Once a radioactive material is released from the nuclear power plant (NPP) by accident, it is necessary to understand the behavior of radioactive plume to protect residents adequately. For this, it is essential to measure the radiation dose rate around NPPs at important locations. Our previous study developed a movable radiation detector that can be installed quickly in an accident to measure gamma dose rate in areas where environmental radiation monitoring system is not installed. The data measured by the detector are transmitted to the server in real-time through LoRA wireless communications. There are two methods to use LoRA communications; one is self-network, and the other is the network provided by the mobile carrier. A signal receiver, called a gateway, should be equipped near the installation location of radiation detectors to use a self-network without using the mobile carrier’s system. In other words, the movable radiation detectors we made can function if there should be any gateway near them. The distance capable of communication between gateway and detector is about 8 km in an open area without significant obstacles. Korea has many significant obstacles, such as mountains around most NPPs. Thus, the gateways could be installed in the proper position before the accident to operate the movable radiation detectors without problems. If the gateway is located at a high position like a mountain top, it could cover a wide area. In this study, the elevation database in the area around the NPPs was collected and analyzed to determine where gateways should be installed. The analysis range is limited in the urgent protective action planning zone. The optimization was also performed to minimize the number of gateways.

Background: For performing various movements well, cooperation between the muscles around the scapula and shoulder has been emphasized. Taping has been widely used clinically as a helpful adjunct to other physiotherapy methods for shoulder pathology and dysfunction treatment. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of taping techniques using dynamic tapes on shoulder function and pain. However, no study investigated the electromyographic (EMG) changes in the shoulder muscles. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the upper limb offload taping technique using a dynamic tape on EMG activities of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius, serratus anterior (SA), and middle deltoid (MD) muscles during scaption plane elevation. Methods: A total of 26 healthy subjects (19.85 ± 6.40 years, male = 20) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were instructed to perform scaption elevation with and without dynamic taping on the shoulder. Shoulder elevation strength tests were performed at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%, for the maximal isometric contraction force. Results: There were statistically significant interaction effects between the taping application and shoulder scaption elevation force in EMG activities in the UT (p < 0.05) and MD (p < 0.05). EMG activities in the UT showed significant increases in 50%RVC (reference voluntary contraction, p < 0.05) and 25%RVC (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG activity of the SA significantly increased in 50%RVC (p < 0.01) and 25%RVC (p < 0.01) after dynamic taping. For the MD, the EMG activity level significantly decreased in 100%RVC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that upper limb offload dynamic taping application affects the muscle activities of some shoulder muscles depending on different scaption elevation strength levels. Therefore, we suggest that the upper limb offload dynamic taping can be applied to the shoulders when patients need middle deltoid inhibition or upper trapezius facilitation, such as patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

Background: Shoulder function is achieved by the coordinated movements of the scapula, humerus, and thoracic spine, and shoulder disorders can be associated with altered scapular kinematics. The trunk plays an important role as the kinematic chain during arm elevation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of thoracic hyperkyphosis on scapular orientation and trunk motion. Methods: Thirty-one subjects (15 in the ideal thorax group and 16 in the thoracic hyperkyphosis group) performed right-arm abduction and adduction movements in an unconstrained plane. The scapular orientation and trunk motion were recorded using a motion analysis system. Results: Those subjects with thoracic hyperkyphosis displayed greater scapular posterior tilting at a 120˚ shoulder elevation, greater scapular internal rotation throughout the arm raising phase, and greater trunk axial rotation at the upper ranges of the shoulder elevation, compared to those subjects with an ideal thorax (p<.05). Conclusion: Thoracic hyperkyphosis can cause scapular instability, greater trunk rotation and greater scapular posterior tilting, and may contribute to preventing the achievement of a full range of humeral abductions in an unconstrained plane.

