Translation has been a key factor in the cultural transfer in the era of globalization. Despite the growing importance of the role of translation which helps to represent, construct and even manipulate cultural identities between different cultures, the absence of translation pedagogy in the current foreign language education in Korea creates a rather limited perspective about the nature and function of translation. Because of the constrained view of the role of translation as well as the historical prejudice against the role, translation is mostly used as the criteria for language proficiency testing, while topics like what to teach in translation pedagogy as well as how to teach are rarely discussed. This study analyzes the problems of the current use of translation in language teaching practice, and the limit of the traditional concept of word-for-word translation, characterized by a decontextualized practice, which has resulted in a restricted and mechanized practice of translation. By problematizing these issues, this study aims to provide more constructive and diverse approaches to translation pedagogy and a rendering of the meanings in translation. For practical aspects, this study will also examine the characteristics of translation-related courses, currently offered at major higher education institutions in the USA and Europe, where translation pedagogy is considerably well established, and provide direction for on what to teach.

The first significant modern theatre movement in Korea arose in the early 1920s. As already indicated, since the 1920s, modern Irish drama and its theatre movement had been a major field of interest for the Korean intelligentsia and dramatists, who believed that it provided a model for the modern Korean theatre. The importation of Irish drama was systematically conducted by different groups from the Korean intelligentsia in the 1920s and 1930s, during which period many of them published articles concerning Irish drama and the modern Irish theatre movement. In this paper, the process of importation, adaptation and assimilation of Irish drama into the Korean theatre will be traced. The initial stage of this process revolved around Irish drama which was translated into Korean. Twenty Irish plays were translated during the 1920s and 1930s and some of them were produced on the Korean stage. In this chapter, a complete list of the translated Irish plays will be provided and an analysis of the culturally significant repertories will follow. A further area of discussion will focus on which examples of Irish drama were chosen and how they were altered and interpreted from a Korean perspective. The examples of Irish drama which were translated into Korean reflect the theatrical taste of the Korean intelligentsia. Another important point of this chapter is the quality of translation, which reflects the ability of the leaders of the modern Korean theatre movement both as producers and translators. Many parts of the Irish originals were misinterpreted during the process of translation, either intentionally for political reasons, or unintentionally, due to the lack of linguistic skills. As a result, the mistranslated parts destroyed the original structure of the plays. Even worse, these 'translator's intention- reflected' versions were not only published but also used as the script for performances. This meant that the Korean reader and audience were also subjected to a similar misunderstanding of modern Irish drama. Based on this observation, the other main area of discussion in this chapter is a comparison of the differences between the Irish original plays and the Korean versions and an analysis of the cultural effect which resulted from the intentional changes.

The oocytes from most of animal species accumulate genetic information and other necessary materials during oogenesis for the later use in the early development. Over the years oocyte maturation has been studied extensively both in vitro and in vivo. Particularly, maturation of follicular oocyte in vitro becomes one of the important tools for the studies of basic cell biology, the in vitro technology of animal production, and in particular, the somatic cell cloning by nuclear transfer. We examined meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion in the presence of translation or transcription inhibitors for varying periods of in viかo maturation (IVM) of pig oocyte. In Experiment 1, the results revealed that translation and transcription inhibitors inhibited cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation during 35h of IVM. However, 50 to 60% of the oocytes underwent nuclear maturation without cumulus expansion during 75h of IVM. The rest of the oocytes were arrested at metaphase I (40-50%) in the presence of the inhibitors. In Experiment II, the OCCs were exposed to the drugs only for 15h to examine translation and transcription inhibitors on cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation. Transcription inhibitors for 15h did not arrest meiotic maturation when the oocytes were cultured for subsequent, necessary period of IVM, whereas cumulus expansion was completely inhibited, suggesting that initial 15h is critical transcription activity far cumulus expansion. Translation inhibitors for 15h exposure did not alter cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation during subsequent culture in the absence of the drugs. In Experiment III, the OCCs were exposed to the drugs only for later 30h to examine the influence of transcription and translation inhibitors on oocyte maturation. Interestingly, all meiotic maturation underwent normally with full expansion of cumulus. Similar results were obtained from Experiment IV where 5h of exposure from 15 to 20h of IVM culture to the drugs was performed and subsequently cultured for same period in fresh medium. Taken there results together, both transcription and translation are necessary for nuclear maturation and cumulus expansion, and first 15h IVM for cumulus expansion is critical. The arrested oocytes by the drugs were still capable of undergoing nuclear maturation, although cumulus expansion was affected.

최근 국제 사회에서 중국의 국가적 위상이 높아짐에 따라 대외 선전이 국가적, 사회적 관심사로 대두되었다. 동시에 대외 선전 번역의 중요성이 강조되면서 중국 특색이 있는 작품 등을 번역하는 사업도 끊임없이 진행되고 있다. 대외 선전 번역은 국가 이미지 구축과 언론 조성에 중요한 역할을 하며 중국의 문화를 전세계에 소개하고 ‘중국 문화 해외진출’ 전략을 실시하는 데 추진력이 된다. 중국에서 대외 선전 번역은 중국의 이야기와 중국의 목소리를 전달하고 국제 사회에서 중국의 담론 체계를 구축하는 데 이바지한다. 현재 외국에서 국제 이슈에 대한 중국의 생각을 알고 싶어 하지만 중국 지도자들은 중국어로 발언했기에 중국 지도자들의 발언을 외국인이 이해할 수 있도록 정확하게 표현하고 전달해야 한다. 본 연구는 중국 지도자인 시진핑 주석의 발언, 담화, 강연, 지시, 서신 등을 담고 있는 『시진핑 국정운영을 말하다』를 연구 대상으로 삼아 수사학 시각에서 한국어로 어떻게 번역했는지 분석하고자 하였다. 이는 시진핑 주석이 수사적 특징을 가진 중국의 고전 시문, 속담, 고사성어 등을 인용하고 비유법 등 수사법을 사용하므로 분석할 만한 가치가 있다고 본다. 한국어 번역문을 분석한 결과 역자가 직역, 의역, 첨가, 생략, 한자 표기, 바꿔 번역하기 등 번역 방법을 취한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해 앞으로 『시진핑 국정운영을 말하다』를 비롯한 우수 작품들이 번역되어 한국과 문화 교류를 원활하게 진행할 수 있기를 기대한다.