There has been a tectonic shift in the trade relationship between the United States (US) and China. This can be seen in the passage of new US legislation, recent US trade restrictions on exports and investment transactions with China, and worsening US relations with the World Trade Organization (WTO), particularly with its dispute resolution system. The Trump administration initiated a haphazard tariff and trade war with China, reversing decades of US trade policy pursuant to its long-standing stances of supporting free trade. To the dismay of many in the trade community within the US and globally, the trade actions by President Trump have been significantly extended and broadened by the Biden administration in its first two years, despite the expectation that it would reverse many of Trump’s policies. In this article, I present seven observations concerning President Trump’s and President Biden’s trade policies.

In recent years, various steps have been taken to build strong and effective intra-BRICS economic cooperation. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have been meeting since 2009 and gained a lot of weightages on different areas of economic relevance. In this course, the contribution of India is very significant. The paper therefore aims to elucidate the bilateral relations of India with its BRICS counterparts. The study begins by stressing the importance of BRICS as a group and its importance in the context of India. The authors hold a descriptive methodology by adopting secondary data from various sources. The paper gives an overview of the individual bilateral relationship of India in terms of trade. Further, the study suggested how a change of policy and infrastructural development can make the relationship of India with BRICS counterparts much stronger and sustainable.

본 연구는 아프리카 전자상거래 법률 및 규정이 중국-아프리카 디지털 무역에 끼치는 영향을 탐색한다. 이를 위해, 구조방정식 모델링을 이용해 중국-아프리카 ICT 상품 무역액, 아프리카 전자상거래 발전 지수, 그리 고 전자상거래 법률 및 규정간의 상호 영향을 분석하였다. 결과적으로, 아프리카 전자상거래 법률 및 규정이 아프리카 전자상거래 발전과 중국- 아프리카 디지털 무역에 모두 긍정적으로 작용함을 확인하였다. 하지만 과도한 세금은 이러한 발전을 제한하는 요소로 작용하였다. 이 연구는 방법론적 혁신을 포함하며, 아프리카 전자상거래 법률 및 규정의 개선과 디지털 무역의 발전을 촉진하는 실증적 근거를 제시하였다. 다만, 데이터 와 이론적 한계로 인한 제약점이 존재하며, 향후 연구는 이를 극복하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 이론적 가치와 실질적 시사점을 제 공한다.

Political conflicts and trade tensions affect entrepreneurial activities. This paper qualitatively evaluates the success factors of a B2B company’s marketing management strategies within the context of trade policy changes. Results indicate that a strong brand, personal ties to customers, retailers and competitors, and international manufacturing sites reduce the risk. Companies not only face the challenge of disruptive innovation caused by global digitalization activities. In addition, disruptions in the macro-environment are actually increasing. One example that impedes the growth of industrial activities is the current, still escalating, US-China trade war. Unusual forms of marketing coalitions and networks in trans-organizational systems are considered key constellations to ensure future company success (Achrol, 1991). What are the success factors for a B2B company’s marketing management strategies within the context of disruptive economic market and industry conditions, e.g., international trade policy changes?

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the bridges to the globalization of trade. The BRI will achieve all its goals and help each participant nation's economy flourish. Expanding international commerce and reducing inequality among participating nations are indicators of stronger economic growth. This study intends to investigate how the Belt and Road Initiative affects global trade and equality among its participants and elaborate the people perception on BRI in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study uses secondary data to compare the BRI members, while the original data was collected using a survey approach. The four factors evaluated in secondary data are globalization, international trade, equality, and business environment. K-mean cluster, One-way ANOVA, and Partial Least Squares were used for data analysis. The survey is conducted in English on two platforms (online and offline), they are analyzed by Homogeneity of Variances test. The findings indicated foreign debt, political stability, level of corruption, education index, and life expectancy are the differences in the business environments that account for this. If the member nations in the Belt and Road Initiative have favorable conditions in terms of political stability, education, and life expectancy, they will succeed in terms of globalization, international trade, and equality. In addition, the nation should have little foreign debt and less corruption. The last, both Malaysia and Indonesia have positive perception on the BRI and support the country to participate on it.