이 연구에서는 한라산을 포함한 제주도 전역에서 높은 밀도로 자라고 있는 제주조릿대 (Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai) 가 서식지 고도와 수관부 개폐 여부에 따라서 나타나는 식물의 생태학적 특성과 소비자 군집 다양성 변화에 영향을 받는가를 알아보았다. 고도와 상부 식생의 유무에 따라 제주조릿대 군락 네 지점을 선정한 후각 지점에서 자라고 있는 제주조릿대 식물 특성 그리고 소비자 군집 다양성을 통하여 삼중영양 상호작용 (Tritrophic interaction)을 조사 하였다. 조사결과, 고도가 증가하면서 상부 식생이 없어지고 제주조릿대의 잎 면적, 수분함량, 질소함량은 감소하였으며, 밀도와 C/N함량은 증가하였다. 상부 식생이 존재할수록 제주조릿대의 생육특성은 더 좋아졌으며 이를 기주로 하는 초식곤충과 포식자가 증가하였다. 따라서 제주조릿대의 생육조건은 고도에 따른 주변 수관부 개폐와 밀접한 관련을 가지고 있으며 이러한 조건은 소비자 군집과도 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 생각한다.

기상청 일사관측소 관측환경 분석을 위하여 수치표고모델(DEM)과 태양복사모델을 이용하여 주변지형에 의한 차폐와 하늘시계요소(SVF) 및 일사량을 산출하였다. 지형고도자료(10 m 해상도)를 통해 관측소를 중심으로 주변 25 km내의 지형들을 이용하여 스카이라인과 SVF를 계산하였다. 또한, 일사관측소별 산출된 천기도와 스카이라인을 중첩하여 지형에 의한 차폐를 분석하였다. 특히 인천 관측소는 주변지형의 차폐가 적었고 청송군과 추풍령 관측소는 주변 지형에 의한 차폐가 큰 관측소로 나타났다. 태양복사모델을 이용하여 동일 조건에서 지형 특성에 따른 일사량을 산출하여 지형에 의한 기여도를 분석하였다. 연누적 일사량 계산결과, 청송군 관측소의 경우 수평면 일사량과 비교하였을 때 직달일사량은 12.0% 이상 차폐되었고 산란일사량은 5.6% 그리고 전천일사량은 4.7% 감소하였다. 평균 일누적 일사량을 기준으로 편차를 분석하였을 때 0.3% 이상 전천일사량이 감소되는 지점은 6개 관측소였다. 42개 관측소 중 8소는 관측소의 이전 또는 관측장비의 이동설치가 시급한 것으로 분석되었고 1/2 이상(24소)의 관측소는 일사관측환경에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. DEM자료는 관측소 주변의 인공구조물과 식생 등이 포함되지 않기 때문에 더 상세한 관측환경분석이 요구된다.

