Background: The potential impact of aqueous extracts from Psidium guajava leaves on the reproductive system of female rabbits was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-eight rabbits, aged five to six months were utilized. Rabbits were divided into four groups and were randomly assigned to receive one of the following oral doses of the guava leaf extracts: 0 (control group), 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg of body weight. After a treatment period of 30 days, blood was collected via jugular venipunture and the serum was extracted for the assessment of serum biochemical traits levels. The females were bred and monitored throughout their pregnancy to ascertain reproductive outcomes. Results: The results indicated that the guava leaf extract significantly increased the body weight of the rabbits during both pre- and post-pregnancy compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The litter size at three weeks post-birth, prolificity rate, FSH, LH, and protein levels were notably higher (p < 0.05) at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight. The viability rate three weeks post-birth increased with escalating extract doses, and the highest values were observed at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg of body weight (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that, the aqueous extract of guava leaves appears to stimulate the production of FSH, LH and enhance body weight, prolificity, and pregnancy outcomes in mammals. As such, it is suggested that a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight could be beneficial in improving the reproductive performance of female.

The objective of this study was to achieve biological control of green mold disease in Pyogo mushrooms using antagonistic microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis BSM320 cells inhibited mycelial growth by 48–60% against three Trichodermaisolates including T. hazianumisolated from the substrates of Lentinula edodes, showing their antifungal activity.The bacteria were cultured to a high density of 4.2 x 109±113.7 cfu/mlin aqueous extract of composted spent mushroom substrates of L. edodes containing 1% glucose and showed a higher growth rate than that observed when using the commercial medium, Luria-Bertani broth. The bacterial culture showed a 75% protective effect without damaging the mushroom fruiting bodies. These results suggest that B. subtilis BSM320culture is suitable for biological control of green mold disease during mushroom cultivation.

본 연구에서는 김치로부터 분리된 L. brevis SM61을 생 화학적 특성과 16s rRNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 분리 및 동정하였으며, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 산양삼 분말을 L. brevis SM61을 이용하여 48시간동안 발효를 수행하여 발효물을 제조하였다. 그리고, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 L. brevis SM61을 사용한 발효물에 대해 농도에 따른 세포 독성은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 L. brevis SM61을 사용한 발효물에 대해 발효 시간에 따른 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과 발효 초기에는 약 1.49 μg/mL 비해 48시간 이후 약 5.09 μg/mL 수준으로 증가하였다. 또한, 항산화능 은 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물이 약 60%였으나, L. brevis SM61을 이용한 발효물이 약 98%로 높아졌다. 항균 활성의 경우 L. brevis SM61을 이용한 발효물에서만 항균 효과가 확인되었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 분리된 신규 L. brevis SM61을 이용한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 열 수추출물에 대한 발효물은 식용 곤충의 기능성을 강화시 킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 해당 유산균을 활용하여 다양한 식용 곤충에도 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Carnosic acid from rosemary extract is one of the natural phenolic compounds which show the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the use of rosemary extracts in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of active constituents of extract. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the functionality and effect of starch based polymers on rosemary extract in aqueous solution for improving their efficiency of food application. To manufacture the rosemary-starch polymer complex, starch based polymers (cycloamylose; CA, cyclodextrin; CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; HP-b-CD, maltodextrin; MD, clustered dextrin; ClusD) were firstly dispersed in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH7) according to each concentrations. Rosemary extract was then dissolved in solution to react with the polymers. Enhanced water solubility of rosemary extract was measured using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidant (ABTS assay) & antimicrobial activity (MIC test) were also tested. In aqueous solution containing CD and HP-b-CD, the solubility of rosemary extract increased almost twice or more (189% and 248% respectively). CA, MD, and ClusD solutions also showed the results of increasing the solubility about 126%~129%. As rosemary extract dissolved better, it was also found to have increased antioxidant and antibacterial activity of rosemary-starch polymer complex. Especially, the degree of antioxidant activity has been increased much larger than the increased solubility level. Consequently, more studies are needed to determine why these results are produced. If further studies and experiments are conducted on this, it could be beneficial for food industry interested in utilizing rosemary extract.

