탄소보강근(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)은 탄소섬유를 에폭시로 결합한 것으로 높은 인장강 도와 강한 내부식성으로 철근대체재로 각광받고 있다. 하지만 결합재인 에폭시의 특성상 고온에 취약 하다. 따라서 고온에 노출된 탄소보강근의 인장 시험을 통해 인장강도 및 탄성계수의 변화를 관찰하고 온도별 거동특성을 파악하고자 한다. 사용된 탄소보강근의 직경은 10mm이며 나선모양의 GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) 리브로 구성되어있다. 인장 시험체는 ASTM D 7205에 따라 강관으로 구 성된 그립부 700mm, 자유단 500mm 총길이 1,900mm로 제작하였다. 시험체 중앙부를 고온에 노출시 키기 위해 가열부 200mm의 퍼니스를 배치하였으며, 온도범위는 50~550℃이다. 시험결과 유리전이온 도인 150℃까지는 고온에 노출된 시험체가 상온 시험체에 비해 인장강도가 2.7~3.1% 감소하였으며, 탄성계수는 15.7~18.7% 감소하였다. 이후 250~550℃에서는 인장강도가 8.9~54.3% 감소하였고, 탄성 계수는 17.2~20.1% 감소하였다. 따라서 인장강도의 경우 550℃에서 최대 인장강도의 절반 이상으로 감소하는 것을 확인 하였고, 탄성계수는 인장강도에 비해 크게 감소하지 않는 것을 확인하였다.

FRP 복합재 중 CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Plastic)는 현재 Rebar, Plate, Grid 등 다양한 형태로 RC 구조물에 내‧외부 보강재로써 사용되고 있다. 이 중 CFRP Grid의 경우 국내에서 상용화가 되지 않아 다른 형태의 보강재보다 성능 분석 및 평가 기준이 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에 서는 Grid의 Strand, 경계조건, ASTM 고정장치의 유무 등 다양한 실험을 통하여 CFRP 그리드의 인 장 성능평가를 진행하였다. 선행 연구에서는 CFRP Grid의 인장시험 고정단의 경계조건에 따른 영향 성 분석을 위해 ASTM D7205 및 ASTM D6637에 따라 Tap-Tap (Type 1), Tap-Mortor (Type 2) 로 구성하여 인장시험을 수행하였으며, 시편의 파단 형상 및 시험 결과값이 가장 안정적인 Type 2를 CFRP Grid의 고정단 경계조건으로 설정하였다. 이러한 선행 연구를 바탕으로 고온 노출에 따른 CFRP 그리드의 인장 성능시험 평가를 진행하였으며, 인장시험은 만능재료시험기 및 고성능 카메라를 활용하여 최대 응력과 탄성계수를 도출하였다. 온도는 FRP의 전이온도인 150℃ 이내의 130℃에서 각 Case 별 5개의 시편을 70분(Case 2), 100분(Case 3), 120분(Case 4), 150분(Case 5) 노출한 후, 고온 에 노출하지 않은 시편(Case 1)과 비교하였다. 실험 결과, Case 5와 Case 1을 비교하여 인장강도와 탄성계수는 각각 최대 51.32%, 44.4% 감소하였다. 결론적으로 고온 환경에서 지속적으로 노출될 경 우, CFRP Grid의 성능이 최대 절반 수준으로 감소 되며 RC 부재 내‧외부에 보강 시에 고온 조건을 면밀히 검토하여 성능 감소를 최소화할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

The aerospace and power generation industries have an increasing demand for high-temperature, highstrength materials. However, conventional materials typically lack sufficient fracture toughness and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. This study aims to enhance the high-temperature properties of Nb-Si-Ti alloys through ball milling. To analyze the effects of milling time, the progression of alloying is evaluated on the basis of XRD patterns and the microstructure of alloy powders. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is employed to produce compacts, with thermodynamic modeling assisting in predicting phase fractions and sintering temperature ranges. The changes in the microstructure and variation in the mechanical properties due to the adjustment of the sintering temperature provide insights into the influence of Nb solid solution, Nb5Si3, and crystallite size within the compacts. By investigating the changes in the mechanical properties through strengthening mechanisms, such as precipitation strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and crystallite refinement, this study aims to verify the applicability of Nb-Si-Ti alloys in advanced material systems.

