Myanmar is located in the south-east Asia peninsular and it is flanked by five neighboring states: Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. It is located 10~22 degree north latitude, to 92~101 degrees east longitude. Myanmar has a tropical climate with three seasons in Myanmar. Hot season (March through April), rainy season (May through October) and the cool season (November through February). The coastal regions can get very hot and humid, especially before the rainy season. Myanmar has a monsoon season from May to October when there are heavy rains and often flooding. The investigation was carried out during the dry season(2013) in Nat Ma Taung National Park and Popa Mountain Park. Popa Mountain Park is located in Kyawpadaung Township, Myinchan district, Mandaly Division. The area is 49.63 square miles. Its coordinates are 29°31'60" N and 27°43'60" E. Nat Ma Taung National Park, Myanmar treasure is in Mindut District of Chin State and its area of 279 square miles. It is the third highest mountain in Myanmar with the height of 10,500 feet. Its coordinates are 21°14'00" N and 93°54'00" E. As the result, butterflies(Lepidoptera) collected in the two regions were about 60 species of 7 familys. Collecting dates, expedition activities, photo of main specimen and information of Myanmar were provided.

The flight behavior of Pieris rapae were compared to understand how temperature affects flight behavior. The effects of temperature on insect thermal performance curves are generally poorly understood but significant for understanding responses to insect gardening. Temperature is a physical factor as well as a stimulus for insects behavior. In Pieris rapae, we examine the physiological effects of temperature-dependence of flight behavior. At test temperature increased, flight speed typically increased. The maximum flight speed of P. rapae at given temperatures show a straight line relationship between 20, 25 and 30℃. Therefore, the effects of test temperature were significant for flight behavior.

This study was carried out to clarify the response of butterfly communities on forest degradation in the Gwangneung Forest, Korea. We monitored butterfly communities with varying degrees of human activities by conducting line transect twice a month in 2011. A total of 70 species and 4,676 individuals butterflies were observed in four sites: natural forest, plantation forests, and Korean National Arboretum. Species richness increased with increasing open land. The result on niche breadth and habitat type of butterfly was consistent with our predictions; specialist species and forest interior species were abundant in natural forest, whereas generalist species and grassland species were abundant in Korea National Arboretum, the most modified area. Also, habitat breadth of butterflies clearly indicated the difference on the degree of forest degradation. Butterfly diversity associated with landscape patterns based on aerial photographs supported mosaic concept which indicates that species diversity increases as habitat heterogeneity and variability increase. Forest management plan that maintains various habitats and ensures grasslands is necessary to increase butterfly diversity in forest.

본 연구는 먹이식물과 흡밀식물의 수 그리고 식생이 나비의 개체수 및 다양성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 2008-09년까지 충북 보은군 속리산 법주사 지역을 4개 구간으로 나누어 모니터링을 실시하였으며 이를 단순회귀분석 및 다중회귀분석하였다. 그 결과 나비 개체수와 식물종수, 흡밀식물 그리고 먹이식물 수를 다중회귀분석 한 결과에서 상관관계를 보였으며, 서식지 면적이 클수록 개체수는 많아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 단순회귀 분석 시 나비의 종수와 다양도지수는 먹이식물 수 및 구간면적과 각각 낮은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 보다 다양한 식생을 보이는 구간에서 나비 종수가 증가하였다. 나비의 다양성과 개체군 보전을 위해서는 다양한 수종의 식물과 함께 나비의 먹이식물과 흡밀식물이 복합적으로 분포하고, 식생은 각각의 요소들이 서로 보완관계를 유지할 수 있도록 다른 형태로 존재하는 것이 필요함을 시사한다.