목 적 : 차즈기(Perilla frutescens var. acuta) 추출물이 시기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 연구하였다. 방 법 : 실험은 안질환 및 전신질환이 없고 등가구면 굴절이상이 –3.00D 이상인 남녀 30명을 대상으로 하였다. 차즈기 추출물과 대조군인 위약(placebo)을 각각 복용하고, 그로부터 2시간 후에 스마트폰으로 근 거리 작업(VDT)을 2시간 동안 실시하였다. 시기능(폭주근점, 조절력, 조절용이성)은 차즈기 추출물과 위약 을 복용하기 전과 후 각각 검사하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 평균 폭주근점을 비교한 결과, 차즈기 추출물을 복용 했을 때는 –0.86 ±0.16 cm로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였고 위약을 복용했을 때는 +1.23±0.75 cm로 유의하게 증가하였다. 평균 조절력을 변화를 비교한 결과, 차즈기 추출물을 복용했을 때는 우안 +1.80±2.66 D, 좌안 +1.58±2.54 D, 양안 +1.83± 2.53 D로 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하는 변화를 보였고, 위약을 복용했을 때는 우안 -0.78±2.27 D, 좌안 -1.27±2.04 D, 양안 -0.84±1.30 D로 조절력이 유의하게 감소하는 변화를 보였다. 평균 양안 조절용이성 에서는 차즈기 추출물을 복용했을 때만 +1.27±2.41 cpm으로 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 보였다. 결 론 : 차즈기 추출물을 이용한 검사에서 모양체근의 이완과 수축 작용에 도움을 주어 유의하게 폭주근 점 증가를 억제하고 조절력과 양안 조절용이성을 증가시키는 효과를 보였다. 차즈기 추출물이 조절에 관여 하여 조절 기능 수행에 도움을 주었다고 생각된다.

본 연구는 마늘의 물추출물(AGE)의 E. coli O157:H7,S. typhimurium, 그리고 S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 조사하였다. AGE의 E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S.aureus에 대한 최소억제농도(MIC)는 각각 24, 48 그리고 24 mg/mL이었으며, 최소살균농도(MBC)는 모든 균에 대하여 96 mg/mL이었다. AGE 24 mg/mL을 E. coli O157:H7에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 균의 증식이 무처리 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p < 0.01). 그러나 AGE 24 mg/mL을 S. aureus에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타나지 않았으나, AGE 96 mg/mL을 투여한 경우에서는 배양 24시간 후에 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제가 나타났다(p < 0.01). AGE 48 (p < 0.05)과 96 mg/mL (p < 0.001)을 S. typhimurim에 투여하고 24시간배양 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로부터, 마늘의 물추출물은 항생제와 화학적 식품보존제의 대체제로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Cordyceps militarisis well known as a traditional herbal ingredient, which has been used for patients suffering from cancer in oriental medicine. In this study we have investigated the biochemical mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects by C. militarisextract(CME) in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. It was found that CME treatment induced chromatin condensation, mitochondrial energization, annexin V staining and sub-G1 phase DNAcontent. These indicators of apoptosis correlate with the mitochondrial dependent pathway, which results in the activation of caspase-3 activity. Both the cytotoxic effect by CME treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor,demonstrating the important role of caspase-3 in the observed cytotoxic effect. Cotreatment of CME and LY294002, resulted in significantly induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that caspase-3 is a key regulator of apoptosis in response to CME in human breast cancer MDAMB- 231 through downregulation of Akt, and that the C. militaris extract may therefore have therapeutic potential against human breast cancer.

Agaricus blazei is well known as a traditional medicinal mushroom and it has been shown to exhibit immunostimulatory and anti-cancer activity. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism of apoptosis of cancer cells is poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated whether A. blazei extract (ABE) exerts anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human leukemia THP-1 cells. It was found that ABE induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in leukemia cells apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Activation of caspase- 9 induced by ABE suggested that ABE-induced signaling was mediated through a mitochondrial death pathway. In addition, we observed an elevation of ROS and a consequent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, further suggesting that ABE-induced death signaling was mediated through a mitochondrial oxygen stress pathway. The antioxidant Nacetylcysteine, however, opposed ABE-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase activation, and apoptosis, supporting the role of ROS in the apoptotic process. We conclude that ABE induces apoptosisin human leukemia cells through a reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway.

Cordyceps militaris is well known as a traditional herbal ingredient, which has been used for patients suffering from cancer in oriental medicine. In this study we have investigated the biochemical mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects by C. militaris extract(CBE) in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. It was found that CBE treatment induced chromatin condensation, mitochondrial energization, annexin V staining and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis correlate with the mitochondrial dependent pathway, which results in the activation of caspase-3 activity. Both the cytotoxic effect by CBE treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, demonstrating the important role of caspase-3 in the observed cytotoxic effect. Co-treatment of CBE and LY294002, resulted in significantly induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that caspase-3 is a key regulator of apoptosis in response to CBE in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 through down regulation of Akt, and that the C. militaris extract may therefore have therapeutic potential against human breast cancer.