조제프 말로드 윌리엄 터너의 <노예선>은 인간 경험의 극적이고 감정적인 측면을 포착 하는 사례다. 1840년에 완성된 이 작품은 격렬한 폭풍 속에서 노예가 된 아프리카인들이 배 에서 밖으로 던져지는 비인간적인 장면을 묘사한다. 또한 이 작품은 대서양 횡단 노예무역의 잔인성과 경제적 이익을 위한 인간 착취의 윤리적 의미에 대한 회화적 증언이다. 그러나 노 예무역의 열악한 환경은 종 호 사건은 물론 노예무역을 둘러싼 복잡한 법적 문제를 발생시 켰다. 본 연구는 <노예선>이 ‘노예제 폐지’나 ‘노예무역폐지’와 같은 사안들과 결합하는 과정 에서 파생되는 메시지를 어떻게 시각적으로 형상화시키고 있는지를 사회사적 관점에서 분석 한다. 이를 통해 노예제도에 함축된 정치경제적 맥락과 작가의 조형 의식 형성 간의 관계성 을 조명하여 터너의 작품 세계에 대한 기존의 인식론적 지형도를 확장시키는데 집중한다.

This study examined the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)’s illegal trade in UNsanctioned items as revealed in the UN panel of experts report in order to estimate the types of illegal trade in nuclear items, one of the UN-sanctioned prohibited items, and to find efficient ways to block it. Also, The research revealed that DPRK secretly imports UN-sanctioned prohibited items without going through customs through maritime transshipment, conceals or disguises them through identity laundering by falsifying documents at customs clearance, and makes various attempts to escape the international community’s surveillance, such as using a combination of methods such as Re-Flagged and Double-Flagged for identity laundering, and concealing them without operating the Automatic Identification System (AIS) at sea. The DPRK’s Illicit trade cases have been divided into two types of transactions: those that violate customs clearance procedures by providing false information to customs through disguise or concealment, and those that do not go through normal customs procedures, such as smuggling. To block customs violations, technical measures such as increasing the number of inspections of container ships or improving the accuracy of inspections are required, while to block smuggling, since it does not go through physical inspections, there are ways to monitor it through satellite images or strengthen border enforcement such as airport bays and land routes. As a result, DPRK’s nuclear items are designated as sanctioned items under UN resolutions, and it is assumed that DPRK and its networks will attempt to trade illegally through a combination of customs clearance violations and non-customs clearance violations, depending on the circumstances. Furthermore, since DPRK is subject to extensive sanctions from the international community, including the UN, in connection with its nuclear weapons program, illegal trade continues, and efforts should be made to block illegal trade through physical inspection at customs clearance.

본 연구는 FTA 무역협정과 관련하여 기존 연구들이 수행했던 직접운 송원칙에 대한 분석을 넘어서 APTA 직접운송원칙의 운영상 제기된 여 러 문제를 파악하고자 관세청 판례사례를 바탕으로 분석해보고자 하였 다. 연구를 위해 관세청 관세평가 판례 사건번호-조심-2017-30의 심판 청구사건(제목: “APTA 직접운송원칙 위반 여부”)을 연구에 활용하였다. 최근 협정관세율 적용이 배제되어 관세를 부과 당하는 처분 사례가 증가 하고, 심사청구, 적부심사 사건 분쟁이 꾸준하게 늘고 있는 상황에서 이 번 연구 주제에 대한 논의가 APTA를 적용받고자 하는 무역 기업에 유 용한 자료를 제공하고 있다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다.

As the Biden administration succeeded President Trump’s chaotic and undisciplined trade and investment policies toward China, the last six months of 2022 have seen significant developments in the US trade law and economic policy toward China. These legislative and regulatory developments bring into sharper focus a broader and more aggressive US legal and regulatory structure fostering industrial policy and confronting China. The recent midterm elections in the US and meeting in Bali between Xi and Biden only seem to maintain the current unsettling state of affairs. The subsequent WTO panel decision against the United States concerning its Section 232 national security tariffs and its rejection of national security defense only further complicates the US-China trade relations. The legislative and regulatory measures emanating from the US in the last half of 2022 are not helpful and represent a worrisome development. These measures are by far more aggressive, with significant domestic and global implications. They portend a new emerging post-WTO order.

