Sulfide dissolved in wastewater is a potential source of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance that causes civil complaints and is a dangerous substance that threatens the corrosion of structures and the safety and health of workers. The removal efficiencies of the chemical oxidant and the coagulants were compared to evaluate the removal of dissolved sulfide. Since the effectiveness may vary depending on the characteristics of the wastewater, water was used as a control, and 5 mg/L of dissolved sulfide was dissolved in water and sewage wastewater. When oxidant was used, the results showed a high sulfide removal rate in sewage wastewater than water, and the removal efficiency was enhanced with increasing oxidant concentration. Sulfide removal efficiencies after one hour after injecting oxidants H2O2, NaOCl, NaClO2 to sewage wastewater were 70%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. After the oxidants were administered four times, the removal was 90%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. In the case of sulfide removal with the oxidizing agent, the removal efficiency was NaClO2, NaOCl, H2O2 (highest - lowest). NaClO2 showed 100% removal efficiency within 10 minutes under all conditions (A condition, B condition), making it the most sewage effective agent in this study. In the case of the coagulants, 100% of the sulfides dissolved in water were removed in the first 10 minutes under all conditions. In sewage wastewater, FeCl2 and FeSO4 also showed 100% removal efficiency under all conditions after one hour, and FeCl3 showed 90% and 99% removal rates under A and B conditions, respectively. That is, the monovalent iron coagulants (FeCl2, FeSO4) were found to be somewhat more effective in the removal of sulfides in sewage wastewater than the divalent iron (FeCl3) coagulants. When the sulfides were removed with coagulants, FeCl2 had the highest removal efficiency followed by FeSO4 and FeCl3. Moreover, it was found that NaClO2 has the best reaction efficiency at the minimum reaction time and the reaction concentration.

In this paper, the performance of a synthetic fiber filter aimed at high-speed operation and dosed with different coagulants or filter aids was investigated. Without a coagulant, the filter efficiency was about 62% which was greatly enhanced when three types of coagulants namely PAC, Alum, and FeCl3 were used. Among the coagulants tested, PAC was the most effective, giving 91% filter efficiency, followed by Alum with 90%, and FeCl3 with 78%. PAC worked effectively at a very small range of dose, but Alum was relatively effective in a wide range of concentration. Compared with PAC and Alum, FeCl3 provided more or less contant efficiency regardless of its dose but gave the poorest filter efficiency. Moreover, as the inflow turbidity increased, headloss increased and the efficiency decreased at any dose and type of coagulant. The headloss recorded in this particular synthetic fiber filter is not significant as compared to that observed in typical granular filters. The recovery of solids estimated after filter cleaning was about 80% for both PAC and Alum, but poorer at 72% in the case of FeCl3 due to the heavy and large floc characteristics. The recurrence of filter efficiency verified through repetitive filter runs was found to be satisfactory.

The purpose of this study is to get basic data for the application of coagulants for treating an industrial wastewater containing NBD COD. The NBD COD concentration of the target wastewater was calculated to be 61 mg/L, which was about 72% of the first stage treated water, and this shows that there must be advanced wastewater treatment process. When Alum(8%) was injected in raw the water, 150ppm was the best dosage and 41% CODmn removal efficiency was obtained. When Alum(8%) was injected in the discharge water, 150ppm was the best dosage, and 19% CODmn removal efficiency was obtained. When powdered activated carbon was injected, 40ppm was the best dosage, 26% CODmn removal efficiency was obtained. The method of injecting Alum(8%) in the discharge water was suitable, when the effluent exceeds the water quality standard by 20%, and the method of injecting the powdered activated carbon was suitable, when the effluent exceeds the water quality standard by 20~40%.