본 연구의 목적은 컨테이너 육묘 시스템을 활용한 참외 접목 묘의 안정적인 생산 가능성을 평가하는 것이었다. 이를 위해, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템과 고온 조건의 플라스틱 온실에서 육묘 한 접수와 대목, 접목묘의 생육을 비교 분석하였다. 접목활착 후 육묘 환경에 따른 참외 접목묘의 생육과 묘소질을 0일, 4일, 7일, 11일, 14일째에 비교하였다. 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 는 주야간 온도를 25/20°C, 상대습도를 70%로 설정하여 재 배기간 동안 안정적으로 유지하였으며, 플라스틱 온실 내의 주야간 평균온도는 28.1/15.4°C로 주야간 온도차(DIF)가 더 크게 나타났다. 조사기간 동안 참외 접목묘의 초장은 플라스 틱 온실 육묘 처리구에서 컨테이너 육묘 시스템 처리구보다 더 길게 나타났다. 참외 접목묘 조직의 충실도는 지상부 건물 중을 초장으로 나누어 계산하였다. 육묘장에서 접목한 묘는 접목 후 7－10일 경과하여 활착이 완료되고 초장이 10cm 내 외일 때 출하하여 정식에 이용되게 된다. 본 연구에서 접목활 착 후 7일째에 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 재배된 묘의 충실도 는 44.9±2.64mg/cm으로 나타났으며, 플라스틱 온실 육묘 처 리구에서는 24.4±1.56mg/cm로 나타났다. SPAD 평균은 플 라스틱 온실 육묘에서 30.5, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 41.1 로 측정되었다. 이러한 결과는 컨테이너 육묘 시스템의 활용 이 고온기 또는 저일조 시기와 같은 육묘 환경에서도 고품질 모종을 안정적으로 생산할 수 있는 것을 확인하였고, 인공광 을 이용한 육묘 시스템의 활용 범위가 앞으로 더 확대될 것으 로 기대된다.

충청남도농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2021년에 개발된 ‘Pinky Lang’은 분홍색 홑꽃 타입의 스프레이 국화 신품종 이다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 2016년 10월에 육종 하우스 내에서 2016년에 순백색의 진한 녹심이 매력적인 품종으로써 선발 된 백색 홑꽃의 ‘Bodre’ 품종을 방임 수분하여 48개의 종자 를 채취했다. 채취한 종자를 2017년 파종한 뒤 우수개체로 선발되어 2017년부터 2020년까지 4년간 촉성, 억제, 자연개 화 작형별 주년생산성 검정을 수행하여 선발된 우수계통을 ‘SP17-425-01’이라 계통명을 부여하였다. 2020년 최종적으 로 우수한 계통으로써 평가 및 심의를 받은 뒤 ‘충남SP-68 호’로 명명하였고, 당해 년도 12월 직무육성 신품종 선정위원 회를 통과하여 품종명은 ‘Pinky Lang’으로 하였다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 고온기에 화색이 변하지 않고 녹심이 매우 진하며 줄 기가 튼튼한 품종이다. 여름철 흰녹병에도 강하여 고온기 수출 품종으로 적합하다고 판단되었다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 연중 3 작기 재배테스트에서 단일처리 후 개화소요일수는 자연개화 작형 52일, 촉성작형 49일, 억제작형 50일이었고, ‘Yes Luna’ 는 각각 51일, 52일, 52일로 전반적으로 개화소요일수가 짧 았다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 절화장과 줄기굵기는 각각 104.5cm, 4.71mm으로 ‘Yes Luna’가 109.5cm, 4.25mm인 것에 비 해 5cm정도 짧았고 줄기굵기는 0.46mm 더 굵었다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 꽃 크기는 5.6cm이고 ‘Yes Luna’는 6.8cm로 1.2cm 작았다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 한 줄기에 달리는 꽃의 수와 한 송이 당 꽃잎수는 각각 27.7개, 30.9매였고, ‘Yes Luna’ 는 각각 18.0개, 37.0매인 것으로 착화수는 9.7개 많았고 꽃 잎수는 6.1매 적었다. 여름철 재배테스트를 통해 확인해본 결 과 흰녹병 저항성이 높은 경향을 확인하지만, 1~10% 정도의 병반을 보여 완전저항성을 가지진 못하는 것으로 사료된다. 자연개화 작형에서 절화수명의 경우는 24.5일로 ‘Yes Luna’ 에 비해 2.1일 길었다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 과습한 경우 줄기가 연약해질 수 있기 때문에 생장억제제인 Daminozide를 처리 하여 줄기를 강건하게 하고 절화 품질의 균일도를 높여 고온 기 재배에 안정적인 생산이 가능하여 수출할 수 있다.