녹색 섬의 형태로 존재하는 도시숲은 대도시에 서식하는 생물들의 주 서식공간이다. 도시숲은 면적이 적고, 임연부의 비율이 높다. 이러한 특성 때문에 도시 외곽의 산림의 나비군집에 비해 도시숲의 나비군집는 종다양성이 낮고, 초지종, 숲가장자리종과 생태지위 범위가 더 넓은 일반종의 비율이 높을 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 사실을 밝히기 위해 전형적인 도시숲인 홍릉숲에서 나비를 선조사법으로 주별로 조사하였다. 홍릉숲의 나비군집은 도시외곽의 산림에 사는 나비군집에 비해 종다양성이 월등히 낮았고, 초지종, 숲가장자리종과 일반종의 비율이 높아 예측되는 것과 동일한 결과를 얻었다. 홍릉숲에서 멸종위기 2급종인 쌍꼬리부전나비가 관찰됨으로서, 도시숲은 희귀종의 보존에 중요한 역할을 한다고 할 수있다

다도해지역인 신안군 임자면 임자도 일대 19개 무인도서에서 나비를 조사하여 총 5과 11속 14종을 확인하였다. 호랑나비과 (Papilionidae) 나비가 5종으로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로는 부전나비과 (Lycaenidae)가 4종, 흰나비과 (Pieridae), 네발나비과 (Nymphalidae)는 2종, 팔랑나비과 (Hesperiidae)는 1종이 나타났다. 본 조사의 우점종은 남방부전나비 (Pseudozizeeria maha), 푸른부전나비 (Celastrina argiolus), 먹부전나비 (Tongeia fischeri), 호랑나비 (Papilio xuthus), 청띠제비나비 (Graphium sarpedon)이며, 이들 중 청띠제비나비는 서남해안 일부지역에서만 서식하여 한반도 내에서 서식 분포가 매우 좁은 종이다. 나비의 분포는 섬의 면적에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으나, 종 공급원과의 거리나 최고 고도와 유의한 관계는 나타나지 않았다. 환경변화에 따른 종의 확산을 알아보기 위하여 이들 지역에 대한 지속적인 생태 모니터링이 필요하다.

고도의 변화는 종 다양성 및 풍부도 그리고 생물 종 구성에 있어 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 요인으로 최근에는 나비를 비롯하여 곤충의 고도에 따른 분포 형태에 관하여 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 계룡산국립공원의 고도에 따른 나비분포를 조사하여, 종 보전 및 효율적인 관리방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 고도가 증가함에 따라 종과 개체수가 감소하는 경향이 나타났으며, 이는 수관울폐로 인한 그늘의 증가가 원인일 것으로 사료된다. 고도의 영향 이외에도 종의 분포에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석한 결과, 경사도 및 식생군락 그리고 수계거리가 종의 분포 변화와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 종들은 먹이식물과 밀접한 관련이 있으므로 추후에 숲내부의 변화를 감지하는데 적합한 생물지표종을 선정한다면 시간과 비용을 감소시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 효율적인 생물다양성 평가를 내릴 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 추후에 기후 및 미기후, 그리고 먹이식물과 같은 환경요인들의 자료를 축적하고 정량화 할 경우 나비 분포를 예측할 수 있어 종 보전에 있어 더 효율적이라고 사료된다.

We tested the identification ability of DNA barcodes comparing with morphological data using the Korean butterflies. The 921 samples (4.6 samples per species) for 202 resident Korean species except migratory species were used. The obtained samples were morphologically identified based on wing patterns. In a result, genetic divergence to the nearest-neighbouring taxon varied from 0 to 28.2%, with an average of 13.4 per cent. The neighbour joining (NJ) tree profile showed that sequence data for 185 of the 202 species formed distinct barcode clusters. Thus, our results indicated that 91.6 percent of the species were possible to allow the reliable identification using DNA barcoding. The rest 17 species (8.4%) consist of following four cases: clustering separated from each species by less than 1% branch length (two species pairs), paraphyletic clustering (two species pairs and one triple species pair), polyphyletic clustering with sharing barcodes (three species pairs), and clustering separated from existing species by the deep branch divergence (four clusters). However, it was not easy to interpret these ambiguous cases only using our current taxonomic evidences. Therefore, we are performing integrative taxonomy on these cases using other additional evidences such as examination on male genitalia and analysis of other gene regions.

