목적 : 본 연구에서는 자세보조용구 적용의 효과를 측정하기 위해 사용하는 Seated Postural Control Measure (SPCM)를 한글화하고, 그 신뢰도를 조사하여 국내 적용가능성을 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : SPCM의 번안을 위해 한글 번역 및 검증, 역번역 및 검증으로 구성된 번안 절차를 거쳐 한글 판 SPCM을 완성한 후, 23명의 뇌성마비 장애인을 대상으로 내적 일치도, 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 검사자 간 신뢰도를 산출하였다. 결과 : 내적 일치도는 총점에 대해 .92, 정렬영역 .68, 기능영역 .97을 보였다. 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 총 점에서 .95, 정렬영역 .93, 기능영역 .96으로 산출되었고, 검사자간 신뢰도는 총점에서 .98, 정렬영역 .83, 기능영역 .99로 나타나 한글판 SPCM이 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 갖는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 체계적인 번안 절차를 통해 한글판 SPCM을 완성하였고, 본 평가도구가 높은 수준 의 신뢰도를 보유하고 있음을 입증하였다. 이에 따라 한글판 SPCM이 향후 보조공학분야에서 자세보조 용구 적용에 대한 객관적인 근거를 제시할 수 있는 평가도구로 활용되기를 기대한다.

Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary to the late Ming China, translated of Epictetus’ Enchiridion into Twenty-Five Sayings in Chinese for the purpose of Christian mission. His selection of the representative book in the Western stoic philosophy had specific purpose: Introducing one of religious semantic meaning in the Western Christianity, Stoic ethics and its religious similarities with Buddhist frameworks. By doing so, Ricci tried to demonstrate the Western Christianity was same in relation to ethical framework but different in regard to religious implications. He tried to find the point of contact and the point of difference at the same time by comparing Christianity’s stoic characters and China’s Buddhist ethics, which was different from traditional Confucian framework. The Chinese responses, however, show different outcomes. The Chinese intellectuals, who responded Ricci’s missiological intention, read his book with different perspectives. They showed their surprising interests in the newly translated book on the Western stoic philosophy in relation to promote and uphold their traditional Confucian values. The author claims that both missionaries and the responders of the new religious teaching tend to be confused by semantic values in the early period of cultural and religious contact. Without this awareness, both sides of cultural and religious contact would be confused in the proper understanding of the true religious meanings.

프리엘의 『번역』에는 영국이 아일랜드를 식민화하는 과정에서 지도를 제작하면서 언어를 대체하려는 사건을 배경으로 다양한 인물들이 이름붙이기에 대해 반응하는 것이 표현되고 있다. 언어가 정체성을 확정하는 도구라는 전제를 바탕으로 이름이 가지는 문화적, 역사적 의미를 분석하였다

W. B. 예이츠의 시의 번역의 역사는 1918년 김안서(1893-195?)가 처음 번역하여 서울의 한 서구문학번역 주간지에 실린 예이츠의 8행시 “그는 하늘의 천을 원하네”(1899년 작)로 거슬러 올라간다. 그 이후 이 시는 100년 동안 시인들과 작가들 에 의해 계속적으로 번역되었고, 가장 최근 2006년에는 17번째 번역이 나왔다. 본고는 이 시의 번역에서 어휘의 선택, 문장의 배열, 태도, 영향, 등에 대한 평을 한다. 본고 는 최초로 김안서의 번역이 영어원전의 번역이 아니라 구리야가와 하쿠손(1880-1923) 의 1905년 일본어 번역의 중역인 것을 보여주며, 또한 복수와 단수명사의 구분을 무 시하는 한국어 번역의 특성도 지적하며, 마지막으로 미래의 번역가들이 주의해야 할 문제들도 다룬다.

An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae parasitized young larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Parasitized larvae exhibit sign ificant immunosuppression and fail to metamorphose to pupal stage. Especially, during last instar of parasitized P.xylostella, massive nutrients divert from host to wasp development. CpBV15α ,a host translation inhibitory factors encoded in C. Plutella bracovirus(CpBV), plays a crucial role in suppressing host usage of amino acids. Its promoter analysis shows that CpBV15α specifically inhibit host development in late larval period. To understand its inhibitory target, its specific expression was performed in non-parasitized P. xylostella by in vivo transient expression technique. Total plasma proteins were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis and determined target genes inhibited by CpBV15α. Immunoprecipation of cellular extract with CpBV15α antibody captured eIF2B. CpBV15α shares sequence homology with eIF5, especially at its eIF2B-binding region. Our results suggest that CpBV15α may sequester eIF2B, which result in malfunctioning of eIF2 cycling to form a translation initiation complex.