India’s recalibrated strategy toward free trade agreements (FTAs) has received considerable traction in the international trade policy space. Moreover, this has reignited the debate that India needs to reconsider its decision of not joining the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). A variety of factors such as domestic political economy, legal provisions of the RCEP agreement remained a matter of India’s concerns and shaping decision not to join the RCEP. The study explores scholarly literature and analyzes key imperatives such as integration in global value chains, consolidation of existing trade agreements and shaping global rulemaking for India to reconsider joining the RCEP agreement in the context of India’s new FTA strategy. The study findings demonstrate that India’s recalibrated strategy toward FTAs has significantly changed in terms of its geographical orientation, shift to bilateral trade deals, and geopolitical orientation. However, India is unlikely to consider joining the RCEP even under its new FTA strategy.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) is the world's largest free trade agreement. The RCEP has significant implications for China’s agricultural trade especially in the ASEAN region which is China’s top export market, the second-biggest source of imports for Chinese agricultural products, and largest trading partner in the agricultural sector. To boost trade development, this paper presents a detailed SWOT analysis of China’s agricultural trade with the ASEAN using the RCEP as the research background. Through the RCEP, China’s agricultural products are expected to achieve not only growth in trade scale and trade facilitation, but also stronger economic ties in East Asia. However, the RECP also poses new challenges to China’s agricultural trade structure, core competitiveness, and quality and safety system. Therefore, China should reinforce its brand building, optimize its trade layout, deepen its agricultural transformation, and improve its cooperation to better enjoy the trade dividends brought by RCEP.

본 연구는 소재·부품·장비의 한·중 산업간 무역구조 및 무역 경쟁력의 변화를 분 석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 먼저 수출입 추세를 보았을 때 소재·부품·장비의 대중국 무역은 지난 10여 년간 지속적으로 무역수지 흑자를 달성하고 있지만 흑자 규모는 지속적으로 하락하는 추세에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 GL 지수를 보았을 때 산 업 내 무역의 수준이 지속적으로 증가하고 동종 산업 간의 경쟁 또한 치열해지고 있 는 것으로 파악되었다. 10년간 전체 소재·부품·장비 산업의 TSI 지수는 양(+)으로 나 타나 우리나라 산업의 경쟁력이 우세한 것으로 나타났지만 TSI 지수가 지속적으로 줄어들어 산업의 경쟁력이 점차 감소하고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 중국의 급격한 성장에 대응하기 위해서는 우리 제품의 자급률 향상 및 경쟁력 강화 등을 위한 노력 을 지속적으로 기울여야 할 것으로 판단이 된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the import and export of agricultural products between Korea and ASEAN, and to derive cooperation plans in the agricultural sector. With the introduction of the Korea-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 2007, economic cooperation has been expanded. From 2007 to 2021, Korea's foreign direct investment (FDI) to ASEAN countries increased by about 7.55% annually. As ASEAN has emerged as an important economic partner, cooperation in Official Development Assistance (ODA) has also strengthened. Between 2007 and 2020, the size of Korea's ODA to ASEAN countries also increased by about 11.63% annually. To prove the relationship between trade values in the agriculture sector, FDI and ODA, the gravitational model was used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that FDI and ODA affected agricultural trade. The results imply that cooperation in the agricultural sector between Korea and ASEAN should be made through the establishment of “trade (agricultural product trade)-cooperation (ODA)-investment (FDI) Nexus.”

One of the overwhelming issues in the global economy has been China-US trade war. The edited book by Rahul Nath comprises of chapters on different dimensions of the trade war. AS the crisis emerged between two economic powers of East (China) and West (US), it had substantial consequences on South Asian economies. The chapters identify key challenges as the outcome of China-US trade war. While building on the consequences of the conflict, the book traces on the impact on trade barriers, both tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. The empirical evidences examined identify the spill over effects on the South Asian economy. Amid China-US trade war, the litmus test has been for the WTO as there has been rise in preferential trade agreements. The authors have examined these issues in detail.