도시 녹지는 도시 내 기후완화, 공기정화 등의 역할 뿐만 아니라 자연과는 거리가 먼 환경에서 생활하는 도시민의 자연 접촉과 자연환경에서의 활동으로 정신적 안정을 찾고 질병 예방 및 치유하는 역할을 하고 있다. 녹지는 음이온, 피톤치드와 같은 인체에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 물질을 생성하는 공간으로 도시민의 육체적·정신적 쾌적성에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 특히 음이온에 대한 연구는 1960년대 이후로 꾸준히 진행되어 왔으며, 전기적 특성에 의한 공기 정화효과와 인체에 긍정적 영향을 미쳐 신진대사가 촉진되는 효과가 입증되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구는 대표적인 도심지 내 산지형 공원인 경주 남산에서 인간건강에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 대표적 인자인 음이온을 지형구조 및 해발고도에 따른 발생량 분포실태를 분석하고 각 유형에 따른 기상인자 및 음이온과의 상관 성을 분석하여, 향후 지형구조 및 해발고도에 따른 기상인 자 및 음이온 상관관계의 기초자료로 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 대상지는 경주에 위치한 남산을 대상으로 진행하였다. 연구 시기는 11월 가을철이며 광합성량이 가장 높은 시간대인 11시~15시 사이에 측정을 진행하였다. 측정 지점 은 총 26지점으로 능선부 13지점, 계곡부 13지점으로 선정 하였고 해발고도 80m부터 320m까지 매 20m 마다 측정을 진행하였다. 계곡부, 능선부로 나누어 현존식생을 조사한 후 측정지점마다 기온, 상대습도, 일사량, 풍속, 음이온 발생 량을 각각 5반복 측정하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 18.0 프로 그램을 활용하여 분석하였다. 현존식생유형 분석 결과, 소나무림과 혼효림이 나타났으 며, 총 26개 측정지점 중 계곡부에서 소나무림 6개소, 혼효림 7개소가 나타났고, 혼효림의 경우 소나무, 참나무 식생이 었다. 능선부에서 소나무림 12개소, 혼효림 1개소가 나타났고, 혼효림의 경우 소나무, 신갈나무 등이 나타났다. 계곡부 측정지점의 수고의 경우 8~16m, 평균 수고는 11.92m로 나타났으며, 흉고직경의 경우 15~46cm, 평균 흉고직경은 26.69cm로 나타났다. 능선부 측정지점의 수고의 경우 8~15m, 평균 수고는 10.52m로 나타났으며, 흉고직경의 경우 15~30cm, 평균 흉고직경은 22.95cm로 나타났다. 지형구조 및 해발고도에 따른 기상요소 분석의 경우 기온은 해발고도가 높아질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였고 평균 기온은 능선부(9.82℃) > 계곡부(8.44℃)이었다. 상대습도 는 해발고도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고 평균 상대습도는 계곡부(59.01%) > 능선부(58.64%) 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 풍속은 경향을 보이지 않았으며 평균 풍 속은 능선부(0.63m/s) > 계곡부(0.37m/s) 순으로, 평균 일사 량은 능선부(5120lux) > 계곡부(1831lux) 순으로 높은 경향 을 보였고 해발고도 300m지점에서 역전현상이 나타났다. 이는 해발고도에 따른 식생의 변화로 사료되었다. 지형구조 및 해발고도 차이에 따른 음이온 발생량 분석결과, 능선부에서 580.04ea/cm3, 계곡부에서 636.81ea/cm3로 계곡부가 더 높은 음이온 발생량을 보였다. 계곡부와 능선 부 모두 해발고도가 증가할수록 음이온 발생량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 해발고도가 증가할수록 낮아지는 기온 과 높아지는 상대습도 때문에 나온 결과로 사료되었다. 음이온 발생량과의 상관성 분석을 실시한 결과 계곡부의 경우, 풍속, 상대습도, 일사량, 해발고도와는 정의 상관관계 가 있는 것으로 분석되었고, 기온과는 부의 상관관계에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 능선부의 경우 상대습도, 일사량, 해 발고도와는 정의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었고, 기온 과는 부의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 계곡부와 능선부의 분석 결과가 다른 이유는, 선행 연구 고찰 결과 음이온 발생에 다양한 요소가 영향을 미치는데 지형구조가 달라지면서 그에 따라 기상 및 기후 또한 달라지기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다.

Recently, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) has been widely used in the areas of diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficiency, and prognosis for various heart diseases, especially heart failure (HF). In this paper, we try to estimate the prognostic significance of NT-proBNP as a risk evaluation marker in Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) patients. We selected NSTEMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) primarily using a drug-eluting stent within 24 h after the onset of chest pain. We compared incidences of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in two patient groups according to a high or low serum concentration of NT-proBNP, which was measured in the emergency room (ER). We intend to minimize selection bias selecting comparing groups, considering covariate of observed variables together using propensity score matching (PSM) and propensity score weighting (PSW) based on propensity score (PS) to control the difference in baseline characteristics between high- and low NT-proBNP groups. We found that as the log NT-proBNP value increases by 1 through a hazard function of COX’s analysis, the risk of MACE increases by 1.312 times. This result indicated that the NT-proBNP level on ER admission can be used as a significant prognostic indicator to estimate 1 year of MACE in NSTEMI patients who were treated with PCI within 24 h after the onset of chest pain.

In this study, factors analysis is performed for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand over 50 inch. The first study is for specification decision and volume compensation experiment as an apparatus for compensating of the volume of the cylinder is compressed as the volume of piston rod. The second study is for optimized piston structure development by comparison pipe orifice and labyrinth orifice. Consequently, the result of total consideration in stability problem and performance of volume compensation for specification decision and volume compensation experiment is determined the final speculation of hollow rod ∅8 x ∅4 and riveting system. and the labyrinth orifice is not founded that of the Ø0.4~0.6 orifice both tests on 300 mm intervals.

In this study, The first study attempted to reduce the frictional force the gas seal lip technology. The second study is for specification decision and volume compensation experiment as an apparatus for compensating of the volume of the cylinder is compressed as the volume of piston rod. Consequently, in the gas seal lip technology, the outer-in diameter of ∅20 x ∅8 in the test result of hollow rod is revealed more proper if the weight of 50 inch television assumed as 30 kg. and the result of total consideration in stability problem and performance of volume compensation for specification decision and volume compensation experiment is determined the final speculation of hollow rod ∅8 x ∅4 and riveting system. The spring constant(K) showed an excellent value above the target value of 0.01 to 0.015 N/mm.

