; seventh stenite of female genitalia, excavated in posterior edge (Horak, 2006). This genus comprising about 16 species in the world (Brown, 2005). In palaearctic region, there are about 10 known species, 5 species are recorded from Oriental region, and one species in Australian region (Komai, 1999). Comprehensive reviews of genus Parapammene Obraztsov have been given by Obraztsov (1960), Danilevsky and Kuznetzov (1968), and Razowski (1989) and Komai (1999). The following character states support the monophyly of Parapammene (Komai, 1999): 1) ductus bursae with a narrow, band-like sclerite; 2) seventh sternite of female a convex (not flat) plate; 3) S2 without anterolateral processes. In this study, the genus Parapammene Obraztsov are reported for the first time from Korea, with the first record of parapammene selectana (Christoph, 1881), P. petulantana (Kennel, 1901) and P. aurifascia Kuznetzov, 1981. Morphological characters of this genus are redescribed with illustrations of adults, male and female genitalia.

The first checklist of the North Korean insects was presented by Zhu (1969), and it included 34 species of Tortricidae. From the early 1970s to the late 1980s, the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) had conducted zoological expeditions to North Korea under cooperative scientific research agreements (Park & Lee, 1992). These expeditions added significant information to our knowledge of the fauna of North Korea, including a large numbers of Lepidoptera. Based on the entomological collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, we report three species of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Ancylis melanostigma Kuznetsov, Eucoenogenes japonica Kawabe, and Eucosma glebana (Snellen) for the first time from North Korea. Photos of adults and the genitalia of the newly recorded species are provided with brief comments on the distribution. Also taxonomic accounts for the species are given.

The tribe Eucosmini is the second largest tribe of Olethreutinae with more than 1,000 species in over 125 genera, distributed mostly in the Holarctic region, and over half of the known species occur in the Nearctic region (Horak and Brown, 1991b). Enarmonia Hübner, Ancylis Hübner, and its allied genera are tentatively retained in Eucosmini, although they have been treated as the subtribe Enarmoniina (Razowski, 1989) belong to Eucosmini maybe distinguished from other tribes by a combination of the following characters proposed by Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov (1984): 1) one-branched protuberance of the valve; 2) gnathos and uncus very weakened or reduced. In Vietnam, in the period 1977-1978 and 1997-1998, National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) recorded only seven Tortricidae species. But none of them are Eucosmini. Recently, Kuznetzov (2001) recorded four species in the South Vietnam: Eucosmogastra aeolantha (Meyrick, 1914), Noduliferola pleurogramma (Clarke, 1976), N. atriplaga (Clarke, 1976), N. phaeostropha (Clarke, 1976). Razowski recorded 14 species of 10 genera of Eucosmini (2009). In this study, we are briefly reviewed of tribe Eucosmini in North Vietnam. As the result of this study, totally 19 Eucosmini species of 13 genera are recognized. Of them, 17 species are reported for the first time from Vietnam such as: Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973; Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus, 1785); Eucosma calligrapha Meyrick, 1912, etc. The materials identification based on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected from 2004-2009 in the North Vietnam by Vietnamese and Korean entomologist.

This study investigated the efficiency of mating disrupters for the control of Grapholita molesta(Busck) and Adoxophyes orana in pear orchards. G. molesta was shown 4 peak occurrence, which were different according to treatments. In conventional control, many moths were captured in mid and late April and peaks occurred in mid June, August, and early-mid September. In the non-control treatment, there were low populations in April. A. orana also appeared to 4 peak in 2007. Moths were rarely captured in mating disrupter treatment but many were captured in both the non-control and in conventional treatment. A. orana damage differed significantly between mating disrupter use and conventional control in 2006. Especially, the difference was significant between conventional control and mating disrupter to leaf damage in August, and there were similar results in the damage by G. molesta in the shoots and fruits.

