Benthic macroinvertebrates are important ecological and environmental indicators as primary or secondary consumers, and therefore are widely used in the evaluation of aquatic environments. However, there are no comprehensive river ecosystem monitoring surveys that link the major physicochemical water quality items with benthic macroinvertebrates in urban streams. Therefore, this study investigated the distribution characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical water quality items (17 items) in Yangjaecheon and Yeouicheon from 2019 to 2020. At the same time, by applying Spearman’s rank correlation analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis in the water quality data and biotic index, we tried to provide basic data for diagnosing the current status of river ecosystems in major urban rivers in Seoul. Based on the study results, a total of 39 species and 3,787 individuals were identified in Yangjaecheon, the water quality (based on BOD, TOC, and TP) of Yangjaecheon was higher than Grade Ib (good), and the BMI using benthic macroinvertebrates appeared as Grade C (normal) at all the sites. In Yeouicheon, a total of 51 species and 4,199 individuals were identified, the water quality (based on BOD, TOC, TP) was higher than Grade Ib (good) similar to Yangjaecheon, and the BMI of both Upstream and Saewon bridge was Grade B (good), while Yeoui bridge was Grade C (normal). Overall, analysis results for the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates by a nonmetric multidimensional scaling method showed no significant difference between the two streams (p=0.1491). Also, significant environmental variables related to benthic macroinvertebrates distribution were determined as water temperature and DO. On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between biotic index and major water quality items confirmed that R1 and BMI could be used for on-site urban river water quality evaluation.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the influence of chemical water quality on fish guilds, pollution tolerance and the multi-metric ecological health, based on the Fish Assessment Index (FAI) in the main stream of Mangyeong River between 2009−2016. The quality of water with specific conductivity, TP, and NH4-N got worse dramatically in the down region. During the study, a total of 50 species were collected and the most dominant species was Zacco platypus. Also known as tolerant species, accounted 22.9% of the total abundances, thus indicating a trophic degradation. The downstream region (S5) had the highest number of fish external abnormalities, indicating a degradation of ecological health, based on the fish assemblages. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that relative abundance of tolerant fish species and omnivore fish species had a significant positive correlation (r>0.30, p<0.05) with values of BOD, conductivity and NH4-N. Whereas, the relative abundance of the sensitive species and insectivore species had a significant negative relations (r<−0.30, p<0.001) with the parameters. The mean obtained from the multi-metric fish model, based on the FAI of all sites was 47 (n=40). This indicated a “fair condition” in the ecological health, and the downstream regions (S3−S5) were judged as “bad condition”, indicating an influence of the chemical degradation on the ecological health.

본 연구는 생태계 모델을 이용하여 부산연안으로 유입되는 부하량 삭감에 따른 해역의 수질개선 정도를 예측하였다. 모델링 결과에 의하면 COD, T-N, T-P 모두 수영만 연안과 낙동강 하구에서 뚜렷한 개선을 나타냈으며, 수영만을 제외한 만 중부에서 만 동쪽까지 는 수질개선이 거의 나타나지 않았다. 이는, 부산연안이 남해에 위치한 다른 해역에 비해 개방형경계를 가지고 있어서, 물질교환이 빠르 기 때문으로 판단된다. 수질개선을 위한 본 해역의 삭감 COD 부하량은 타 해역에 비해 적었고, 총 유입부하량에 대한 삭감비율 또한 작게 나타났다. 본 연구에 적용한 부하삭감량을 적용하면 수영만, 낙동강 하구부근에서 뚜렷한 수질개선효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 금강 대권역에 서식하는 멸종위기 담수어류의 분포, 이들 종에 대한 화학적 지표와의 관계 및 물리적 서식지 특성을 분석하였다. 금강 대권역에 서식하는 멸종위기종의 개체수는 감돌고기(Pseudopungtungia nigra), 꾸구 리(Gobiobotia macrocephala), 돌상어(Gobiobotia brevibarba), 퉁사리(Liobagrus obesus), 미호종개(Iksookimia choii) 순으로 나타났다. 멸종위기 야생생물 I급 어류인 감돌고기는 금강 대권역 내 18개 하천에서 가장 광범위하게 분포하여, 향후 감돌고기의 I급 어종 선정에 대한 재평가가 필요한 것으로 사료되었다. 또한 초강 중권역에서 멸종위기어종이 총 4종 384개체가 채집되어 종수 및 개체수가 풍부하였다. 멸종위기어종 서식지에서 이화학적 수질내성도 분석에 따르면, 생물학적 산소요구량(BOD) 및 총인(TP)은 각각 매우 좋음(Ⅰa), 좋음(Ⅰb)으로 평가 되었으며. 암모니아성 질소(NH4+), 총질소(TN), 인산염 인(PO4-P) 등의 수질 항목도 멸종위기종 비 출현지점에 비해 훨씬 양호한 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 미호종개의 경우 수질의 내성범위가 다른 어종에 비해서 광범위하게 나타나, 화학적 수질특성이 크게 악화되지 않을 경우 수질특성 보다는 미소서식처의 하상구조, 수리수문학적 특성 등의 물리적 서식지 조건이 더 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 멸종위기종의 분포는 1∼3차의 소형하천보다 4∼6차 대형하천에서 높게 나타났으며, 주로하천의 상류 및 중상류에 작은 무리를 이루며 서식하는 것으로 나타났다. 멸종위기종 미출현지역과 출현지역의 생태건강도 다변수 평가모델 값은 각각 21.6 “보통상태(Fair)” 및 30.5 “양호상태(Good)”로 나타나 뚜렷한 차이를 보여, 생태건강도가 잘 유지된 곳에서 멸종위기종이 잘 서식하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 요약해 보면, 감돌고기와 같은 어종의 멸종위기종 선정에 대한 재평가가 향후 필요하며, 수질오염 및 서식지교란이 가속화되고 있어 멸종위기종 에 대한 체계적인 보호 및 관리가 필요하다.