The study for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand using over 50 inches is performed in this paper. The first study attempted to reduce the frictional force the gas seal lip technology. The second study is for optimized piston structure development by comparison pipe orifice and labyrinth orifice. As the result of the first study, in the gas seal lip technology, the outer-inner diameter of Ø20 × Ø8 in the test result of hollow rod is revealed more proper if the weight of 50 inch television assumed as 30. As the result of the second study, the optimized piston structure development through experiment is fixed orifice specification as labyrinth orifice because pipe orifice is founded slip up/down phenomenon of the Ø0.4~1.0 orifice and the labyrinth orifice is not founded that of the Ø0.4~0.6 orifice both tests on 300 mm intervals.

In this study, factors analysis is performed for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand over 50-inch. The first is a pipe type cross-section control for accurate position control of the piston rod. Here it was compared with the pipe type and labyrinth type orifice cross-section. The second study is for optimized piston structure development by comparison pipe orifice and labyrinth orifice. Consequently, in the orifice cross section study between pipe type and labyrinth type through CAE and experimental consideration, cross section of labyrinth type orifice is preferred for reducing of friction. The result of optimized piston structure development through experiment is fixed orifice specification as labyrinth orifice because pipe orifice is founded slip up/down phenomenon of the Ø0.4~1.0 orifice and the labyrinth orifice is not founded that of the Ø0.4~0.6 orifice both tests on 300 mm intervals.

In this study, factors analysis is performed for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand over 50-inch. The first is a pipe type cross-section control for accurate position control of the piston rod. Here it was compared with the pipe type and labyrinth type orifice cross-section. The second study is for specification decision and volume compensation experiment as an apparatus for compensating of the volume of the cylinder is compressed as the volume of piston rod. Consequently, in the orifice cross section study between pipe type and labyrinth type through CAE and experimental consideration, cross section of labyrinth type orifice is preferred for reducing of friction. The result of total consideration in stability problem and performance of volume compensation for specification decision and volume compensation experiment is determined the final speculation of hollow rod φ8×φ4 and riveting system.

In this study, factors analysis is performed for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand over 50-inch. The first is a pipe type cross-section control for accurate position control of the piston rod. Here, it was compared with the pipe type and labyrinth type orifice cross-section. The second study attempted to reduce the frictional force the gas seal lip technology. As the result of the first study, in the orifice cross section study between pipe type and labyrinth type through CAE and experimental consideration, cross section of labyrinth type orifice is preferred for reducing of friction. As the result of the second study, in the gas seal lip technology, the outer-inner diameter of φ20×φ8 in the test result of hollow rod is revealed more proper if the weight of 50 inch television assumed as 30kgf.

A precise control of the launcher in MLRS(Multiple Launcher Rocket System) is important for a mission completion. During the field operation of the MLRS, a friction noise was heard in the elevation clutch that controls the launcher. It was confirmed that unsteady friction between friction plates and clutch plates has caused the noise in the clutch. Conducting the analysis of drive mechnism in the clutch, there was a possibility of the unsteady friction because of moderated spring constant. Therefore, after performing experiments on the elevation clutch varied with spring constant, it was determined the proper spring constant. Finally, an improvement on the spring constant in the elevation clutch is expected in the future by utilizing the result of this study.

