This paper offers a diachronic examination of how the love story between Zhangsheng and Yingying in Yuanzhen‘s novel “Yingying zhuan” has evolved through different literary conventions. “Yingying Love Story” has remained a beloved narrative, enduring from the Song to the Jin-Yuan periods and continuing to be performed on stage today. The interplay between external factors such as societal and cultural backgrounds and internal changes in literary conventions allows for an understanding of the modified narrative of the “Yingying Love Story” and sheds light on the processes of literary creation, reception, and adaptation. Additionally, it provides a more nuanced understanding of the genre characteristics across different epochs. The transformation of the ending of the “Yingying Love Story” from a tragic conclusion where the woman is forsaken to a happy ending where their love prevails reflects the societal and cultural contexts of the time. In particular, the empathy shown by Ci writers of the Song dynasty towards Yingying and the non-defensive attitude towards Zhangsheng played a crucial role in shaping the evolution of the story's conclusion. Subsequent urban commercial development and the flourishing of private literature altered audience expectations of Yingying, naturally propelling the original tragic ending toward a happy resolution.

본 연구는 2022년 2월 24일 러-우크라이나 전쟁 발발 이후의 러시아 문화정책의 변화와 특징을 고찰한다. 러시아의 문화정책은 우크라이나와 전쟁을 시작한 이후 강력한 민족주의적 성향을 보이며 우경화되고 있다. 우크라이나 전쟁 이후 한국과 러시아는 상호 비우호국가로 지정하여 얼 어붙은 양국 관계와 국제 정세 속에서도 여러 분야의 K-콘텐츠는 러시 아 사회에서 선전하고 있으며 경제적인 효과까지 창출하고 있다. 아직까 지 러시아 사회에서 한국의 대중문화는 러시아 청년들의 하위문화로 주 류문화에 영향을 줄 만큼 폭발적인 반응을 보이는 것은 아니지만 그 수 요는 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 대한민국 정부는 양국의 대중문화 분야의 인적·물적 교류 활성화를 전제로 실리적이고 실효성 있는 방안을 고려해야 한다.

본고의 연구대상은 서예의 이론적 개념이지만 연구방법은 창작과정의 경험을 바탕으로 노봉(露鋒), 장봉(藏鋒), 과봉(裹 鋒)의 운필(運筆)에 대한 분석을 집중적으로 했다. 노봉은 이왕(二王) 위주의 전통적인 ‘첩파(帖派)’에서 주로 사 용했는데, 이는 위진(魏晋)시기에 시작해 지금까지 이어져 오고 있다. 장봉과 과봉은 모두 장봉에 속하지만 두 가지 측면에서 차이 가 있다. 첫째, 여기에 말하는 장봉은 필봉을 드러내지 않고 붓 을 대어 쓰는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 안진경으로 대표되는 전 주(篆籀) 필의가 이러한 용례이다. 그러나 과봉은 글씨를 쓰기 전에 필봉을 거꾸로 감싸서 글씨를 쓸 때 필봉의 마찰력을 증 가시키기 위한 방법이다. 따라서 장봉과 과봉은 붓을 다루는 동작과 목적에서 모두 큰 차이를 보인다. 둘째, 시간적으로도 차이가 있다. 장봉은 주로 장욱과 안진경 이후에 유행했으며, 중국서예사에서 여전히 ‘첩파’의 서풍에 속한다. 그러나 과봉은 청나라 ‘비파(碑派)’에서 주로 유행했으며, 과봉은 ‘비파’의 주요 한 용필법이라고 할 수 있다. 대부분의 선행연구에서 비파와 첩파의 심미기준이 대립되어 양쪽이 경쟁한다고 생각하지만 필자는 비파의 심미기준과 품평 언어는 이전의 첩파 심미안을 토대로 보완하여 확장했다고 주 장한다. 서예의 발전은 기존에 형성된 최고의 기준을 계속해서 변형하고 재성장하는 과정이기 때문이다.

