인과 질소는 하천, 호소 등의 부영양화의 주요 인자로 작용하고 있고 특히 하수 중의 인 농도가 1 mg/L 이상일 경우 조류의 급증식이 일어날 수 있다. 현재 우리나라 하수처리 공정은 인을 기준치 이하로 제거하기 위해 총인 처리 공정을 운영하고 있으나, 이 과정에서 제거된 인은 슬러지와 혼합되어 폐기처분되고 있다. 인은 무한자원이 아닌 유한자원으로 비료, 금속표면처리 세정제를 비롯하여 다양한 용도로 사용될 수 있으며, 우리나라의 경우 전량 수입에 의존하고 있다. 최근 인광석 매장량의 한계로 인하여 인을 회수하여 재이용하는 기술이 반드시 필요한 실정이고, 그 대안으로 축산폐수, 혐기성발효액, 하수처리 시 발생되는 인을 유용한 자원으로 회수하는 방법에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 기존의 연구된 인결정은 100㎛ 이하의 미세 결정으로 고액분리 및 탈수에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 인제거 기술 중 화학적 침전법 중 하나인 MAP(Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) 법을 적용하여 부천시와 공동으로 부천시 소재 공공하수처리장에서 발생되는 탈수여액내의 인을 회수하고자 하였으며 다양한 실험조건(pH, 약품, 주입량, Seed적용)에 따라 인회수 및 입상화의 최적 조건을 도출하고 연속반응조를 통하여 2mm 이상의 크기로 입상화가 가능함을 확인하였다. Jar-test 실험결과 pH 9, 몰비 1~9(Mg2+/PO4-P) 범위에서 PO4-P가 55%~90% 제거되었으며, 생성된 결정화물을 seed로 사용하여 최적 약품투입량 도출결과 pH9, 몰비1 조건에서 6회 재사용시 seed 미적용 대비 PO4-P 제거율이 36% 상승하였다. 도출된 조건을 이용하여 2단 상향류(내경이 1.1cm, 1.8cm) 반응조와 침전조로 구성된 Lab Scale 반응조에서 선속도를 변화시켜 입상화를 유도하였다. 입상화시 PO4-P 제거율은 70%~84%, NH3-N 제거율은 20%~28%로 나타났으며, 내경 1.1cm의 반응조 하부에는 2mm~1.5mm, 내경 1.8cm의 반응조 상부에서는 0.6mm~1.2mm로 입상화되었다. 본 연구에서 미립 결정화물을 연속 순환을 통하여 선속도에 따른 입상화를 확인한 결과, 2mm 이상의 인 결정화물의 생성이 가능함을 입증하였다. 이를 통해 탈수 및 건조에 소요되는 에너지를 최소화하고 고순도 입상화로 비료 가치를 향상시켜 경제성 확보가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Although accelerators can be utilized for the prevention of early frost by developing the strength of concrete in cold weather, no security of workability occurs because early hydration makes them react rapidly. In this study, granulation was used as a method as it can control the response time of the accelerator to secure the workability of fresh concrete.

Set-controlling admixtures via granulation method may be secured the operation time by adjusting the response time. therefore, mortar with Set-controlling admixtures via granulation is measured setting-time. As a result, the possibility of initial reaction control confirmed and also was developed the required properties of setting-time.

A fine granule was prepared using freeze-dried royal jelly. For its preparation, which depended on operational parameters like its glucose-to-total sugar content ratio (X1,0-100%), ethanol concentration (X2,75-95%) and sprayed ethanol solution content (X3,8-12%) using freeze-dried royal jelly, the response surface methodology was used to monitor the optimum conditions for the yield, the fragmentation rate with shaking, and the organoleptic properties. The maximum yield was 89.99% with a glucose–to-total sugar content ratio of 59.30%, an ethanol concentration of 88.64%, and a sprayed ethanol solution content of 11.83%. The minimum fragmentation rate by shaking was 0.82% at the glucose–to-total-sugar content ratio of 22.35%, the ethanol concentration of 77.21%, and the sprayed ethanol solution content of 10.59%. The sensory score for the overall palatability of the organoleptic properties was 7.45 at the glucose–to-total-sugar content ratio of 31.81%, the ethanol concentration of 93.96%, and the sprayed ethanol solution content of 10.51%.

The basic mechanism of the granular sludge formation which is the most important factor in the start-up and stable operaton is not confirmed yet. In this study, the effect of granular sludge formation was investigated with the different substrate concentrations and the various ratios of substrate supply/deficiency. The granular sludge formation in the UASB reactor was closely related to the substrate concentrations and the ratio of substrate supply/deficiency. The granular sludge formation was not accelerated at low substrate concentration. It was convinced that granular sludge formation was accelerated when the substrate supply with high concentration was stopped at UASB reactor. From this experiment, it was estimated that granular sludge was formed by the combination of hydrogen utilizing bacteria that form hydrogen condition and acid forming bacteria at substrate deficit condition by mutual symbiosis. Though the removal efficiency of organic matter was decreased as the influent substrate concentration was increased, the higher the influent substrate the better the granular sludge formation.

Granular sludge formation and it`s activity change are the most important factors in achieving successful start-up and operation of UASB reactor. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. On the basic of the experiments in laboratory-scale UASB reactor, the effect of hydrogen partial pressure on sludge granulation was evaluated. Size distribution method and specific metabolic activity of the sludge with the operation time were used as a means for estimating the degree of the sludge granulation. At the constant hydrogen loading, the granulation increased as starvation periods in hydrogen supply increased, resulting in high organic removal efficiency. It was evidient that hydrogen play very important role in granulation and sludge granulation was achieved through mutual symbiosis between hydrogen utilizing bacteria and hydrogen producing bacteria under the hydrogen deficient conditions.