With increasing interest, there have been studies on LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging)-based DEM(Digital Elevation Model) to acquire three dimensional topographic information. For producing LiDAR DEM with better accuracy, Filtering process is crucial, where only surface reflected LiDAR points are left to construct DEM while non-surface reflected LiDAR points need to be removed from the raw LiDAR data. In particular, the changes of input values for filtering algorithm-constructing parameters are supposed to produce different products. Therefore, this study is aimed to contribute to better understanding the effects of the changes of the levels of GroundFilter Algrothm’s Mean parameter(GFmn) embedded in FUSION software on the accuracy of the LiDAR DEM products, using LiDAR data collected for Hwacheon, Yangju, Gyeongsan and Jangheung watershed experimental area. The effect of GFmn level changes on the products’ accuracy is estimated by measuring and comparing the residuals between the elevations at the same locations of a field and different GFmn level-produced LiDAR DEM sample points. In order to test whether there are any differences among the five GFmn levels; 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, One-way ANOVA is conducted. In result of One-way ANOVA test, it is found that the change in GFmn level significantly affects the accuracy (F-value: 4.915, p<0.01). After finding significance of the GFmn level effect, Tukey HSD test is also conducted as a Post hoc test for grouping levels by the significant differences. In result, GFmn levels are divided into two subsets ( ‘7, 5, 9, 3’ vs. ‘1’). From the observation of the residuals of each individual level, it is possible to say that LiDAR DEM is generated most accurately when GFmn is given as 7. Through this study, the most desirable parameter value can be suggested to produce filtered LiDAR DEM data which can provide the most accurate elevation information.

ㅊBy controlling the piston speed of the gas spring applying to the digital television stand application of the gas spring, a user can operate the elevation when the gas spring is working under long stroke(200～300 mm, the TV elevation displacement). According to stroke, by some devices with the problem rising from between the difference of external forces, the emotional quality in television elevational function is realized. The piston speed control technique is investigated to perform this experiment piston flow analysis and flow rate control for precise tubular cross section and propose a piston structure for elevation action. This study is for the development of the gas spring of the large size television stand with 50 inch over. In the gas spring development of elevation working, a device to compensate for the volume of the cylinder is generated as much the volume of the piston rod. As this study result, at the development of working gas spring, the hollow shaft is more favorable than the solid one in the apparatus to compensate for the cylinder volume generated.

By controlling the piston speed of the gas spring applying to the digital television stand application of the gas spring, a user can operate the elevation when the gas spring is working under long stroke(200～300 mm, the TV elevation displacement). According to stroke, by some devices with the problem rising from between the difference of external forces, the emotional quality in television elevational function is realized. The piston speed control technique is investigated to perform this experiment piston flow analysis and flow rate control for precise tubular cross section and propose a piston structure for elevation action. This study is for the development of the gas spring of the large size television stand with 50 inch over. In the gas spring development of elevation working, a device to compensate for the volume of the cylinder is generated as much the volume of the piston rod. As this study result, at the development of working gas spring, the hollow shaft is more favorable than the solid one in the apparatus to compensate for the cylinder volume generated.

레이더 반사도를 이용한 강수추정의 개선을 위해 새로운 접근 방식인 경북대학교에서 개발한 하이브리드 고도면을 이용한 강수량 추정기법(Hybrid Surface Rainfall, KNU-HSR)을 사용하였다. KNU-HSR기법은 지형에코와 레이더 빔차폐의 영향을 받지 않는 2차원 하이브리드 고도면에서의 반사도를 이용하여 강수량을 추정한다. 본 연구에서는 정적 HSR 및 동적 HSR기법이 사용되었으며 비교 검증되었다. 정적 HSR은 빔차폐지도와 지형에코지도를 사용하며, 동적 HSR은 정적 HSR에 추가적으로 실시간 퍼지로직 품질관리를 통한 품질지수지도를 사용한다. 검증을 위해 상관계수(correlation coefficient), 총비율(total ratio), 평균편의(mean bias), 정규화된 표준편차(normalized standard deviation), 평균 상대오차(mean relative error)를 사용하였으며, 10개 강우사례의 지상우량계 강우자료를 이용하여 두 HSR의 강우추정 성능을 평가하였다. 모든 검증지수에서 동적 HSR은 반사도 보정을 하지 않은 정적 HSR에 비해 더 우수한 성능을 보였다. 동적 HSR은 레이더로부터 근거리에서는 과대추정하였으며 원거리에서는 빔 폭 확장 및 빔 고도증가로 인해 과소추정하였다. 동적 HSR의 정규화된 표준편차와 평균상대오차는 레이더로부터의 거리에 관계없이 가장 좋은 결과를 보였다. 정적 HSR은 약한 강우강도에서 상당히 과대추정하였으나 동적 HSR은 모든 강우강도에서 1.0에 총비율을 보였다. 반사도의 시스템오차 보정 후, 동적 HSR의 정규화된 표준편차와 평균상대오차는 각각 약 20%와 15%로 개선되었다.