This study explores the profound impact of varying oxygen content on microstructural and mechanical properties in specimens HO and LO. The higher oxygen concentration in specimen HO is found to significantly influence alpha lath sizes, resulting in a size of 0.5-1 μm, contrasting with the 1-1.5 μm size observed in specimen LO. Pore fraction, governed by oxygen concentration, is high in specimen HO, registering a value of 0.11%, whereas specimen LO exhibits a lower pore fraction (0.02%). Varied pore types in each specimen further underscore the role of oxygen concentration in shaping microstructural morphology. Despite these microstructural variations, the average hardness remains consistent at ~370 HV. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of oxygen content in influencing microstructural features, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between elemental composition and material properties.

Exploring cheap and efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is extremely vital for the commercial application of advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Herein, a self-supporting Co3S4/ S-doped reduced graphene oxide ( Co3S4/S-rGO) film catalyst is successfully prepared by a blade coating coupled with high-temperature annealing strategy, and its morphology, structure and composition are measured and analyzed. It is substantiated that the as-synthesized Co3S4/ S-rGO film possesses unique self-supporting structure, and is composed of uniformly dispersed Co3S4 nanoparticles and highly conductive S-rGO, which benefit the exposure of catalytic sites and electron transfer. By reason of the synergistic effect of the two individual components, the self-supporting Co3S4/ S-rGO film catalyst displays outstanding catalytic performance towards OER. As a consequence, the Co3S4/ S-rGO film catalyst delivers an overpotential of 341 mV at 10 mA cm-2, and the current attenuation rate is only 2.6% after continuous operation for 4 h, verifying excellent catalytic activity and durability. Clearly, our results offers a good example for the construction of high-performance self-supporting carbon-based composite film catalysts for critical electrocatalytic reactions.

󰡔유몽천자(牖蒙千字)󰡕는 한국개신교선교사 게일(James Scarth Gale(한국명 : 奇一), 1863-1937)과 그의 조사(pundit) 이창직(李昌稙, 1866-1936)이 함께 편찬한 경신 학교와 정신여학교의 교과서이다. 이 책은 총 4권으로 구성된 교재다. 여기에 실린 내용 은 자연과학, 사회과학, 서양의 역사, 서양의 인물, 서양의 문학, 우리의 한문고전에 관한 것 등으로 이루어져 있다. 더불어 개화기에 우리의 어문 생활에 필요하다고 생각한 한자 와 관련 정보, 한자어, 국한문, 한문에 관한 지식을 정식 학교 교육을 받는 학생들에게 알 려 주기 위하여 편찬한 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 󰡔유몽천자󰡕 전집의 체계와 구성, 전 집을 구성하는 3가지 문체 유형, 그리고 전집에 새겨져 있는 개신교선교사의 문체실험의 역사를 고찰했다.

본 연구는 자본주의 다양성 이론의 변화양상을 문헌고찰을 통해 진단 하고자 한다. 국내·외 2001년부터 2020년까지 총 189개의 문헌을 선정 하고 세부주제는 ‘국가유형 분류’, ‘제도적 상호보완성과 제도변화’, ‘노 동시장과 숙련’, ‘경제성장과 혁신’으로 구분하였다. 분석 결과, 국가 유 형화 연구들은 동유럽과 아시아 국가까지 확장되었으며 재정위기에 대한 국가별 대응, 정치적 역동성에 중점을 두었다. 제도적 상호보완성 관련 논의들은 제도적 균열과 변화에 집중하며 특정한 조건이나 지역에 따라 서로 다르게 변화하는 양상을 진단하였다. 노동시장과 숙련의 측면에서 는 CME 국가들을 중심으로 조정(coordination)에 관한 다양한 해석과 숙련형성 매커니즘에 관한 비판이 제기되었다. 마지막으로 경제와 혁신 관련 논의에서는 다국적 기업의 출현과 사회적 책임 등 다양한 이슈를 포함하려는 움직임이 존재하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 자본주의 다양성 이론에 대한 비판적 성찰을 통한 이론적·정책적 논의가 보다 성숙되어야 함을 시사하였다.