翻訳という作業は母語とターゲットランギジとのミュチュアル·コンビネーション作用(mutual combination working)によって行われる行為と言える。翻訳には母語からターゲットランギジとその逆方向があり得るが、本稿では前者のことに焦点を当てることにした。本研究では、一般的に翻訳からやさしいと思われている一対一の対応が割りとはっきりする名詞の件について韓国語から日本語への転換において起こる問題と、ふつう一対一の対応が難しいと言われている韓国語の副詞、修飾語としての役割を担当している形容詞の問題主に取り上げることにした。本稿では、韓国文学作品の日本語翻訳に見える表現の多義性(ambiguity)に対し、翻訳専門家グループの翻訳文を通して照明を省てることにより、翻訳に現れる数々の判断に関わる事項を調査分析した。その一つとして、主語の扱いが翻訳者によって文脈を考慮した苦択に強いられることが多々あることである。主語は時には省略された形で現れることもあった。韓日翻訳においてはテンスとアスペクトの問題も対応に注目する必要があった。韓国での「-ㅆ다」は単純過去を表す機能を持っている。しかし、日本語文では「-た」形を用いることがあれば、時制が「現在」に置き換えられることもある。ナイダは、翻訳を「Formal Equivalence」と「Dynamic Equivalence」で分けている。本稿を通して良い翻訳とは何かについても枠を広げてみたい。

차세대 웹 기술로 각광 받고 있는 시맨틱 웹에서 웹 리소스는 온톨로지에 기술된 다양한 메타데이타에 의해 가용하게 되며 이러한 온톨로지를 대상으로 한 검색을 위해 SPARQL과 같은 여러 시맨틱 질의 언어가 제안되었다. 그러나 이러한 시맨틱 질의 언어를 사용자가 습득하였다 하더라도 올바른 정보를 찾기 위해서는 사용자가 온톨로지의 구조와 어휘를 잘 파악하고 있어야 한다는 어려움이 있다. 특히 사용자가 질의 언어의 문법과 복잡한 형식 논리이론에 익숙하더라도

In this paper I want to set out my ideas about translation as re‐contextualization and a Third Space phenomenon and indicate some implications for translator education. The paper is in three parts. In the first part I will look at translation as Re‐contextualization and a Third Space phenomenon. In the second part, I will briefly outline a functional theory of translation as Third Space re‐contextualization. The third and final part of the paper describes a number of suggestions for translator education.

The purposes of this study were to examine the reliability and validity of Korean translation of Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-K) in school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP). The PEDI-K, Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMIFCS) were completed in 104 school-aged children with CP by therapists. The internal consistency of the PEDI-K was calculated by Cronbach's alpha () for assessing reliability. Concurrent validity was evaluated by correlation with the subsets of WeeFIM. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing GMFCS levels with tests of the PEDI-K. The results showed that internal consistency was good (Cronbach's ranged from .97~.98). Concurrent validity was demonstrated. The correlation with WeeFIM was high in the Functional Skills (self-care, r=.74~.94; mobility, r=.59~.91; social function, r=.65~.93) and in the Caregiver Assistance (self-care, r=.75~.94; mobility, r=.63~.90; social function, r=.78~.96). Discriminant validity was demonstrated on significant decreases in domain scores with increasing GMFCS levels. Reliability and validity have been demonstrated on the PEDI-K. This study extends usage of PEDI-K in clinical activities and research.