 ,  , Understanding the ecological complexity and habitat of a species are crucially important to conserve an endangered species. This study evaluated the patch network ecology of the endangered species Parnassius bremeri. The results indicated that 188 individuals were captured and 220 were recaptured, respectively. The sex ratio of female: male was 42:146, males were four times more abundant than females. The average longevity of an adult was 3.93 ± 3.93 days (male, 4.0 ± 3.9, female, 2.5 ± 1.0 days), the maximum longevity was 14 days for males and 13 days for females, respectively. Therefore, the expected longevity of males was longer than that of females. The average emigration distance for the species was 377 m, and the maximum emigration distance was 1550 m. The analysis of patch connectivity and individual colonization revealed that the ideal distance between patches was about 300 m. Moreover, a >, 600 m patch distance decreased the colonization rate severely. We also observed higher immigration and emigration between patches that were clustered in close proximity. This leads us to conclude that a higher number of patches at a close distance is best suited for P.bremeri. We find these results to be crucial to determine a policy to protect and conserve this endangered species.

It is expected that the successful nationwide reforestation and the increased temperature would greatly change butterfly fauna in South Korea. We compared current data (2002~2007) regarding abundance and presence of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula to data from late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. The expected changes were documented by abundance change of butterflies at two study sites in the previous study. Using the same data, the greatly changed species and the change of species presence were analyzed. Population changes of 99 butterfly species which occurred at both sites were significantly correlated between two sites. The greatly increased species included three Southern (S) species and one Northern (N) species. However, the greatly declined species included five N species and no S species. This change is coincided with the expectation from the northward movements of butterfly species due to global warming. The current status of the greatly changed species was discussed on the review with other studies. The binary data(presence/absence) in present study support the expected changes of butterfly species based on global warming and reforestation. The interactive effect of two environmental changes was also recognized as like the change of abundance in the previous study.

Although Guleopdo is small island of only 1.71 ㎢, the endangered butterfly species, Argynnis nerippe, is abundant there. This study was carried out to estimate the abundance of A. nerippe in Guleopdo, using quadrate, mark-recapture, and line-transect methods. Although the study was insufficient, the population size was estimated at 4,467 to 6,700 larvae and approx. 1,000 adults. A. nerippe was the most abundant among butterfly species in Guleopdo, and it comprised 32% of the total butterflies. A total of 28 butterfly species were observed in this study, and 3 species of these species were migrating species. When the abundance of A. nerippe throughout the country during the period from 1938 to 2010 was studied, we found that it decreased abruptly in the 2000s. Presently, A. nerippe inhabits a few locations in the mid-northern region and western islands. The relatively high numbers of A. nerippe in Guleopdo was due to conservation of natural grasslands and grazing of livestock, which provides adequate habitat for this species.

Understanding the metapopulation structure and movement of a species are required for conserving the species. In this paper, migration patterns and connectivity of patches of a threatened butterfly, Pamassius bremeri Bremer, were postulated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique in a habitat located in the mid-southern region of the Korean peninsula. A total of 194 individuals were captured (137 males and 57 females) and, of them, 93 individuals (73 males and 20 females) were recaptured during the MRR experiment. The migration analysis showed 23-150% immigration and 28-53% emigration. There were high correlations between the migrating individuals and the distance between patches, but there was no correlation between migrating individuals and patch size or between migrating individuals and the number of host plants. Consequently, the migration of butterflies occurred frequently between closer patches, while patch size and quantity of the food plant had minor effects on migration behavior. Additionally, males migrated more frequently than females. Analysis of the migration patterns of P. bremeri showed that the central patch played an important role on linking patch groups and more frequent migrations were monitored between nearby patches than between the remote patches. This study suggested that active migrations take place between the neighboring multiple patches and these are accelerated if there is a stepping-stone patch between them.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the nerippe fritillary butterfly, Argynnis nerippe, which is listed as an endangered species in Korea, is described with an emphasis on the A+T-rich region. The 15,140-bp long circular molecule consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one control region, known in insect as the A+T-rich region, as found in typical metazoans. The 329-bp long A+T-rich region located between srRNA and tRNAMet possessed the highest A/T content (95.7%) than any other region of the genome. Along with the several conserved sequences found typically in the lepidopteran insects the genome contained one tRNAMet-like and tRNALeu(UUR) -like sequence in the A+T-rich region.