화학 반응의 수율 향상을 위해 부산물을 제거하는 다양한 방법이 연구되고 있다. 특히 산업적으로 중요한 반응에 서 주로 부산물로 물이 생성되기 때문에 넓은 범위의 온도에서 안정적으로 물을 분리하는 기술이 필요하다. 흡수제의 사용, 탈수 반응의 도입 등 다양한 방법이 제안되었으나 추가적인 에너지 및 시간 소요, 전환율의 지속 가능성 등의 문제로 한계를 가지고 있다. 그에 반해 운전 및 설치가 용이하고, 낮은 유지비용 등의 장점을 가지고 있는 분리막 기술은 다양한 촉매 반응 에 도입되었을 때 안정적으로 부산물을 제거할 수 있어 반응의 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 좋은 방안이다. 따라서 본 총설에서 는 분리막을 이용한 부산물 제거 및 이를 통한 효과에 대해 논의하였다.

This study was performed to investigate immune changes by comparing the proportion and function of immune cells in the blood under high-temperature period and convalescence temperature period in Holstein dairy cows. The experiment was conducted using Holstein dairy cows of five animals per group (60 ± 20 months old, 175 ± 78 non-day) from the National Institute of Animal Science at high-temperature period (THI: 76 ± 1.2) and convalescence temperature period (THI: 66 ± 1.3). Complete blood count results showed no change in the number of immune cells between groups. In the analysis using Flow Cytometry of PBMCs, no significant differences were observed among B cells, Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells between groups. However, there was an increase in Th17 cells producing IL-17a, while Th1 cells decreased during the convalescence temperature period. The results of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in PBMCs revealed an increase in IL-10 during the convalescence temperature period, while a decrease in HSP70 and HSP90 was observed. In conclusion, the increased expression of IL-10 and the decrease in HSP expression suggest the possibility of a weak recovery from heat stress. However, the lack of observed changes in B cells, T cells, and other immune cells indicates incomplete recovery from heat stress during the convalescence temperature period.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of amino acid complex additives, such as protected vitamin C (VC) or detoxified sulfur (DS), on the growth and metabolism of Hanwoo cattle under high-temperature conditions. Accordingly, farms in Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) regions ranging from 78 to 89 for over 100 days were selected. The experimental groups were control, T1 (lysine + methionine + VC, 50 g/head/day), and T2 (lysine + methionine + DS, 50 g/head/day) with 70, 77, and 71 animals each. The range of the THI for 115 days was 78-89, and this occurred in most of the experiment days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in rectal temperature among the groups. The body weight increased to 786.4 and 809.0kg in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Linoleic acid showed a high result of 2.01% in the T1 group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Unsaturated fatty acids were higher at 55.70 and 56.54% in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05), and the omega 6/3 ratio was reduced to 20.10% (p<0.05). These findings indicate that T1 has a positive impact on growth, meat quality, and fatty acid composition compared to the control group. In conclusion, amino acid complex with VC improved the body weight of Hanwoo steers and the unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids of their meat; however, further research is needed to clarify this impact on carcass performance.