A polydnavirus, Cotesia plutella bracovirus (CpBV), encodes host translation inhibitory factors (HTIFs). Two HTIFs have been identified and named as CpBV15α and CpBV15β. HTIFs specifically inhibit host gene expression at post transcriptional level. This suggests that HTIFs can discriminate host mRNAs for their inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we chose a storage protein 1 (SP1) for a target and CpBV15β for non-target genes. Both target and non-target genes were constructed in a cloning vector by cloning their 5'UTR+ORF and in vitro transcribed. The capped partial mRNAs were in vitro translated using rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence or absence of HTIFs. Translation of SP1 mRNA was significantly inhibited by the HTIF, but those of CpBV15α and CpBV15β were not. We prepared chimeric mRNAs by exchanging 5'UTR and ORF of both target and non-target genes. Inhibitory activity of HTIFs was dependent on the 5'UTR structure. Target 5'UTR had more complicated secondary structure than non-target 5'UTR in terms of free energy required for unwinding. To identify the target molecule of HTIF to discriminate 5'UTR, an immunoprecipitation using HTIF antiserum was conducted. HTIF was co-precipitated with eIF4A that would be required for unwinding the secondary structure of mRNA. These results suggest that HTIF of CpBV can sequester host eIF4A, any mRNAs possessing complicated secondary structures in their 5'UTRs would be difficult to recruit initiation complex for efficient translation.

该稿是翻译郑玄的《诗谱序》并附上详细注释的文稿。郑玄《诗谱序》是在中国首次从历史的角度概述诗歌的诞生和发展的一篇500多字的短文。可是郑玄《诗谱序》中察看诗歌的根源后, 提出了诗有‘正’与‘变’之区分的观点。还认为因君臣之间的“情志不通”才作起诗来。他对诗的名称和诗的出现追溯到周国兴起的时代, 认为‘美诗’即‘大雅’与‘颂’先于‘刺诗’。他认定诗歌的出现与政治有密切的关系, 从而表现出过于狭隘的认识。郑玄对作为《诗经》的表现手法的‘赋’、‘比’、‘兴’首次正式阐明了全面的解释。《诗谱序》不仅对《诗大序》有重要补充, 而且为魏晋南北朝时期的系统的文学理论的出现起了导向的意義。刘勰《文心雕龙·時序》雲: “文变染乎世情，兴衰系乎时序。” 实与郑玄所说的“诗之大纲”之观点消息相通。

《左传》是一部涉及大约250多年的春秋时代历史的中国最初的完备的编年体历史书。具体记述了春秋时代各国的政治与军事、外交等重大历史事件。整体的思想倾向则接近于儒家, 故强调了阶级秩序与宗法伦理。从当今的文学理论观点察看《左传》, 则难寻以主要范畴议论的内容。《左传》的编书年代迟于《春秋》, 但登载的内容先于孔子时代, 故通过《左传》可以知道孔子和先秦诸子的文论思想产生的背景。尤其偏重《诗经》与政治的关系, 阐明‘赋诗言志’, 生动地反映了春秋时期政治交往当中对《诗经》的具体运用。本文选译了在《左传》接受《诗经》的‘赋’的意义变化和因对‘赋诗断章’的实用主义态度而唤起的文学作品的思想及作品的关系、叔孙穆子的“三不休”论、生动反映春秋时期政治交往中对《诗经》具体运用的一些例子、孔子论诗之前季札观赏音乐演奏而谈及的有关文学批评的理论、有关晏子的“和同之辨”之事。这对理解先秦时期文艺理论方面提供了珍贵的资料。

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is essential for proliferation of eukaryotic cells, andwas identified as diagnotic marker in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical and endometrial cancer, but relatively little is known about thein vivo and in vitro expression patterns of eIF-5A in oral premalignant and malignant lesions mirror the expression levels observed in vitro with cells derived from normal oral mucosa, immortalized oral keratinocytes (IHOK) and primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We used an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression model composed of cell lines and tissue specimens to characterize expression patterns by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. eIF-5A and PCNA levels are elevated in IHOKand primary and metastatic OSCC cella as compatred to normal human oral keraitinocytes. eIF5A and PCNA expression was l imited to basal cells of normal oral mucosa. eIF-5A and PCNA expression is increased in dysplastic epithelium spreading to more superficial layers, and its expression levels correlated significantly with the degree of dysplasia. Well and moderately differentiated OSCC showed strong expression of eIF-5A and PCNA. These results suggest that upregulated expression of eIF-5A seems to be an important epigenetic alteration that accompanies oral carcinogenic progression, and eIF-5A could be used as an biomarker for oral premalignat lesion or squamous cell carcinoma

Upon oviposition, parasitoid wasps inject their eggs along with venom, teratocytes and polydnavirus (PDV) on the host. Among these parasitic factors, PDVs are known to suppress the host immune system and utilize the host translational mechanisms allowing the juvenile parasitoid to develop. Polydnavirusencoded genes can selectively inhibit host translation and still use the translation machinery of the host to synthesize their own proteins. In this study, we utilize a proteomic approach involving two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) that couples isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE to resolve complex protein mixtures that results from the parastization of Cotesia plutellae on the lepidopteran host, Plutella xylostella. We specifically analyze the changes in protein synthesis using this technique after treatment of HTIFs that has been previously identified on C. plutellae. The difference in protein profile due to parasitization was confirmed by in vitro translation assay using rabbit reticulosyte lysate.

