Doxorubicin has been used to treating cancers, including breast cancer, bladder cancer, and acute lymphocytic leukemia, however, few studies have investigated its anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used mouse spleen cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a representative inflammatory agent to investigate the effects of doxorubicin. Specially, we investigated the effects of doxorubicin on metabolic activity, cell size, cell death, and cytokine production of LPS-treated spleen cells. Doxorubicin significantly decreased the metabolic activity, even when applied at relatively low concentrations (1.6-8 ng/mL). To investigate the potential mechanism, we measured the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the LPS-treated spleen cells using Rhodamine 123. Doxorubicin decreased MMP and cell size, and induced cell death. Furthermore, doxorubicin suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a representative cytokine, in LPS-treated spleen cells. Taken together, doxorubicin decreased metabolic activity and the production of inflammatory cytokines, while increasing the death of LPS-induced hyperactivated spleen cells. This results will enable broader application of doxorubicin, as an anti-inflammatory agent, in clinical and research fields.

This study aims to compare and analyze a willow tree (Salix Koreensis andersson) extract’s antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity by investigating its: total polyphenol, flavonoid content, SOD-like activity, DPPH vitality. the willow tree was induced with LPS to determine its active anti-inflammatory effects. as a result, the willow methanol extract showed a higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content than those of willow distilled water extract, but the willow distilled water extract showed a higher SOD than that of willow methanol extract. in its DPPH scavenging ability, the willow methanol extract’s antioxidant activity was higher than that of the willow distilled water extract. the willow extract’s measurements such as the production of NO, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6 measurement) were significantly reduced as its concentration level went down. according to the research outcomes, when induced, he will extract’s macrophage produces mediator-like substances such as NO and inflammatory cytokine that can be used to alleviate the inflammatory response. therefore, the willow tree proved to be a useful raw plant material for the products designed to combat inflammatory activities due to its natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response substances such as NO and cytokine.

The dynastid beetle Allomyrina dichotoma has been used as a herbal medicine. Recently, we performed de novo RNAsequencing of Allomyrina dichotoma and identified several antimicrobial peptide candidates based on in silico analysis.Among them, cationic antimicrobial peptide, Allomyrinasin, was selected and we assessed the anti-inflammatory activitiesof Allomyrinasin against mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. The results showed that Allomyrinasin decreased the nitricoxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and Westernblot analysis revealed that Allomyrinasin reduced cytokine expression levels in the Raw264.7 cells. Taken together, thesedata indicated that Allomyrinasin had anti-inflammatory activity in the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells.

생태계 교란 식물로 알려진 가시박 추출물을 활용하여 생리 활성 효과를 알아보고, 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 본 실험 방법으로는, 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라 보노이드 함량을 측정하고, DPPH radical 소거능, 세포 내 ROS 생성 억제, NO 및 COX-2 발현 억제 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험 결과, 가시박 추출물의 21 mg/g, 0.72 mg/g의 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 확인하였으며, 높은 라디칼 소거 활성을 통한 항산화 활성을 확인 하였다. RAW 264.7세포와 HDF세포에서 100 μg/mL 농도까지 유의한 세포 독성은 확인되지 않았으며, HDF세포에 서의 농도 의존적인 ROS 생성 억제와 RAW 264.7 세포에서의 높은 NO 생성 억제와 COX-2 단백질 발현 억제 효과를 확인 하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 통하여 항산화 효과가 우수하고, 세포 내 ROS 생성 억제와 NO 생성 억제, COX-2 단백질 발현 억제 활성을 통하여 항산화 및 항염증의 효과를 가진 기 능성 화장품 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인 하였다.

본연구는 콜라비 추출물의 항산화 및 항염 효능을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 콜라비는 70% 에탄올을 이용하여 조추출한 후 헥산, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올을 이용하여 용매 극성에 따라 순 차적으로 분획하였다. 항산화 활성은 총폴리페놀 함량 측정과 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성을 측정하여 평 가하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 총폴리페놀 함량(27.33±0.26 mg GAE/g)과 ABTS 라디칼 소거활 성(IC50 172.9±1.6 ㎍/mL)이 가장 높게 측정되었다. 항염 활성은 RAW 264.7 세포를 이용하였으며, 에 틸아세테이트 분획물이 가장 높은 항염 활성을 보였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 전염증성 매개인자들에 대한 저해효과를 농도별로 측정하여 확인하였다. 콜라비 에틸 아세테이트 분획물은 NO, PGE2 생성과 iNOS와 COX-2 및 TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β와 같은 전염증 성 사이토카인들의 단백질 발현을 농도의존적으로 저해하였다. 이러한 결과들은 콜라비가 항산화 및 항염 효능을 가지는 소재로서의 개발 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