The thermal treatment of radioactive waste attracts great attention. The thermal treatment offers lots of advantages, such as significant volume reduction, hazard reduction, increase of disposal safety, etc. There are various thermal technologies to waste. The developed technologies are calcination, incineration, melting, molten salt oxidation, plasma, pyrolysis, synroc, vitrification, etc. The off-gas treatment system is widely applied in the technologies to increase the safety and operation efficiency. The thermal treatment generates various by-product and pollutants during the process. The dust or fly ash are generated as a particulate from almost every radioactive waste. The treatment of PVC related components generates hydrogen chloride, which usually brings corrosion of facility. The treatment of rubber and spent resin generates sulfur oxide, SOx. The treatment of nitrile rubber generates nitrogen oxide, NOx. The incomplete combustion of radioactive waste usually generates carbon oxide, COx. The process temperature also affects the generation of off gas, such as NOx and/or COx. Various off gas treatment components are organized for the proper treatment of the previously mentioned materials. In this study systematical review on off gas treatment will be reported. Also, worldwide experiences and developed facility will be reported.

The primary purpose of high temperature process of radioactive waste is to satisfy the waste acceptance criteria and volume reduction. The WAC offers the guideline of waste form fabrication process. The WAC is defined as quantitative or qualitative criteria specified by the regulatory body, or specified by and operator and approved by the regulatory body, for radioactive waste to be accepted by the operator of a repository for disposal, or by the operator of a storage facility for storage. The main objective of WAC is to protect staff and general public and environment by the containment of radioactive material, limit external radiation level, and prevent criticality. The WAC also offers systematic management of radioactive waste by standardization of waste management operations, facilitation waste tracking, ensure safe and effective operation of operating facilities, etc. Since the high temperature process for radioactive waste is considered in many countries, lots of codes and standards are considered. In many WACs, compressive strength, thermal cycle stability, radiation exposure stability, free liquid, and leachability are evaluation to understand the effect of solidified form to the disposal facility. In this paper, systematical review on waste form will be discussed. In addition, brief result of characterization of waste form will be compared.

In this study, we examined dimensional changes in processing carbon fiber composites using a cost-competitive domestic high-speed router. Lacking temperature compensation features found in typical machines, it faces increased defect rates due to temperature fluctuations during processing. To mitigate this, we defined specific processing temperature conditions, established hole positions as distance references for various temperatures, and measured dimensional changes. This enabled us to calculate necessary dimensional corrections, minimizing thermal deformation.

Neoporphyra kitoi Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi has been known as an endemic species in Japan. Its high temperature tolerance suggests that it could be advantageous for cultivation. In this study, we collected it from the Ulleungdo island, Korea and transferred it into Pyropia for a new combination, identified as Pyropia kitoi (Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi) D.J. Kim, T.O. Cho & B.Y. Won comb. nov. based on morphological and molecular analyses. Pyropia kitoi is also reported as a new record species in the list of Korean macroalgal flora. Although we didn’t observe the emergence of new blades from the rhizoidal cells, which is a key character for this species, our molecular analysis of rbcL revealed that our samples from Korea were congruent with “Neoporphyra kitoi” from Japan and were nested within the clade of Pyropia. The gene sequence divergence between the Korean and Japanese samples was 0-0.2%.

Cnidium officinale M. is an important crop that is widely used as a raw material for health functional foods. However, it is experiencing cultivation difficulties due to climate change and abnormally high temperatures. In response to this problem, the characteristics and main causes of the high-temperature damage occurring in C. officinale M. cultivation fields were analyzed. A survey of five farmhouse fields in Jecheon and Bonghwa, major C. officinale M. cultivation areas in Korea in 2018, indicated that about 5% to 37% of the cultivation fields in Jecheon and 5% to 15% of the fields in Bonghwa died from wilting. The high-temperature damage of the C. officinale M. fields is divided into two categories: upper leaves drying due to solar radiation and temperature, and lower leaves dying serially to the radiant heat of the vinyl mulch. Damage caused by radiant heat was typically greater. This is due to the greenhouse effect that occurs in the small space between the black vinyl mulching and the soil. The heat radiated to the surface of the ridge creating an environmental condition that greatly exceeded the atmospheric temperature especially on hot days. As a result, short plants with underground parts, such as C. officinale M., can suffer more high-temperature damage than other plants, so it is considered that it is necessary to develop related technologies such as mulching materials that can reduce pavement temperature in the future.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study also developed a burner system in a smoke reduction device suitable for exhaust engines to completely burn smoke generated by institutions using diesel engines in low-temperature exhaust gases. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