전쟁 시 각국은 고대로부터 마비전을 추구하여 적의 중심을 지향하여 최소의 희생으로 승리하고자 하였다. 또한 특수작전부대는 합동작전의 핵심부대로 각국은 특수작전부대를 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 전쟁양상의 변화와 더불어 마비전이 진화함에 따라 전쟁 시 마비전 사례분석을 통해 특수작전부대의 역할을 도출하고, 미래 다영역 작전 시 마비전 수행을 위한 특수작전부대의 운용방향을 제시하는 데 있 다. 연구 방법은 문헌연구를 통한 질적연구와 사례를 분석 후 비교하였다. 연구범위는 제2차 세계대전으로부터 걸프전, 이라크전을 분석하였고 미래 운용방향은 미국의 다영역작전 시 특수작전부대 운용을 연구하여 한국군에 적용하였다. 연구 결과, 마비전은 초기의 물리적 마비로부터 물리적 마비 +체계무력화+심리적 마비로 진화하며 발전하였고, 특수작전부대는 마비 전 수행에 결정적으로 기여하였으며 그 중요성은 더욱 증가하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 한국군 특수작전부대는 미래 다영역작전에서 도 마비전을 수행하기 위해 지속적인 마비전 수행개념과 이를 위한 조직 편성 및 무기체계의 발전이 요구되고 있다.

The safety of deep geological disposal systems has to be ensured to guarantee the isolation of radionuclides from human and related environments for over a million years. Over such a long timeframe, disposal systems can be influenced by climate change, leading to significant long-term impacts on the hydrogeological condition, including changes in temperature, precipitation and sea levels. These changes can affect groundwater flow, alter geochemical conditions, and directly/ indirectly impact the stability of the repository. Hence, it is essential to conduct a safety assessment that considers the long-term evolution induced by climate change. In this context, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is developing the Adaptive Process-based total system performance assessment framework for a geological disposal system (APro). Currently, numerical modules for APro are under development to account for the longterm evolution that can influence groundwater flow and radionuclide transport in the far-field of the disposal system. This study focuses on the development of two numerical modules designed to model permafrost formation and buoyance force due to relative density changes. Permafrost is defined as a ground in which temperature remains below zero-isotherm (0°C) continuously for more than two consecutive years. In regions where permafrost forms, the relative permeability of porous media is significantly reduced. The changes in permeability due to permafrost formation are modelled by calculating the unfrozen fluid content within a porous medium. Meanwhile, buoyancy force can occur when there is a difference in density at the boundary of two distinct water groups, such as seawater (salt water) and freshwater. Sea level change associated with climate change can alter the boundary between seawater and freshwater, resulting in changes in groundwater flow. The buoyancy force due to relative density is modelled by adjusting concentration boundary conditions. Using the developed numerical modules, we evaluated the long-term evolution’s effects by analyzing radionuclide transport in the far-field of the disposal system. Incorporating permafrost and buoyancy force modelling into the APro framework will contribute valuable insights into the complex interactions between geological and climatic factors, enhancing our ability to ensure the secure isolation of radionuclides for extended periods.

The post-closure safety assessment of a repository is typically conducted over an extensive timescale from ten thousand to a million years. Considering that biosphere ecosystems may undergo significant changes over such lengthy periods, it is essential to incorporate the long-term evolution of the biosphere into the safety assessment. Climate change and landscape development are identified as critical drivers with the potential to impact the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the biosphere. These changes can subsequently alter the migration patterns of radionuclides through the biosphere and influence human exposure doses. Therefore, this study formulates scenarios within the context of long-term biosphere evolution. We examine biosphere assessment processes employed in other countries and conduct a comparative study on scenario conditions. For example, biosphere assessment in Finland has identified sea-level changes and land-use alterations as significant factors in the long-term evolution of the biosphere. These factors are linked to Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) associated with climate change and human activities. Sea-level changes are related to FEPs regarding climate change, land uplift, and shoreline displacement, while land-use changes are based on human activity-related FEPs (e.g., crop type, livestock and forest management, well construction, and demographics). Based on the literature review, this study has configured long-term evolution scenarios for the safety assessment of a deep geological repository for spent fuels.