Ecological restoration is an eco-technology, which heals the nature damaged by human activity by imitating organization and function of the integrate nature and thereby provide an inhabitable space for diverse organisms. Such an ecological restoration has to be carried out by applying restoration plan prepared based on the results of diagnostic evaluation discussed in the diversified respects. This study aims to prepare an ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Moodeung National Park. To arrive at the goal, first of all, we diagnosed quality of forest landscape established in Mt. Moodeung National Park based on natural (topography, climate, and distribution of vegetation) and artificial (land use, linear landscape element) factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by linear landscape element quantitatively based on geometric property and land use intensity. As the result of analysis, topography of Mt. Moodeung National Park tended to be depended on weathering property of parent rock and vegetation zones were divided to three vegetation zones. Based on land use pattern, deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen needle-leaved forest, and mixed forest occupied about 90% of Mt. Moodeung National Park. Mean score of forest landscape quality was shown in 69.86±11.41. As a result, forest landscape elements in Mt. Moodeung National Park were influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on topographic condition. This study suggested the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Moodeung National Park based on the results of diagnostic evaluation.

본 연구에서는 경상남도 창원시의 가음정천과 반송소하천을 대상으로 1년간 분기별로 하천조사를 실시하여 분석된 각 하천의 특성, 하천 동․식물상, 하천 자연도 평가, 하천수질에 대한 모니터링 결과를 제시하였다. 두 하천은 25m 이내의 폭이 좁은 인공제방으로 조성되어 있으며, 종경사는 완만한 형태이다. 여름철 호우기를 제외하면 유량이 적을 뿐만 아니라 낙차공이나 하천구조물 등에 의한 유속 감소의 특성을 나타냈다. 하천식생상에 있어서는 가음정천이 총 24개 과, 59개 종, 반송소하천이 총 20개 과, 47개 종으로 조사되었다. 하천 동물상 조사에서는 미꾸리로 추정되는 어류만이 가음정천에서 채집되었으며 백로, 흰뺨검둥오리 등의 조류와 기타 도롱뇽유생, 물달팽이 등이 관찰되었다. 하천 자연도 평가에서는 가음정천이 Ⅲ등급, 반송소하천이 Ⅳ등급으로 분석되어 반송소하천의 하천자연도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 하천수질과 관련된 7개 항목을 분석한 결과, 유량이 감소하고 유속이 느려지는 건조기에 수질이 불량해지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 겨울철의 지속된 가뭄으로 인해 4차 조사시의 하천수질이 가장 불량한 것으로 분석되었으며 가음정천에 비해 반송소하천의 오염정도가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

울산만의 육상기인 오염부하에 대한 해역수질의 응답특성을 조사하고 만내 수질관리에 활용하기 위하여 해양생태계모델링 연구를 수행하였다. 생태계모텔에 의해 계산된 울산만의 수질은 만 내측에서 COD 농도 2.8mg/L로 해양수질 III등급 수준으로 나타났다. 계산결과 울산만 전체 해역의 수질을 II등급으로 개선하기 위해서는 육상부하를 약 30% 이상 삭감해야 하며, COD 농도 1.0mg/L이하의 수질이 되기 위해서는 전체 육상부하의 70% 이상을 삭감해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 해역수질 II등급을 유지하기 위하여 삭감해야 할 오염부하량은 약 3,083kgCOD/day, 이 때의 환경용량은 약 7,193kgCOD/day로 계산되었다. 태화강 하구역은 식물플랑크톤 대증식(Bloom)이 상습적으로 발생하는 해역이므로 식물플랑크톤에 의한 자생유기물 부하를 감소시키기 위해서는 유가물 삭감 이외에도 영양염의 제어가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

Water quality of the Koejong-reservoir was estimated by using the ecological model to evaluate the effects of industrial sewage discharge. State variables consist of POC, DOC, phytoplankton, DIP, DIN, DO and COD. Initial conditions for the compartment are applied to the model based on the observed results. The reproducibility was found to be satisfactory with the relative error ranging between the calculated value and the observed value. Water quality simulation was conducted by applying additional industrial sewage discharge into the Koejong-reservoir. The concentrations of COD, Chl.a, DIP and COD showed fluctuations of a narrow range. The increment percentages of Chl.a, COD and DIP were 26.6%, 20.2% and 18.2%, respectively. In the case of DO, the concentration decreased 4.8%.

This experiment was carried out to examine ecological response and soybean quality as affected by environmental cultivation for producing high seed quality in domestic soybean variety. The results are as follows: Under equal cumulative temperature condition, soybean plants grown in Muju showed longer days to flowering, which was an effect of the long day-length on high latitudes, and longer duration of reproductive stage as a result of low temperature within that period. Considering apparent seed quality, 100 seed weight of soybeans grown in Muju was heavier than Miryang. Ratio of seed crack and disease-damaged seeds was lower in Muju, and these parameters decreases as planting was delayed. The protein contents did not show significant difference in terms of altitude and planting date, however, crude oil contents were higher in Miryang. An opposite trend was observed in C18:1 and C18:3. In the fatty acid composition, the proportion of C18:1 decreased as seeding date was delayed, and was higher in Miryang. Opposite observations were obtained from C18:3. The anthocyanin contents were highest on June 10 planting and higher in Muju than in Miryang. Isoflavone content was higher as seeding date was delayed and is similar accross seeding dates in Muju. As a summary, for high seed quality production the optimum planting date was June 10, and Muju was more suitable region than Miryang.