Radiant tubes heat exchangers are critical components that facilitate the heat transfer process to steel in an annealing furnace, and it addresses several engineering problems, such as thermal stress and mechanical failure due to long-term thermal cycling, which can significantly affect the longevity of the tubes and maintenance requirements. In this study, we used commercial software (ANSYS) to simulate the thermal stress and deformation of radiant tubes subjected to extreme thermal conditions and pressure loads. We evaluated both thermally induced deformation and creep deformation, which is a time-dependent deformation under constant stress over the long term. The results showed that uneven temperature conditions and pressure loads lead to significant deformation and potential failures. To mitigate these engineering challenges, we also tested several designs that include supporting brackets. This study provides valuable insights for designing radiant tube heat exchangers in annealing furnaces to extend their lifespan and ensure system safety.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of acid leaching on the properties of Cr powder synthesized using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Cr powder was synthesized from a mixture of Cr2O3 and magnesium (Mg) powders using the SHS Process, and the byproducts after the reaction were removed using acid leaching. The properties of the recovered Cr powder were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), particle size analysis (PSA), and oxygen content analysis. The results show that perfect selective leaching of Cr is challenging because of various factors such as incomplete reaction, reaction kinetics, the presence of impurities, and incompatibility between the acid and metal mixture. Therefore, this study provides essential information on the properties under acidic conditions during the production of high-quality Cr powder using a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method.

Crystallographic properties of Ni-based alloys such as alloys 600, 617, and Hastelloy N, which are a candidate to be used as structural materials in Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), were studied in the temperature range of 25-1,000°C using high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) under an Ar atmosphere. We found that face-centered cubic Ni crystal structure at room temperature was started to be changed over 600°C in all Ni-based samples. However, the appearance of changing diffraction patterns over 600°C was different for all samples. In addition, we observed the increase in the lattice constant along the a-axis upon heating in all specimens, determined by Pawley refinement of HTXRD data.

LiCl-KCl eutectic possesses unique properties such as a low melting point, high thermal conductivity, and good electrical conductivity. These properties make it suitable for various applications, including nuclear power generation, pyroprocessing in nuclear waste management, and thermal energy storage systems. In most experiments using LiCl-KCl, the molten salt composition is an important factor; therefore, periodic analysis through sampling is necessary for monitoring compositional changes. Although manual sampling is typically used, it is time-consuming and can introduce errors due to low reproducibility. To address this issue, we have developed an automatic molten salt sampling device using the cold-finger method. This method involves immersing the tip of a tungsten rod in hightemperature LiCl-KCl, removing it after a few seconds, and allowing the adhered molten salt to solidify instantly. A collector then scratches and drops the solidified sample. These processes are carried out automatically using servo motors, enabling the sampling device to move around the molten salt system. We have optimized the sampling conditions, such as insertion and withdrawal rate, immersion time, and the interval between continuous sampling, based on the molten salt temperature. The temperature was set between 500°C and 850°C, considering the operating temperatures of the applications. In addition to sampling speed, the sampling depth is a key condition for determining the sampling mass. Therefore, we examined the amount of sample depending on the sampling depth and, particularly, considered the change in salt height when sampling is performed continuously. As a result, we determined the number of sampling iterations required to reach the target sample mass. Furthermore, to minimize the initial salt loss, we noted that sampling from the salt surface resulted in less representative samples. To determine the reliability, we compared the results of surface sampling with those obtained when sampling at the middle of the salt. This study will enable highly reproducible and reliable sampling by providing a prototype for an automatic sampling device for molten salt along with guidelines.