Advanced countries in the field of nuclear research and technology are currently examining the feasibility of deep geological disposal as the most appropriate method for the permanent management of high-level radioactive waste, with no intention of future retrieval. Deep geological disposal involves the placement of such waste deep underground within a stable geological formation, ensuring its permanent isolation from the human environment. To guarantee the enduring isolation and retardation of radionuclides with half-lives spanning tens of thousands to millions of years from the broader ecosystem, it is imperative to comprehend the long-term evolution of deep disposal systems, especially the role of natural barriers. These natural barriers, typically consisting of bedrock, encase the repository and undergo long-term evolutions due to tectonic movements and climate variations. For the effective disposal of high-level radioactive waste, a thorough assessment of the site’s long-term geological stability is essential. This necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its tectonic evolution and development characteristics, including susceptibility to seismic and magmatic events like earthquakes and intrusions. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of alterations in the hydrogeological and geochemical environment resulting from tectonic movements over extended time frames is required to assess the potential for the migration of radionuclides. In this paper, we have examined international evaluation methodologies employed to elucidate the predictive long-term evolution of natural barriers within disposal systems. We have extracted relevant methods from international case studies and applied a preliminary scenario illustrating the long-term evolution of the geological environment at the KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel) site. Nevertheless, unlike international instances, the scarcity of quantitative data limits the depth of our interpretation. To present a dependable scenario in the future, it is imperative to develop predictive technologies aimed at comprehensively studying the geological evolution processes in the Korean peninsula, particularly within the context of radioactive waste disposal.

For the performance and safety assessments of deep geological disposal, developing scenarios, which represent possible long-term changes in the surface environment, is required. These scenarios are formulated using a list of FEPs (Features, Events, and Processes) that describes characteristics of disposal system components. In this study, using international FEP (IFEP) list from OECD/NEA, the individual FEPs related to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition were analyzed, and the correlation between each FEP was evaluated. From the IFEP list, the elements related to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition processes that cause long-term changes in the surface environment were identified. Uplift-subsidence, erosion - deposition, and the long-term change factors caused by them were analyzed and a correlation diagram was produced according to their interactions. Basis for the integrated analysis of long-term changes in the surface environment and the construction of long-term change scenarios were established considering the evaluation of the factors that cause uplift-subsidence and erosiondeposition, and their correlation with the hydrology-hydrogeology, topography and local climate of the affected surface. The results of this study will be used for systematically formulating scenarios of long-term changes in the surface environment due to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition based on natural phenomena. And, it may be necessary to modify and supplement the correlation of domestic FEPs based on the correlation diagram of IFEPs in order to analyze long-term changes in the surface environment in an integrated manner.

Understanding the long-term geochemical evolution of engineered barrier system is crucial for conducting safety assessment in high-level radioactive waste disposal repository. One critical scenario to consider is the intrusion of seawater into the engineered barrier system, which may occur due to global sea level rise. Seawater is characterized by its high ionic strength and abundant dissolved cations, including Na, K, and Mg. When seawater infiltrates an engineered barrier, such dissolved cations displace interlayer cations within the montmorillonite and affect to precipitation/ dissolution of accessory minerals in bentonite buffer. These geochemical reactions change the porewater chemistry of bentonite buffer and influence the reactive transport of radionuclides when it leaked from the canister. In this study, the adaptive process-based total system performance assessment framework (APro), developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, was utilized to simulate the geochemical evolution of engineered barrier system resulting from seawater intrusion. Here, the APro simulated the geochemical evolution in bentonite porewater and mineral composition by considering various geochemical reactions such as mineral precipitation/dissolution, temperature, redox processes, cation exchange, and surface complexation mechanisms. The simulation results showed that the seawater intrusion led to the dissolution of gypsum and partial precipitation of calcite, dolomite, and siderite within the engineered barrier system. Additionally, the composition of interlayer cation in montmorillonite was changed, with an increase in Na, K, and Mg and a decrease in Ca, because the concentrations of Na, K, and Mg in seawater were 2-10 times higher than those in the initial bentonite porewater. Further studies will evaluate the geochemical sorption and transport of leaked uranium-238 and iodine-129 by applying TDB-based sorption model.