Cordyceps militaris is well known as a traditional herbal ingredient, which has been used for patients suffering from cancer in oriental medicine. In this study we have investigated the biochemical mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects by C. militaris extract(CBE) in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. It was found that CBE treatment induced chromatin condensation, mitochondrial energization, annexin V staining and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis correlate with the mitochondrial dependent pathway, which results in the activation of caspase-3 activity. Both the cytotoxic effect by CBE treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, demonstrating the important role of caspase-3 in the observed cytotoxic effect. Co-treatment of CBE and LY294002, resulted in significantly induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that caspase-3 is a key regulator of apoptosis in response to CBE in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 through down regulation of Akt, and that the C. militaris extract may therefore have therapeutic potential against human breast cancer.

Recently many efforts were focused to understand the mechanical insights of melanogenesis to develop the agents for hyper-pigmentation and hypo-pigmentation. In the melanin biosynthetic pathway, tyrosinase is the rate limiting enzyme, and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH) stimulate melanogenesis and enhance the melanin synthesis and the tyrosinase activity. This study the effects of Radix Trichosanthis on the basal melanogenic activities of B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells, and on the α-MSH induced melanogenesis. Radix Trichosanthis alone markedly suppressed melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the cells with Radix Trichosanthis also suppressed the increase of α-MSH (10 nM) induced melanin content and tyrosinase activity. These results suggest that Radix Trichosanthis inhibits melanogenesis and abrogates α-MSH induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells.

Background : Dry eyes are caused by highly increased osmolarity of tear film, inflammation, and apoptosis of the ocular surface. Polygonum cuspidatum is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Polygonum found in Asia and North America. However, the effects of P. cuspidatum aqueous extract (PCE) on hyperosmolarity-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells have not been examined. Methods and Results : Hyperosmotic media induced human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) cytotoxicity though increased inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. PCE treatment significantly inhibited expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), and activation of NF-κB p65 in hyperosmolar stress-induced HCECs. In addition, Hyperosmolarity-induced increase in BAX expression and activation of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase 3 were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by PCE. PCE treatment restored anti-oxidative proteins such as Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in hyperosmolar stress-induced HCECs. Conclusion : PCE protected against hyperosmolar stress-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidation by inhibiting expression of COX-2, BAX, MMP9; activation of NF-κB, caspase 3, and PARP; and increasing expression of MUC4 and anti-oxidative proteins. Overall, our data provide insight into the protective effects of PCE as a candidate for eye health.

Background : Irregular meals and insufficient exercise are major modern lifestyle-related risk factors for constipation. This study aimed to examine the effects of the aqueous extract of Dendrobium speciosum var. (DM) on the improvement of intestinal function and prevention of constipation in rats. Methods and Results : Constipation in rat was induced by loperamide (4 ㎎/㎏) injection for 5 days and rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: normal control rats (NOR), constipated rats (LOP induced) and constipated rats supplemented with dulcolax-S (POS), DMSG, 100 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-100), 300 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-300) and 500 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-500). The DMSG groups showed increments in the frequency and amount of stools compared to the LOP group. Loperamide treatment markedly reduced the water content of feces, whereas DMSG administration significantly increased fecal water contents. Moreover, DMSG improved intestinal transit speed in constipated-rats. Alcian blue staining revealed increased mucus production by crypt cells and mucus contents in feces and the mucosal surface. Conclusions : In summary, DM extraction significantly improves intestinal function in rats, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract in the prevention and treatment of constipation.