오징어 먹물두부의 응고제 종류에 따른 품질 특성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 먹물두부의 수율을 GDL 먹물두부가 가장 높았으며, MgCl2, CaCl2 먹물두부가 낮은 수율을 나타내었다(p〈0.001). 그러나 두부 순물의 양은 두부 수율고 반대였다. 먹물두부의 pH는 MgCl2 두부가 가장 높았고, CaCl2 두부가 pH가 가장 낮았다(p〈0.001). 먹물 두부 순물의 pH도 두부의 pH와 같은 결과였다(p0.001). 먹물두부의 산도는 CaCl2 두부가 가장 높았고, 글루콘산 칼슘 먹물두부의 산도가 가장 낮아 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p〈0.001). 먹물두부 순물의 탁도는 CaSO4, 글루콘산 칼슘, CaCl2 먹물두부 순으로 높았고, GDL 두부의 탁도가 가장 낮았다(p〈0.001). 수분함량 측정 결과 MgCl2 두부의 수분이 가장 많았고, CaCl2 두부의 수분이 가장 작게 나타났다(p〈0.001). SEM을 이용한 미세구조 관찰에서 GDL 두부와 글루콘산 칼슘 두부의 망상구조가 다른 응고제를 사용한 두부보다 크기가 작고 균일했다. 먹물두부의 관능검사 결과 외관의 기호도, 맛의 기호도에서 GDL 먹물두보가 가장 높은 점수를 얻었으며, 질감의 기호도 역시 GDL 먹물두부가 가장 높았다. 전반적인 기호도는 GDL, 글루콘산 칼슘 먹물 두부 순으로 높게 나타나 수용도가 높았다. 먹물두부의 색도 측정 결과 명도 L값과 적색도 a값은 GDL 먹물두부가 가장 높았고, 황색도 b값은 CaCl2 두부가 가장 높았다(p〈0.001). 먹물 두부의 texture 측정에서 견고성, 껌성, 파쇄성은 글루콘산 칼슘 두부가 가장 높았다. GDL 두부는 견고성은 가장 낮았으나, 응집성은 가장 높게 나타났다. 이화학적 평가간의 상관관계 결과 두부 순물의 pH가 높을수록 산도는 높아지고, 탁도는 낮아졌다. 산도는 탁도, 수분함량과 부의 상관관계가 있었다. 관능검사와 기계적 검사간의 상관관계에서 수분함량은 다른 관능검사 항목과 부의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 기호도와 관능항목간의 상관관계 결과 전반적으로 구수한 향이 강하고, 응집성, 탄력성이 높을수록 기호도가 높게 나타났다.

폴리아미드 역삼투막을 이용하여 염색폐수를 처리하였다. 염색폐수를 멤브레인 공정에 적용하기 전에 알럼, 페릭 클로라이드, HOC-100와 같은 화학응집제를 이용하여 먼저 처리하였다. 이러한 전처리가 분리막에 의한 폐수처리 공정에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보기 위하여 최적의 응집/침전 조건을 찾았다. 사용된 모든 응집제에 있어서, 전처리된 폐수의 COD와 UV-흡수도는 약 70% 정도의 감소를 보였다. 이렇게 전처리된 폐수를 다시 분리막 공정으로 처리하였다. 전처리 시 사용된 응집제들이 분리막 공정에서 어떻게 분리막 오염에 영향을 주는지를 조사하였으며, 그 결과 HOC-100가 폐수 내에 존재하는, 분리막 오염을 유발하는 물질 제거에 가장 좋은 효과를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study used a batch DAF (dissolved air flotation) jar tester to evaluate the algae removal efficiency of alum and PAC coagulants during coagulation, flocculation, and flotation. Optimal coagulant dosages were 0.06 ~ 0.15 mL/L (12.0 ~ 26.0 mg Al/L,17%), 0.08 ~ 0.20 mL/L (10.0 ~ 24.0 mg Al/L, 12%), 0.25 ~ 0.30 mL/L (25.0 ~ 30.0 mg Al/L, 10%) for PAC, and 3.0 ~ 5.0 mL/L (81.0 ~ 135.0 mg Al/L, 2.7%) for alum. Turbidity of treated water was 1.0 ~ 2.0 NTU in optimal coagulation, flocculation, and flotation conditions for the four coagulants types. The amount of coagulant injected tended to decrease with increasing Al content in the coagulant, as follows : 17% PAC < 12% PAC < 10% PAC < 2.7% alum. Turbidity removal efficiencies were in the order of 12% PAC (93.6%) > 10% PAC (92.7%) > 17% PAC (91.3%) > 2.7% Alum (88.1%).

In this study, solid-liquid separation conditions for coagulation and sedimentation experiments using inorganic coagulant (aluminum sulfate and Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC)) were optimized with brine wastewater discharged by the epoxy-resin process. When the turbidity and suspended solid (SS) concentration in raw wastewater were 74 NTU and 4.1 mg/L, respectively, their values decreased the lowest in a coagulant dosage of 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al3+/L. The epoxy resin was re-dispersed in the upper part of wastewater treated above 405.0 mg Al3+/L. The removal efficiencies of turbidity and SS via dosing with aluminum sulfate and PAC were evaluated at initial turbidity and SS of 74 - 630 NTU and 4.1 - 38.5 mg/L, respectively. They increased most in the range from 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al3+/L. The solid-liquid separation condition was quantitatively compared to the correlation of SS removal efficiency between the coagulant dosage and SS concentration based on the concentration of aluminum ions. The empirical formula,   , shows the relationship between SS removal efficiency (R) and coagulant dosage (D) at 38.5 mg/L; it produced high correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.9871 for aluminum sulfate and 0.9751 for PAC.