Many kinds of medicinal herbs have been used to treat inflammation in Oriental medicine. However, there few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal herbs. In this study, we used mouse bone marrow cells (BMs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a simulator of osteomyelitis, to screen medicinal herbs having anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, we investigated the activity of an extract of Rhus chinensis (RC) using metabolic activity and cytokine production of the BMs treated with LPS and RC. The metabolic activity of BMs was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8® solution. RC decreased the metabolic activity of LPS-treated BMs. A viability assay using trypan blue solution demonstrated that RC marginally decreased the viability of LPS-treated BMs. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that RC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of BMs, regardless of LPS treatment. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of RC, we measured the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10 in BMs. LPS increased the production of both cytokines in BMs. Interestingly, RC induced a greater increase in IL-10 than TNF-alpha in LPS-treated BMs. Taken together, RC decreased metabolic activity and modulated the production of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-treated BMs. These findings suggest that RC can be used as a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory activity.

생약재 5종(상황버섯, 황금, 단삼, 뽕잎 및 작약)의 물 추출물을 동량으로 혼합한 조성물(MHE-1)과 동일한 추출 수율이 되도록 생약재를 혼합한 후 물 추출한 조성물(MHE-2)의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 조성물의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 MHE-2에서 더 많았다. DPPH, ABTS 및 superoxide anion 라디칼 소거활성, Fe+2 킬레이팅 활성, 환원력 및 xanthine oxidase 저해활성 등의 항산화 활성은 MHE-2가 더 우수하였다. 항염증 활성은 LPS에 의한 염증 유발군에 비해 조성물 처리 구에서 유의적으로 NO 생성을 억제하였으며, 100μg/mL 농도로 처리 시 PGE2와 cytokine인 TNF-α, IL-2 및 IL-6의 생성도 유의적으로 감소시켰으나 두 조성물간에 차이는 적었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 여러 종류의 생약재를 혼합한 조성물의 생리활성은 원재료를 혼합하여 추출하는 것이 추출물의 생리활 성 증대에 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

Flavonoids have a range of biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities, as demonstrated by in vitro studies. In this study, we investigated whether luteolin can be applied to suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Luteolin was found to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) at the mRNA and protein levels were decreased. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by the blockade of nuclear factor kappa-light- chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase. In addition, pre-treatment with luteolin resulted in reduced ganglioside expression levels and inhibited expression of GT1b in Raw 264.7 cells. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that luteolin has potential as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, and ganglioside GT1b may play a role in the inflammatory process.

탱자에는 여러 종류의 monoterpenes, limonoids, flavonoids과 coumarins 등의 구성성분으로 이루어져 있다. 탱자의 구성 성분중에 7-제라닐옥시쿠마린는 7개의 탄소로 구성된 제라닐옥시기의 곁사슬을 가진 물질이다. 그리고 7-제라닐옥시쿠마린은 여러 약리적인 효과들을 나타낸다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 탱자의 구성성분인 7-제라닐옥시쿠마린과 이들의 다양한 유도체를 합성하였다. 그리고 항염증에 대한 항염증 효능을 알아보기 위하여 염증을 유발하는 일산화질소 억제 cytokine을 측정한 결과는 6-제라닐옥시쿠마린의 성분이 사이토카인인 인터루킨-6가 1μm농도에서 68.9% 를, 10μM에서 72.6% 의 저해효과를 나타냈다.

Oxidative stress has been reported to be one of causes of neuritis. This study examined antioxidative activities of methanol extracts of six amphibian species known to be medicinal animals (Rana catesbeiana, R. coreana, R. rugosa, R. dybowskii, R. nigromaculata, and Hyla japonica) and investigated their effects of inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity on the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. As inflammation is closely associated with reactive oxygen species, assays on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and NO scavenging activity of the extracts of the six species were performed to investigate their antioxidative activity. The results obtained were as follows; All extracts showed antioxidative activity, and the activity of R. dybowskii was the highest in comparison among those. Anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were also examined, the five extracts except that of R. rugosa did not show cytotoxicity for RAW264.7 cells at the maximal concentration (1,000 μg mL-1). Selectivity index, meaning NO scavenging activity compared to cytotoxicity, showed the highest level in the extract of R. dybowskii. These results will be very useful basic data for future studies on prevention and treatment of human diseases to understand the biological roles of amphibian extracts throughout the antioxidative or anti-inflammatory pathways.

Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1 via interruption of the NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts of different parts of Hovenia dulcis such as leaves, stems, and roots were investigated. Among them, the roots extract (RE) showed the most potent suppressive effect against pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cells. RE induced dose-dependent reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and concomitantly reduced the production of NO and PGE2. Additionally, pre-treatment with RE significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, as well as mRNA levels. Moreover, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) were also strongly attenuated by RE in RAW264.7 cell. Furthermore, RE induced HO-1 expression through nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increase HO-1 activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, these results indicate that RE strongly inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by blocking NF-kB activation, inhibiting MAPKs phosphorylation, and enhancing HO-1 expression in macrophages, suggesting that RE of H. dulicis and a major component, 27-O-protocatechuoylbetulinic acid could be applied as a valuable natural anti-inflammatory material.

Background: Inflammation plays an important role in various diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Behcet's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. extracts obtained using different extraction methods (water extraction or high temperature extraction) on RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results: Extracts from the central part (including the heartwood, sapwood, cambiun, and phloem) and bark (including the periderm and cortex) of Morus alba L. were obtained using either water or high temperature extraction. The following extract were obtained: MA1, water extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA2, high temperature extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA3, water extract from the bark of Morus alba L., and MA4, high temperature extract from the bark of Morus alba L. None of these extracts was observed to be cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells. The MA2 extract reduced the production of LPS-induced NO (nitric oxide), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results indicated that the inflammatory response was moderated by MA2. Treatment with MA2 could be used as a natural medicine for treating diseases involving inflammation. However, further experiments are required to determine how the high temperature extraction method alters the active ingredients in the extract and influences the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L..

Background : Vaccinium oldhamii is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. It was used primarily for edible or medicinal purposes for bladder infection in Korea and China. In addition, it has been reported to be used for treating inflammation, gonorrhea, vomiting, diarrhea and eruption. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the branch of Vaccinium oldhamii and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : In the comparative experiment for the inhibitory effect of the plant parts from Vaccinium oldhamii such as fruits, leaves and branches on NO production, we observed that the branch extracts showed the highest inhibitory effect. Thus, the further study was performed using the branch of Vaccinium oldhamii (VOB). VOB did not affect iNOS expression but significantly IL-1β expression, which indicates that VOB may block NO production through the inhibition of IL-1β expression. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, VOB inhibited the degradation of IκB-α which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, VOB suppressed the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Conclusion : These results indicate that VOB may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, VOB has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Hibiscus syriacus is a widely cultivated ornamental shrub, found throughout eastern and southern Asia. The root of H. syriacus has been used in Asian folk medicine as a fungicide, antipyretic, and anthelmintic in the treatment of dysentery, eczema, tinea, and scabies. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of 70% ethanol extracts of root from Hibiscus syriacus (RHS-E70) and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : RHS-E70 dose-dependently suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, RHS-E70 attenuated LPS-mediated overexpression of iNOS and IL-1β. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, RHS-E70 inhibited the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB-α, which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, RHS-E70 suppressed the activation of ERK1/2 and p38, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 phosphorylation and subsequent ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that RHS-E70 may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, RHS-E70 has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of inflammatory. However, inflammation-regulatory activity of wood-cultivated ginseng has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of wood-cultivated ginseng and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : Inhibitory effects of the old wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-O), young wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-Y) and ginseng (G) on NO and PGE2 production were examined using the Griess assay and ELISA kit. Suppressive effects of WCG-O on inflammatory gene expression, transcriptional activation, and inflammation signaling events were investigated using Western blot analysis, RT-PCR analysis and luciferase activity reporter gene assay. WCG-O dose-dependently suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, WCG-O attenuated LPS-mediated overexpression of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, WCG-O blocked the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, WCG-O inhibited the activation of IκK-α/β, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, and degradation of IκB-α, which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, WCG-O suppressed the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that WCG-O may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, WCG-O has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.