In December, 2007 the present writer wrote a paper on the errors in interpretation in which I raised an objection to the two Korean professors' translation of ‘hole’ which appear in the first stanza of “Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931” into Korean 구멍. Instead, the present writer insisted that ‘hole’ means ‘a deep place in a body of water’, one of the definitions of the word as described in Webster's Third New International Dictionary in that the meaning harmonizes well with the whole poem. But in May, 2009, Mr. Kim, Sangmoo, Professor Emeritus of Young Nam University read his paper to the effect that the present writer was wrong. His paper subjected the present writer to a thorough examination into the matter. In the course of close examination, the present writer came upon a book entitled A Yeats Dictionary. The present writer consulted the book for some hint leading to the solution of the present issue. At last the present writer found what he wanted in its entry, Coole Park. It read, "The lake further fascinated Yeats because its only drain was a narrow subterranean passage which caused the lake to double and treble its size in winter." All quess-works are needed no more. The present writer had to own that he made a mistake by his hasty conclusion. The ‘hole’ was the only drain in Coole lake, so that its translation into ‘구멍’ in Korean does not mar the meaning of the poem. In addition, this research proved fruitful in some other way. In the process of solving the above-mentioned point in question, the present writer faced a problematical and arbitrary way of Prof. Kim's presenting his argument in his paper. This gave the present writer a motivation to suggest, although in a crude way, a desirable mode of presenting arguments in paper.

Blood feeding tightly regulates the reproductive cycles in ticks. Vitellogenesis and nutritional signaling are a key event in the tick reproductive cycle. Here we report the identification of a Haemaphysalis longicornis GATA factor, (HlGATA), which is synthesized after a blood meal and acts as a transcriptional activator of vitellogenin (Vg). HlGATA shares structural similarity with other GATA factors of invertebrates and vertebrates. Tick GATA mRNA accumulated in the fat body and midgut prior to blood feeding. However, translation of GATA was activated by blood feeding because the GATA protein increased dramatically in engorged females. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock down of GATA transcript resulted in a significant inhibition of Vg expression and effectively disrupts egg development after blood meal in engorged tick. In addition, HlGATA translation was inhibited by RNAi-mediated knock down of S6 kinase. These experiments have revealed that the GATA factor, which is the specific transcriptional activator of Vg gene, represents important molecule for tick reproduction.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the current state of W. B. Yeats’s poems in Korean translation. My examination includes nearly all of the Korean translations of the quoted verse lines of Yeats’s poems appearing in The Yeats Journal of Korea between 2006 and 2008, and parts of translations of Yeats’s works published as separate volumes by the Yeats Society of Korea since 2003. Although so far three generations of scholars have actively engaged in Yeats studies and translation of his works since 1945 when academic research on the poet began in Korea, the translation endeavours by the second and third generation scholars have not yielded satisfactory results and that the senior group of scholars cannot shirk its responsibility.The problem areas in the translations include choice of words and phrases, tense adjustment, versification and punctuation as well as scene description and poetic imagining. Following a detailed discussion of inappropriate and awkward translations, I offer my own translation for comparison if need be.

The rapid growth of translation studies has made remarkable progress in the old ‘literal vs. free’ translation debate. Now it is clear that a literal translation is not so accurate and faithful to the source text, and such concepts should be replaced by more precisely defined terms. In Korea, translation has been relegated to language learning, and a literal translation is still recommended in order to focus on the source language, although it is not possible to translate a totally different Indo-European language following closely the form of it. Furthermore, literary style, so common and frequent in any Indo-European language, aggravates the difficulties, because literal translation of a source language written in literary style usually distorts Korean language and leads to misunderstand correct meanings of the source language. In this paper, I have attempted to expose the problems of literal translation and to make rules of translating Spanish into Korean by using mainly ‘transposition’ and ‘modulation’, terms developed by Vinay and Darbelnet(1958). I hope to apply such rules to the education of Spanish or other foreign languages.