Since water works sludge have a high aluminum content, recycling aluminum has become a significant environmental issue. Generally, the method of recovery of aluminum from water works sludge are acid digestion, alkalization, ion exchange and membrane separation. However aluminum hydroxide may be dissolved in strong acidic and alkaline media due to its amphoteric nature. So, the traditional acidification and alkalization methods still being explored. Chemically, aluminum recovery from the water works sludge is a simple process. The acid digestion is however, somewhat complicated by pH control in the mixture of dewatered water works sludge (DWS) and sulfuric acid solution. Under strong acidic condition, probe of pH meter, which is a key part of a pH meter, can be easily damaged. Also it is not easy to control pH during the process of mixing DWS and acid solution because high concentration of total solid are present in the mixture. Furthermore, the moisture content of DWS is very serious change. Most of the previous studies have mainly focused on the adsorption properties of dewatered alum sludge; little attention has been put on how to improve its phosphorus adsorption capacity. In this study, batches of experiments were conducted using DWS, artificially controlling moisture content (64~78%), to investigate the effect of concentration of sulfuric acid on pH of the sludge for pH control without pH meter in the coagulants recovery process. The water content of DWS was measured in 30 minutes using Infrared Moisture Determination Balance (FD 660, Kett). Experimental results show that the concentration of sulfuric acid for acidification of DWS is higher with higher water content of that.

Toxicity of polymer, Alum, Zeolite, Loess, Koalinite and Chitosan on earthworm and the effects of sewage sludges coagulated by several mixtures of those coagulants on the population growth of earthworm Eisenia andrei were evaluated. Under the concentration of 20,000 mg/L of Zeolite, Loess and Kaolinite, and under 1,000 mg/L of Chitosan were there no acute toxicities on earthworms. The concentration of Polymer over 160 mg/L showed acute toxicity upon earthworm, but the concentration under 80 mg/L showed no toxicity. The concentration of Alum over 125 mg/L showed acute toxicity. The mixture of ‘Polymer 80 mg/L + Kaolinite 500 mg/L + Chitosan 20 mg/L’ had higher coagulating efficiency than the ‘Polymer 80 mg/L + Kaolinite 500 mg/L’ on sewage sludge, And the sewage sludge coagulated by former mixture induced higher growth rate of earthworm population than that coagulated by latter mixture when the sewage sludges were supplied to earthworms.

떫은감 분말 첨가 두부의 수율, 품질 및 저장성에 응고제의 종류(magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, glucono--lactone)가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Glucono--lactone으로 응고시킨 두부가 가장 높은 수율, hardness, chewness, crispness, overall acceptability 및 가장 낮은 L값, b값, pH, 침지저장액 탁도, 총균수를

The Raw water from Deer Creek (DC) reservoir and Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC) reservoir in the Utah, USA were collected for jar test experiments. This study examined the removal of arsenic and turbidity by means of coagulation and flocculation processes using of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants for 13 jar tests. The jar tests were performed to determine the optimal pH range, alum concentration, ferric chloride concentration and polymer concentration for arsenic and turbidity removal. The results showed that a comparison was made between alum and ferric chloride as coagulant. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for alum (16 mg/L) of up to 79.6% and 90.3% at pH 6.5 respectively were observed. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for ferric chloride (8 mg/L) of up to 59.5% at pH 8 and 90.6% at pH 8 respectively were observed. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for alum dosages were achieved with a 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L respectively. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for ferric chloride dosages were achieved with a 20 mg/Land 8 mg/L respectively. In terms of minimizing the arsenic and turbidity levels, the optimum pH ranges were 6.5 and 8for alum and ferric chloride respectively. When a dosage of 2 mg/L of potassium permanganate and 8 mg/L of ferric chloride were employed, potassium permanganate can improve arsenic removal, but not turbidity removal.