The triple eccentric butterfly valve has metal sheet and this study about butterfly valve ceiling is an innovative approach. But it is affected by the static pressure as well as cross-current. The damage at the valve on the pipe resulted from the reflux is due to valve leakage. This study is investigated on the triple eccentric disk and it is applied with angle and the static pressure in all cases to develop cross-current triple eccentric butterfly valves. The disc with the diameter of 300A is valve against flow velocity. The entrance pressure by flow characteristics is performed with numerical analysis. As the result, valve torque production is reduced more than the conventional triple eccentric valve and entrance pressure is decreased on the increase of valve open angle. And flow coefficient can be known to be increased.

Attacin is a well-studied glycine-rich antibacterial protein in insect immune response, which has limitary antibacterial effect to some Gram-negative bacteria. A cDNA encoding the attacin gene was screened and isolated from the immunized larvae of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. The complete P. xuthus attacin cDNA is 949 nucleotides encoding a 250 amino acid precursor that contains a putative 18-residue signal peptide, a common 42-residue propeptide sequence and a presumed 190-residue mature protein with a theoretical mass of 19904.01 and a pI of 9.13. The putative mature protein of P. xuthus attacin showed 48%~52% and 24%~30% identity in amino acid sequences with that of lepidopteran and dipteran insects, respectively. The attacin transcript was induced at significant level after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recombinant attacin was highly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells by fusing with an N-terminal S-tag/thrombin cleavage site configuration protein to avoid the cell death during induction. The expressed fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). After desalting and cleavage with thrombin, the recombinant attacin was released and showed considerably antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli ML 35. Our results proved that this protein family with a potent antibacterial activity may play a role in the immune response of butterflies.

Species richness (number of species) of the butterfly community in the Gwangneung forest, Korea, was estimated using data of the long-term butterfly monitoring, which had been carried out 291 times in the Korea National Arboretum or forest area of Gwangneung from 1998 to 2008. Abundance of each butterfly species was monitored using the line-transact method. In the present study, 13,333 butterflies belonging to 112 species were observed. Species accumulation curve and species richness was obtained using a software, EstimateS. The species accumulation curve shows an increase tendency even at 291 survey times, implying the possibility of the presence of a few unfound species. However, values of species richness estimated by the seven estimators were stabilized around 240-250 survey times. Species richness estimated by the estimators ranged from 120 species to 141 species with 128 species in average. However, the figure estimated by the previous studies since 1958 was 148 species. We estimated the reasonable scale of species richness on the base of recent analysis on the change of butterfly species. Species richness of the Korea National Arboretum was higher than that of natural forest and of plantation. However, species richness of butterfly was not different between natural forest and plantation. It is likely that increase of grasslands and habitat diversity in arboretum led to the increase of species richness of butterfly community.