본 연구는 개여뀌를 이용하여 친환경 농자재로 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수용성 추출액의 농도에 따른 재배작물인 감자생육에 미치는 알레로패시 효과를 조사하였다. 감자 시험구 처리는 개여뀌추출물 무처리, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%로 하였으며, 개여뀌추출물의 처리는 정식 1일 후부터 5일 간격으로 처리구에 따라 관주하였다. 개여뀌의 수용성 추출액농도가 증가함에 따라 대조구에 비하여 맹아가 완료되는 시기가 1일이 빨랐고, 경수는 0.3-0.4/1주 개가 많았다. 경장은 생육초기에는 개여뀌추출물 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 컸으나, 생육 중반 이후에는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 경직경 및 지상부 생체중은 개여뀌처리구가 무처리구에 비해 양호한 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 감자의 총수량/㎡은 개여뀌를 처리한 100%구에서 13.8 kg/m2로 가장 많았으며 처리간에 유의차가 인정되었다. 감자의 크기별 개수는 4 g 이하, 5-30 g 미만의 괴경 수량은 각 처리간에 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 31 g 이상의 괴경 수량은 무처리구에 비해 개여뀌 수용성 추출물 처리구가 현저히 높았다. 이들 결과를 종합하면 개여뀌의 allelopathy 효과는 감자의 생육과 수량형질이 촉진되어 친환경 비료로써 활용 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Ganghwa domestic mugwort (Artemisia spp.) on vegetables and its related allelochemicals. When the receptor vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, lettuce, and red radish, were treated with aqueous extract obtained from Sajabalssuk (A. sp*I), Ssajuarissuk (A. sp*II) or Ssajarissuk (A. sp*III), their germination rate, leaf number, plant height, and root length were restricted with increasing concentration of aqueous extract. Allelopathic effect was the highest in radish, than lettuce and Chinese cabbage in order. The growth of topplant were more inhibited then root growth observing in restriction of plant height, root length, and chlorophyll contents. The plant height, the root length of red radish were 53.3 and 61.2% and their fresh weights were 19.8 and 26.4% compared to those of controls, respectively. A. sp*III showed the highest allelopathic effect among the donor plants. In HPLC analysis, 7 phenol compounds were identified in A. sp*I and A. sp*II, and, in A. sp*III, and hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylacetic acid were further identified as allelochemicals. It is considered that their plant growths were variously inhibited by the amounts and types of allelochemicals in aqueous extracts. To increase the productivity of farm land after cultivation of mugwort, these results can be useful to select the following field crops.

Guava (Psidium guajava) contain a great deal of polyphenol compound and work on the treatment of Diabetes mellitus effectively. In this study, the bioactivities of aqueous extract (GLEx) of guava leaf were investigated. Total phenolic contents of GLEx was 266.9 mg tan/g. The effects of GLEx on digestive enzymes, α-amylase, maltase and sucrase were investigated. IC50 values of GLEx against α-amylase, maltase and sucrase were 0.65 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml and 3.5 mg/ml respectively. The effect of GLEx on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in normal ICR mouse, control (dstilled water) and GLEx (aqueous extract of Guava leaf) were co-administered orally with glucose, showed reducing effect on the blood glucose level. The guava is likely to useful for prevention or improvement of hyperglycemia by lowering the blood glucose level and inhibiting glycoside hydrolase activity.

녹차는 생리활성의 촉진작용뿐아니라 항암, 항산화, 고혈압 억제효과, 체중조절 등 다방면의 약리효과를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 아울러, 녹차의 항균 및 항진균 작용에 관한 연구결과도 발표되고 있으나, 항균작용 기작에 접근한 기초 연구는 별로 많지 않다. 본 연구는 식품변패미생물에 대한 녹차추출물의 항균작용을 구명하는 기초자료를 획득하는데 그 목적이 있다. 녹차추출물의 항균력을 조사한 결과, 이상의 농도에서 뚜렷한 항균활성을 보였고, 광역의

청도반시 추출물로부터 라디칼 소거활성, T-bet promoter 활성, IL-4 발현 활성의 상관관계를 분석하고자 7월부터 10월까지 감을 시기별로 수확하여 분자염증 활성 여부를 확인하였다. 감의 무게는 시기가 경과할수록 무거워지면서 항산화 활성에 있어서는 감이 미숙과일수록 항산화활성이 우수하였다. 4가지의 용매로 추출한 감의 항산화 활성도 유사한 양상을 보였다. T-bet promoter 활성은 추숙이 될 수록 억제되는 양상을 보였는데, 이에

참당귀와 일당귀의 수용추출액과 휘발성물질이 식물의 종자발아와 유묘생장에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실험실 실험을 실시하였다. 참당귀의 수용추출액에 의한 참당귀의 종자발아율은 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였고 일당귀는 추출액의 농도증가에 따라 감소하였다. 일당귀의 수용추출액에 의해서는 참당귀와 일당귀의 종자발아가 억제되었다. 참당귀의 수용추출액에 의한 참당귀와 일당귀의 유묘생장은 10%농도에서는 대조구보다 높았으나 50%와 100% 농도에서는 농도증가에 따라 비례적으로 감소하였고, 일당귀의 추출액에 의한 참당귀와 일당귀의 유묘생장은 수용추출액의 농도가 증가함에 따라 뚜렷한 억제효과를 보였다. 참당귀와 일당귀의 휘발성물질에 의해서 상추의 종자발아는 전혀 영향을 받지 않았다. 참당귀와 일당귀의 휘발성물질로 처리한 경우, 대조구에 비하여 실험구의 상추의 유근신장이 억제되었지만 농도에 따른 변화는 보이지 않았다.