The genus Dichrorampha Guenée, 1845 belong to subfamily Olethreutinae, family Tortricidae described about 110 species in the Holarctic region (Brown, 2005). In Palaearctic region, there are about 90 species and about 20 species found in Nearctic region; 54 species are recorded from Europe (Razowski, 2003). Danilevesky and Kuznetsov (1968) established the subtribe Dichroramphae by the genus Dichrorampha Guenée. Razowski (1989), proposed the usage of Lipoptychina instead of Dichroramphae since the former name is older. Komai (1999) referred to the group as the Dichrorampha genus-group and added Pammenemima Diakonoff (= Titanotoca Diakonoff) to the group (Horak, 2006). Since Park (1983) reported two species of the genus for the first time from Korea, they are mainly studied by Park and Ahn (1986), Byun, Bae and Park (1998), Oh, Bae and Park (2001). Four species have been reported to present from the Korean peninsula. In this study, Dichrorampha gueneeana Obraztsov, 1953 is report for the first time from Korea. D. gueneeana Obraztsov, 1953 resembles with D. latiflavana Caradja, 1916 superficially, but the former is easily distinguished from the latter by following characters: dorsal patch of forewing color pale yellowish, and smaller than D. latiflavana Caradja, 1916; sclerite of colliculum slender; bent proximally and ductus bursae broader than D. latiflavana Caradja, 1916. Morphological characters of this species are redescribed with illustrations of wing venation and genitalia.

Leaf roller moths Olethreutinae is the second largest subfamily in Tortricidae, comprising worldwide more than 4,300 species (Horak, 2006). Of which, 465 species of 88 genera in South Asia (Diaknoff, 1973). In Vietnam, when studying on fauna of the agricultural pests, National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) recorded only 4 Tortricidae species (1977-1978), and 3 Tortricidae species (1997- 1998). From 1996 to 2001. Kuznetzov reported two new genera Fibuloides gen. nov., Pammenpsis gen. nov., and 19 species of Olethreutinae. He also has created a list of 208 Tortricidae species in the North Vietnam. Recently, Razowski recorded 33 species, 11 genera (2008), he (2009) also reported 107 species, 61 genera, of which 61 species of 41 genera belong to Olethreutinae in the North Vietnam. Of which, 25 species are described as new to science, 13 species are new to Vietnam. In the present study, we are briefly reviewed of subfamily Olethreutinae in North Vietnam. We recognized 105 species of 51 genera. Of them, 50 species are reported for the first time from North Vietnam such as: Andrioplecta pulverula Meyrick, 1912; Cryptophlebia repletana Walker, 1863; Dactylioglypha tonica (Meyrick, 1909); Lobesia aelopa Meyrick, 1997; Lobesia ambigua Diaknoff, 1954, etc. The materials identification base on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected in North Vietnam from 2004-2009.

Two closely related species, the soybean podworm, Matsumuraeses phaseoli, and the podborer, M. falcana, gives differential economic damages on crops. It is difficult to discriminate these potential sympatric species by morphological characters. The goal of this study was to develop a discriminating molecular marker based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A partial genomic fragment (500 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ (mtCOI) was sequenced in both species, in which restriction site by Rsa I was selected as a dichotomous marker. PCR-RFLP in the mtCOI region clearly discriminated both species.

Monitoring was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Grapholita dimorpha Komai in Korean apple orchards using sex pheromone traps. G. dimorpa showed four peaks per year: early May, from late June to early July, from late July to mid August, and from late August to September. After adult emergence of the over-wintered G. dimorpha, G. dimorpha catches was decreased significantly and increased again after July. In G. molesta traps, G. molesta and G. dimorpha were trapped by 98.8 and 1.2%, respectively. Conversely in G. dimorpha traps, G. dimorpha and G. molesta were trapped by 99.7 and 0.3%, respectively. The 30.6% of the moths from the damaged apple fruits were G. dimorpha. This is the first report on G. dimorpha in apple orchards in Korea.