Cecropin is an antimicrobial peptide that is synthesized in fat body cells and hemocytes of insect in response to a hypodermic injury or bacterial infection. A 503 bp cDNA encoding a cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide was isolated by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based differential display PCR and 5'-RACE from immunized Papilio xuthus larvae. The open reading frame (ORF) of isolated cDNA encoded a 63 amino acid prepropeptide with a putative 22-residue signal peptide, a 3-residue propeptide and a 38-residue mature peptide with a theoretical mass of 4060.89 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of peptide showed significant identities with other Lepidopteran cecropins. This peptide was named as papiliocin. RT-PCR revealed that the papiliocin transcript was detected at significant level after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Based on the deduced amino acid sequence of papiliocin, a 38-mer mature peptide was chemically synthesized by Fmoc method, and analyzed antimicrobial activity. The synthetic papiliocin peptide had a broad spectrum of activity against fungi, Gram-positive and negative bacteria, and also showed no hemolytic activity against human red blood cell.

In order to establish an indoor-rearing system for Copper butterflies; Large Copper butterfly, Lycaena dispar, the effect of temperature, photoperiod on larval development was investigated. As temperature increased, the developmental period was gradually reduced. The developmental periods of Large Copper larvae was 11.0 days and 28.5 days at 30℃ and 17.5℃, respectively. We investigated the sensitivity of stages to diapause induction. The experiment involved transfer of individuals from diapause averting (LD 16:8 h, 25℃) to diapause inducing condition (LD 8:16 h, 20℃) at various stages. Daipause was induced in 95.2% insect transferred at hatching larvae, in 15.6% of insects transferred at 2nd stadium molt, in 0% of insects transferred at after 3rd stadium molt. Percentage of diapause induction increased with the length of short days and low temperature. The main sensitive stage to photoperiodic and temperature induction of diapause determination was the early first larval instar. The diapause sensitivity began 14 days and ended 20 days after hatching larvae. The main stage sensitive to photoperiodic induction of diapause determination was the early first larval instar under low temperature and short day length. In relation to diapause termination, pupation was accelerated with cold treatment after diapausing 15 to 20 days and suitable chilling temperature was 8℃.

The 15,389-bp long complete mitogenome of the endangered red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was determined. This genome has a gene arrangement identical to those of all other sequenced lepidopteran insects, which have the gene order of tRNAMet, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln at the beginning. Due to the uncertainty the start codon for COI gene in insect has been discussed extensively. We propose the CGA sequence as the start codon for COI gene in lepidopteran insects, based on complete mitogenome sequences of lepidopteran insects including our P. bremerii and additional sequences of the COI start region from a diverse taxonomic range of lepidopteran species (a total of 51 species belonging to 15 families). As has been suggested in other sequenced lepidopteran insects the 18 bp-long poly-T stretch and the downstream conserved motif ATAGA that were previously suggested to serve as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication also was found at the 3’-end region of the P. bremerii A+T-rich region. In an extensive search to find out tRNA-like structure in the A+T-rich region, each one tRNATrp-like sequence and tRNALeu (UUR)-like sequence were found in the P. bremeri A+T-rich region, and most of other sequenced lepidopteran insects were shown to have tRNA-like structure within the A+T-rich region, thereby indicating that such feature is frequent in the lepidopteran A+T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of PCGs of the four macrolepidopteran suferfamilies together with Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea well recovered a monophyly of Papilionoidea and a monophyly of Bombycoidea. However, Geometroidea and Noctuoidea were unexpectedly clustered as one group and placed this group to the sister group to Bombycoidea, instead of Papilionoidea in most analyses.

Attacin is an antibacterial protein that is secreted by fat body cells of insect larva in response to bacterial infection. A 949 bp cDNA encoding the antibacterial protein attacin was isolated by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based GeneFishing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from immunized Papilio xuthus larvae. The attacin cDNAs encoded 250 amino acid residues open reading frame with 60 residues prepropeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. xuthus attacin showed significant identities with other Lepidopteran attacins. The attacin transcript was detected at significant level after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The predicted mature attacin was expressed as soluble fusion protein efficiently in bacterial expression system. To increase productivity and solubility, attacin was translationally fused with thioredoxin (Trx) protein and expressed in E. coli cells that are highly sensitive to the mature attacin. The recombinant attacin exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.