The community temperature index (CTI) reflects the temperature and environmental preferences of the community. We investigated the distribution patterns of major aquatic insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; EPT) based on CTI in streams of South Korea. We selected unpolluted 151 study sites at upper streams (less than 3rd) with less than 1.5 mg L-1 of biochemical oxygen demand. Study sites were clustered into six groups based on the similarities of their EPT composition. All three orders showed a continuous decrease in the number of species as CTI increased, especially in Plecoptera. In addition, the functional feeding groups were also significantly changed according the CTI changes. Temperature tolerance range of each group’s indicator species varied according to the CTI of the group. Finally, changes of CTI reflected differences of EPT assemblages according to the differences of environmental condition including temperature. Therefore, CTI can be applied to the evaluation and preservation of stream ecosystems and prediction of community changes due to climate change.

In this study, we tested the effect of a range of insect orders including Trichoptera as outgroups for lepidopteran phylogeny. Phylogenetic analyses performed with four different partitioning schemes using the maximum-likelihood method provided four different topologies (T1-T4) and topological test most supported T1 topology. When the means of first principle component for nucleotide frequency between A/T and G/C of PCGs was considered Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera tended to result in T1 topology more frequently in the given ingroup taxa and outgroups tested. This result contradicts to the general view that the sister taxon might be the best outgroup. The T1 topology was largely consistent with a recent large molecular dataset-based lepidopteran phylogeney, presenting the relationships ((((((((((Noctuoidea + Geometroidea) + (Bombycoidea + Lasiocampoidea)) + Drepanoidea) + Mimallonoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Gelechioidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea) + (Gracillaroidea + Yponomeutoidea)) + Hepialoidea).

The sister relationship between Trichoptera and Lepidoptera has often been supported in a diverse study, but mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) based lepidopteran phylogenetic studies have never utilized Trichoptera as outgroup mainly due to unavailability. Therefore, the effect of alternatives that were previously used (e.g., Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera) or Trichoptera as outgroups on the lepidopteran phylogeny remained unknown. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitogenomes of Trichoptera belonging to two suborders and characterized the genomic features of Trichoptera and tested the outgroup effect for lepidopteran phylogeny. The 15,208 ~ 15,285-bp long caddisfly mitogenomes harbor gene content typical of the animal mitogenomes. The orientation and gene order of the three species belonging to the suborder Integripalpia was identical to that of the most common type that has been hypothesized as ancestral for insects, but Cheumatopsyche brevilineata belonging to another suborder Annulipalpia has rearranged QIM, all encoded in forward direction between the A+T-rich region and ND2, instead of the ancestral IQM, with Q inverted. Further, the annulipalpian species had a typical start codon ATG, instead of CGA that are commonly found in other trichopteran species and majority of Lepidoptera. Phylogenetic analysis with different outgroups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera) and 115 lepidopteran mitogenomes has shown insensitivity either with Trichoptera, Diptera, or Coleoptera, but artificial grouping and lowered nodal support were found with Hymenoptera. The Trichoptera-based consensus topology were: (((((((Bombycoidea + Noctuoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Cossoidea) + Tortricoidea) + Yponomeutoidea) + Hepialoidea).

The caddisfly family Hydropsychidae, containing about 1,500 described species is the 3rd largest family in Trichoptera. They are among the important components of biomonitoring programs because of their abundance and wide range of pollution tolerance values among species. In tropical Southeast Asia, 12 genera were currently recognized belonging to three subfamilies: Diplectroninae, Macronematinae, and Hydropsychinae. Herein, updated checklist and distribution of tropical Southeast Asian Hydropsychidae species were provided based on the review of published literatures and the trichoptera world website. As a result, a total of 356 species of tropical Southeast Asian Hydropsychidae have been described wherein the four most abundant genera were Hydropsyche (116 species), Cheumatopsyche (91 species), Diplectrona (42 species), and Hydromanicus (35 species). Tropical Southeast Asian Trichoptera studies were mostly done in Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and in the Philippines making some other tropical Southeast Asian countries unexplored.