With the importance of permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) generated in Korea, the deep geological disposal system based on the KBS-3 type is being developed. Since the deep geological repository must provide the long-term isolation of HLW from the surface environment and normal habitats for humans, plants, and animals, it is essential to assess the longterm performance of the disposal facility considering thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (TH- M-C) evolution. Decay heat dissipated from HLW contained in the canister causes an increase in temperature in the adjacent area. The requirement for the maximum temperature is established in consideration of the possibility of bentonite degradation. Therefore, when designing the repository, the temperature in the region of interest should be identified in detail through the thermal evolution assessment to ensure that the design requirement is satisfied. In the thermal evolution analysis, it is needed to evaluate the temperature distribution over the entire area of the disposal panel to consider the heat generated from both a single canister and adjacent canisters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are widely used for detailed temperature analysis but are limited to simulating a wide range. Accordingly, in this study, we developed an analytical solution-based program for efficiently calculating the temperature distribution throughout the deposition panel, which is based on threedimensional heat conduction equations. The code developed can assess the temperature distribution of engineered and natural barrier systems. Principal parameters to be inputted are as follows: (a) geometry of the panel (e.g. width, length, height, spacing between canisters), (b) geometry of the canister (e.g. diameter, height), (c) thermal properties of bentonite and host-rock, (d) initial conditions (e.g. residual heat, temperature), and (e) time information (e.g. canister emplacement rate, time-interval, period). Through the calculation for the conceptual problem of a deposition panel capable of accommodating 900 (i.e. 30×30) canisters, it was confirmed that the program can adequately predict when and where the maximum temperature will occur. It is expected that the overall temperature distribution within the panel can be obtained by the evaluation of the entire region using this program reflecting the detailed design of the repository to be developed in the future. In addition, the thermal evolution analysis considering the influence of other canisters can be performed by applying the results as boundary conditions in the CFD analysis.

A novel kind of self-assembled graphene quantum dots-Co3O4 (GQDs-Co3O4) nanocomposite was successfully manufactured through a hydrothermal approach and used as an extremely effectual oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. The characterization of morphology with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that Co3O4 nanosheets combined with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) had a new type of hexagonal lamellar selfassembly structure. The GQDs-Co3O4 electrocatalyst showed enhanced electrochemical catalytic properties in an alkaline solution. The start potential of the OER was 0.543 V (vs SCE) in 1 M KOH solution, and 0.577 V (vs SCE) in 0.1 M KOH solution correspondingly. The current density of 10 mA cm− 2 had been attained at the overpotential of 321 mV in 1 M KOH solution and 450 mV in 0.1 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the current density can reach 171 mA cm− 2 in 1 M KOH solution and 21.4 mA cm− 2 in 0.1 M KOH solution at 0.8 V. Moreover, the GQDs-Co3O4 nanocomposite also maintained an ideal constancy in an alkaline solution with only a small deterioration of the activity (7%) compared with the original value after repeating potential cycling for 1000 cycles.

Exploring earth-abundant, highly effective and stable electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is urgent and essential to the development of hydrogen (H2) energy technology. Iron-cobalt layered double hydroxide (FeCo-LDH) has been widely used as an electrocatalystfor OER due to its facile synthesis, tunable components, and low cost. However, LDH synthesized by the traditional hydrothermal method tends to easily agglomerate, resulting in an unstable structure that can change or dissolve in an alkaline solution. Therefore, studying the real active phase is highly significant in the design of electrochemical electrode materials. Here, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as template precursors to derive FeCo-LDH from different iron sources. Iron salts with different anions have a significant impact on the morphology and charge transfer properties of the resulting materials. FeCo-LDH synthesized from iron sulfate solution (FeCo-LDH-SO4) exhibits a hybrid structure of nanosheets and nanowires, quite different from other electrocatalysts that were synthesized from iron chloride and iron nitrate solutions. The final FeCo-LDH-SO4 had an overpotential of 247 mV with a low Tafel-slope of 60.6 mV dec-1 at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and delivered a long-term stability of 40 h for the OER. This work provides an innovative and feasible strategy to construct efficient electrocatalysts.