The United States’ Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) introduces new eligibility requirements for existing USD 7,500 tax-credit provided to electric vehicles. The new requirements condition the credit upon North American final assembly and North American-sourced materials and components. As tensions flare between the US and China, these new local content requirements reflect the US’s effort to establish a supply chain for electric vehicles that circumvents China. The blow, however, is felt elsewhere, namely by South Korean auto makers whose electric vehicle models are no longer eligible for the significant tax-credit necessary to compete in the American market. As South Korea considers submitting a complaint to relevant international bodies, this paper dissects the IRA’s relevant provisions and analyzes the applicability of international trade law rules of the WTO and the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement to the new local content requirements of the IRA.

Trades are classified as a direct trade, in which an exporter and an importer directly conclude a contract to execute a transaction, and an indirect trade, in which a transaction is conducted through a third party. A license issued by NSSC is required for the indirect trade of Trigger List Items although the items do not cross the Korea’s borders. This study would summarize characteristics for each type of the indirect trade, and suggest things considered from the perspective of regulations. Sensitive items such as weapons of mass destruction could be illegally transferred through black trade, and the role of brokers is important. Therefore, Korea controls indirect trade of Trigger List Items in a more conservative approach, although NSG guidelines does not include it as a control scope. Advanced countries in export control field such as the US, UK, and Canada also controls on indirect trade. One of the indirect trade types is an intermediate trade in which the goods are imported from a foreign country and exported to another foreign country without being brought into the trader’s country. Another type is a merchandising trade which is a form of brokerage between exporter from a foreign country and importer from another foreign country. Both types have one thing in common that the goods are not crossed the trader’s country. The difference is that an intermediate trader directly participates in the contract and earn a difference between import and export amount, whereas a merchandising trader just arranges the transaction and earns a brokerage fee. The profits from the intermediate trade are considered as export records, while merchandising trade profits are not considered export records. In other words, only the intermediary trade is considered as an export. Also, the license types are different for each of them. An export license should be issued for the intermediate trade of Trigger List Items, whereas a brokerage license should be issued for the merchandising trade of Trigger List Items. The definition of export in the Foreign Trade Act includes intermediate trade for only goods, but technology is missing, although the sub-regulation specifies the intermediate trade including both. The technology need to be added as it can be the subject of intermediate trade in spite of intangible characteristics. Also, outreach activities are more needed as nuclear industry awareness on export control for both trades is low.

From 1970 to 1990, North Korea’s trade mainly carried out maritime trade through ports for countries around the world. This trend is due to UN sanctions against North Korea, and after the third nuclear test in 2016, North Korea gradually became isolated from the outside world as it expanded to include maritime sanctions in the form of comprehensive sanctions targeting an unspecified majority of North Korea. The logistics structure of North Korea is due to the logistics infrastructure left during the Japanese colonial period in the 1950s and the political structure of the country, with railroads being the main source of logistics and passenger transportation, and roads being secondary. North Korea faced rapid deterioration and lack of facilities after 1990 due to the lack of investment in facilities and improvement of the operating system despite the advanced logistics infrastructure and operating system compared to the South. In particular, the power shortage in North Korea hindered the operation of the railroad and accelerated the aging of the railroad facilities, which has continued to this day. In the 2010s, 96% of cargo transportation in North Korea’s logistics infrastructure depended on railroads and roads, and ports that were developed until the 1980s have deteriorated with little investment since the economic crisis of the 1990s. Although some ports have been developed since 2010, North Korea’s east and west coasts are separated and there is no function of shipping to connect ports, so it did not have a significant impact on enhancing the nation’s port capacity. As North Korea’s trade dependence on China has increased, North Korea has largely relied on land transport, except for some cargoes that are advantageous for marine transport, such as coal. This structure again leads to a decrease in investment in ports, and the current vicious cycle of causing problems with North Korean port facilities is repeated. In this study, North Korea’s land and marine trade logistics system such as railway, road, and shipping and the trend of foreign trade due to sanctions against North Korea were analyzed. Through this analysis, it is planned to be used as a basis for developing the routes and scenarios through which major nuclear items can be transferred in the event of denuclearization of North Korea in the future.