The floc formation, breakage and reformation of humic acid by inorganic (alum and PAC) and organic coagulants (cationic polyelectrolytes) at several conditions (pH, ionic strength and floc breakage time) were examined and compared among the coagulants at different conditions using a continuous optical monitoring method, with controlled mixing and stirring conditions. For alum, the shapes of formation, breakage and reformation curves at different pH (5 and 7) were different, but the shapes and the sizes of initial floc and reformed floc were nearly the same in the absence and presence of electrolytes at pH 7. For PAC, similar shapes of the curves were obtained at different pH and ionic strength, but the sizes were different, except for those of reformed flocs at different pH. However, for these coagulants, reformed flocs after floc breakage, occurred irreversibly for all the conditions used in this study. For organic coagulants, the time to attain the initial plateau floc size, the extent of floc strength at high shear rate and reversibility of reformed flocs were different, depending floc formation mechanism. Especially, for the cationic polyelectrolyte forming humic flocs by charge neutralization or electrostatic patch effect mechanism, reformed flocs occurred reversibly, regardless of pH and floc breakage time, but occurred irreversibly in the presence of electrolytes.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficiency of coagulants dose after backwashing. The turbidity of initial effluent was high after backwashing in the rapid sand filtration and the high turbidity was almost removed by coagulants dose into filter-sand after backwashing. It was found that the turbidity of initial effluent was well removed by all kinds of the coagulants used in this study. When filtration was performed input water with differentiated pH's, the turbidity of effluent was low at the range of pH 5 - pH 7. But the removal was not good about over pH 9. This result was considered into the existence forms of aluminium, Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)2+ at pH 5. Cryptosporidiums of effluent were 4/ml for ten minutes immediately after back washing and 3/ml until sixty minutes. However, the case of coagulant dose after backwashing, Cryptosporidiums of effluent were 0.5/ml for ten minutes with no detection after twenty minutes.

The effects of pH (5, 7 and 9) and ionic strength of different salts on the flocculation characteristics of humic acid by inorganic (alum, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with degree of neutralization, r=(OH/Al) of 1.7) and organic (cationic polyelectrolyte) coagulants, have been examined using a simple continuous optical technique, coupled with measurements of zeta potential. The results are compared mainly by the mechanisms of its destabilization and subsequent removal. The destabilization and subsequent removal of humic acid by PAC and cationic polyelectrolyte occur by a simple charge neutralization, regardless of pH of the solution. However, the mechanism of those by alum is greatly dependent on pH and coagulant dosage, i.e., both mechanisms of charge neutralization at lower dosages and sweep flocculation at higher dosages at pH 5, by sweep flocculation mechanism at pH 7, and little flocculation because of electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged humic acid and aluminum species at pH 9. The ionic strength also affects those greatly, mainly based on the charge of salts, and so is more evident for the salts of highly charged cationic species, such as CaCl2 and MgCl2. However, it is found that the salts have no effect on those at the optimum dosage for alum acting by the mechanism of sweep flocculation at pH 7, regardless of their charge.

For the proposal of Microcystis aeruginosa control technique by coagulants, removal effects of coagulants were carried out using isolated strain and collected water bloom of M. aeruginosa on Downstream of the Nakdong River. Both of purified and field-collected M. aeruginosa were entirely sedimented by the addition of the coagulant Ceramic-Zeolite type Co 100 (1.5 ㎎/ℓ) within 24 hr, but Yellow loess (10 ㎎/ℓ) was less effective for the removal of M. aeruginosa within 24hr. Thus it was concluded that Ceramic-Zeolite type Co 100 was the most effective coagulant.

응고제의 종류에 따른 천연물 첨가 두부의 제조특성을 알아보았다. 수율과 물성, 관능검사결과 등을 고려한 결과 는 0.2%, 0.4%, 는 2.0%가 최적농도로 선택되었다. 또한 천연물 첨가농도는 당근 4%, 오이 10%, 시금치 1.0%, 녹차말차 0.05%를 최적농도로 선정하였다. GDL을 응고제로 사용한 천연물 첨가두부의 색도도 응고제의 종류에 따라서도 차이를 보이지 않았으며 두부의 물성에도 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 당근, 오이, 시금치

This experiment was performed on three parts with prepared coagulants. (1) The characterization of coagulation for PACl coagulants. (2) Comparison of the characterization of coagulation with PAS and PACl coagulants. And (3) Comparison of the characterization of coagulation for the addition of calcium with PACl. Coagulation experiments were conducted with several dosages and pH for each coagulants. For the characterization of coagulation with PACl coagulants, coagulation of Nakdong river waters with three PACls (r=2.0, 2.2, 2.35) showed that the effectiveness of the three coagulants can be considered as r=2.2 > 2.0 > 2.35 which are also the order of higher polymeric aluminum contents. For the comparison of the characterization of coagulation for PAS and PACl coagulants, PAS (r=0.75) coagulants was more effective than other coagulant for the removal of organic matters by sweep floc mechanism with Al(OH)3(s). For comparison of the characterization of coagulation for the addition of calcium with PACl, the presence of divalent cation like Ca2+ was supposed to influence the complex formation of organic anions. From the result of test on coagulation at various pH ranges, the PACl was least affected by the coagulation pH, and the addition of calcium to PACl was very effective for the removal of turbidity and organic materials over broader pH range (pH 4-9).