Matsumuraeses phaseoli and M. falcana cannot be classified with the external morphological characters. Although differences in the morphology of male genitalia and in the mitochondrial DNA sequence of cytochrome oxidase I between the two species have been found, there is no information that the two species are biologically different species till now. We, therefore in this study, tried to cross the two species to observe postzygotic incompatibility in the next hybrid generations and to know whether the two species are 'biological species' or not. In crossing between the parents, two kinds of F1 hybrids were produced successfully. In inter- and intra-breeding between F1 hybrids, two lines crossed with females of F1 hybrid produced by females of M. phaseoli could not produce F2 adults to show inviability of larvae. The other two lines produced F2 adults successfully and the F2 adults produced F3 larvae in inbreeding. In back-crossing between parents and F1 hybrids, the two lines of 8 breeding lines, in which females of F1 hybrid were produced by females of M. phaseoli, could not produce the next generation of larvae. The other six lines produced F2 adults successfully. The results indicated that maternal factors of F1 hybrid produced by M. phaseoli females contributed to create the incompatibility between the F1 females and other lines. In conclusion, the results showed a postzygotic reproductive isolation between M. phaseoli and M. falcana in part.

A new species of Adoxophyes unique from other closely resembling species was discovered based on molecular characters. Larvae of this species were collected from sweet cherry (Prunus avium) imported from China and intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Korean sea and airport in 2008. They were reared to adult in the laboratory for accurate identification. We also collected two specimens from China for this study. In addition, we conducted a comparative study of three related Korean species (A. orana, A. honmai, and A. paraorana (= orana-like)) to confirm the identity of new species. We compared DNA barcoding sequences (~658 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 13 specimens of four Adoxophyes species. We also compared variable internal transcribed space region 1 (ITS 1) nuclear rDNA sequence for further identification. As a result of this study, we confirmed the identity of Adoxophyes a new species. We also provided pairwise p-distances among the species and their neighbor-joining tree.

The family Tortricidae, with just over 9000 described species (Brown 2005), is the second largest lineage in the microlepidoptera, and by far the most important economically. In Vietnam, de Joanis is the first entomologist has created the original data of moths. From 1928-1929, he reported 45 families belong to Lepidoptera and focoused on Noctuidae and Pyralidae. After the Vietnam war in the North (1954), many times were collected in the North by National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP). But all of them focused on fauna of the agricultural pests. According to the publication of NIPP (1967-1968), 533 species of 37 families. Recently, Korean entomologists have researched on the Lepidoptera in Vietnam by Park et al. (2007) reported 816 species of Lepidoptera classified by 4 families; Noctuidae (564 species), Pyraloidae (201 species), Sphingidae (28 species), and Lecithoceridae (23 species). Vietnamese entomologists' reports have represented a diversity of Lepidoptera in National parks of Vietnam, but all of them focused on macrolepidoptera. In 2001, one new genus and 6 new species belong into Tortricidae in the Southern part has reported by Kuznetzov. In 2008 Razowski announced 10 Tortricidae species in Vietnam. The main aims of this study are to survey of any references of family Tortricidae in North Vietnam, and it also is the first data about Tortricidae in Vietnam. The materials identification based on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected from 2004-2007. In the taxonomic review of the Tortricidae in Northern part of Vietnam, 40 species (16 species of the subfamily Tortricinae and 24 species of the subfamily Olethreutinae) are recognized. All of them are reported for the first time from Vietnam. Taxonomic review for all species is provided with photos of the adults for the species.

Adoxophyes spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are economically important pests of fruit trees in Asia and Europe. The geographical distribution of three Adoxophyes species, A. orana, A. honmai and A. paraorana, in Korea was surveyed using species-specific sex pheromone traps for males in 2006 and 2007. The distribution of A. orana was restricted in the midwestern area, while A. honmai was found mainly in the southern area. In contrast to these two species, A. paraorana was widely distributed. Moreover, A. paraorana coexisted with A. orana in the midwestern area, and with A. honmai in the southern area. The seasonal fluctuation of male catches was monitored with pheromone traps in 2008. In the central regions, males of A. orana and A. paraorana were captured from May to September, with peak numbers in late May, middle July, and late August. A. honmai males were trapped from late April to late September, with peak catches in middle May, late June, early August, and early September in Naju.