불공정무역조사법 제4조 제1항 각 호에서는 우리나라 무역위원회의 조 사 대상이 되는 불공정무역행위 유형에 대하여 규정하고 있으며, 이 중 제1호에서 지식재산권 침해 물품 등의 국내 수입, 수출 행위 등을 규정하 고 있다. 불공정무역조사법상 지식재산권 침해 행위에는 특허권, 실용신안 권, 디자인권, 상표권, 저작권, 저작인접권, 출판권, 데이터베이스 제작자 의 권리 및 반도체집적회로의 배치설계권이나 지리적 표시 및 지리적 표 시권 또는 영업비밀 침해까지 포함되나, 부정경쟁방지법상의 부정경쟁행 위는 규정하고 있지 않다. 불공정무역조사법상의 조사와는 별도로 부정경쟁방지법에서는 부정경쟁 행위 조사제도를 운영하고 있는데, 이를 무역위의 불공정무역행위 조사제 도와 비교해 보고, 불공정무역조사법상 조사대상이 되는 지식재산권 침해 범위에 부정경쟁행위의 추가여부의 타당성, 적절성을 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 불공정무역조사법과 부정경쟁방지법 상의 조사제도를 비교분석하고, 각 제도의 운영 실태 및 현황을 조사하여 분석하였다. 다음으로 해외 주요국에서 불공정무역행위 조사제도의 현황 및 관련 법규를 조사하여, 해외에서 불공정무역 조사대상에 부정경쟁행위 를 포함하고 있는 사례를 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 불공정무역조사법상 지 식재산권 침해 범위에 부경법상 부정경쟁행위의 추가여부의 타당성을 법 리적으로 검토하고, 관련 고려사항을 제시하였다.

The global cod market is supposed to have weak structure with a high dependence on the supply of Russia, the United States, Norway, and China. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the cod supply chain for the worse. Fish processing facilities in China stopped their operation, and cod demand declined due to shrinking consumption in Europe. The position of South Korea as an intermediary trade country between Russia and China strengthened due to the U.S.-China trade war and the Atlantic cod decrease in 2019. However, this global cod supply chain collapse has caused South Korea to export accumulated cod to Indonesia and Vietnam at a bargain price, showing that South Korea was unable to cope with this supply chain crisis. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate changes in the global cod supply chain and their impacts on the intermediary trade of South Korea caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It also aims to provide implications by analyzing advanced cases in Denmark. As the cod supply chain crisis countermeasures, this study suggests that South Korea develop high value-added marine products, gain competitive advantages by solidifying the value chains of related countries, and activate export by discovering alternative markets in terms of the supply chain of the cod industry.

본 연구는 글로벌 수산업의 무역기술장벽 관련 규제가 민감해짐에 따라 각국의 무역기술장벽 통보문이 지역에 따라 어떠한 특성을 보이는지 알아보고자 한다. 연구자료는 국가기술표준원의 해외기술규제정보시스템을 이용하 였으며 우리나라 수산업 무역에 영향을 미치는 총 201건의 통보문 텍스트 자료를 추출하였다. 지역은 아프리카, 아시아, 유럽, 북미, 중남미로 구분하여 단어 빈도 분석과 언어네트워크 분석 중 하나인 엔그램 분석을 적용하였 다. 그 결과, 공통으로 추출된 단어는 수산물의 생산과 제품화를 비롯하여 표준, 기술규정 준수를 포함하였다. 반 면 지역별로는 아프리카와 아시아, 중남미 등 개발도상국은 추가 인증 획득, 필요 서류의 증가 등 형식적 규제와 연결성을 보였으며 유럽과 북미 등 선진국은 환경보호와 위생, 소비자 보호 등 실질적 규제와 관련한 연결성이 네트워크로 나타났다. 이에 우리나라 수산업계 기업은 해외진출에 있어 형식적 규제와 실질적 규제를 동시에 대 응해야 하는 위치에 있으며 수산물 생산 현지국에 우리나라의 수산업 관련 표준과 검사 절차 등 기술지원을 통해 무역기술장벽 관련 규제를 회피할 수 있는 방안이 마련되어야 한다.