The early investigations of Russian Far East Trichoptera is connected with A.V. Martynov (1879-1938) who is recognized as a “Father of Russian Trichopterists”. About hundred species described by Martynov were reported from Russian Far East (RFE). Then, I.M. Levanidova (1914-2005) devoted her life to study caddisflies of Pacific Russia and demonstrated the high biodiversity of Trichoptera fauna for the region. If the list of Russian Trichoptera includes 641 species in 148 genera of 28 families of caddisflies (Ivanov, 2010), the Far East of Russia consists of 435 species of caddis belonging to 103 genera of 26 families, it is about 67,8% of Trichoptera fauna of all Russia (Table). Nevertheless, specialists estimate that the real quantity of species should be much more as the majority of the territory still isn't investigated rather well. The core of RFE Trichoptera fauna the is represented by species of Palaearhearctic subregion of Palaearctic Region and species distributed in Eastern Palaearctic. Transpalaearctic and Holartic species are presented in much less number. Connection of North Pacific Russia with North America through the ancient Bering Bridge is traced based on caddisfly fauna. The fauna of Kamchatka is comparatively poor in comparison with continental. The fauna of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands reflects, on the one hand, communication with eastern Asian continent, with another ? connection with the territory of the Japanese Archipelago and coastal territories of South-East Asia. Taxonomic difficulties of East Russia Trichoptera fauna studying is planning to resolve owing to complex investigation of morphology, distribution, genetic characteristics of caddisflies in cooperation with the international teams of trichopterists of USA and countries of East and North East Asia. Taxonomic list of the families and genera of Trichoptera in Russian Far East (Pacific Russia and Yakutia)

야외관찰과 사육실험을 통하여 과거에 한국에서 Hydropsyche KUe로 알려져 온 동양줄날도래의 미성숙단계와 성충의 관계를 밝혔다. 각 영의 유충, 유충은신처, 번데기, 번데기집, 수컷과 암컷성충을 기재하였으며, 간략한 생태에 대하여 기록하였다.

네모집날도래과의 Goerodes sinuatus (Martynov)와 바수염날도래과의 Psilotreta falcula Botosaneanu와 P. locumtenens Botosaneanu를 남한에서 처음으로 기록하였다. 사육에 의하여 Goerodes elongatus (Martynov)는 유충단계를 처음으로 밝혔고, 그간 혼동되었던 Psilotreta kisoensis Iwata 와 P. locumtenens Botosaneanu의 유충과 성충관계를 밝혔다.

나비날도래과의 7종을 다음과 같이 한국에서 처음으로 기록하였다. Mystacide azurea(Linnaeus)를 한반도에서 처음으로 기록하였고, Ceraclea armata Kumanski, C. lobulata (Martynov), C. morsei Kumanski, C. sibirica(Ulmer), Mystacides dentata Martynov 및 Triaenodes unanimis McLachlan을 남한에서 처음으로 기록하였다. 각종의 성충에 대한 진단문을 검색형질의 삽화와 함께 수록하였다. 또한 분류학적 소견, 이명 및 국명을 제시하였다.

북한지역에서 채집조사된 줄날도래상과는 총 6과 39종이 분류동정되였다. 그중 Philopotamidae 과의 2종, <Warmaldia coreana sp. nov., W. longicera sp. nov.>, Stenopsychidae과의 1종 <Stenopsyche U variavilis sp. nov.>, Psychomylidae과의 3종 <Paduniella martynovi sp. nov., Psychomyiella 7 myohyangsanica sp. nov., P. cruciata sp. nov.> 그리고 Ecnomidae과의 1종 <Ecnomus tsudai sp. nov.> 등 7종을 신종으로 기재, 발표하며, 10종의 미기록종과 Paduniella속이 한반도에서는 처음으로 보고된다. 또한 처음으로 Stenopsyche marmorata Navas등 9종의 암수컷 생식기를 관찰, 도해하였다.

북한산 우묵날도래상과는 8과 32종으로 분리되며 이중 13종의 미기록종과 1미기록속 Dicosmoecus가 한반도에서는 처음으로 보고된다. 또한 ㅂ 신종 hydatophylax sakharov sp. nov. 가 샐이 기재된다. 그리고 Limephlius sp., Goera parvula Martynov, G. japonica Banks, Gumaga okinawaensis등 4종의 암컷 생식기를 처음으로 비교도해 하였다. Gumaga okinawaensis는 Notidobia chaoi Hwang의 새로운 synonym으로 분리된다.