Serine proteases and serine protease homologs are involved in the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system leadingto melanization.The Bombyx mori serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization. Here, we show the dualrole of BmSPH-1 in the development and immunity of B. mori. BmSPH-1 was expressed in hemocytes after molting andduring the larval-pupal transformation in normal development. In contrast, following infection, BmSPH-1 was expressed inhemocytes and activated in the hemolymph, which resulted in the induction of PO activity. Moreover, BmSPH-1 was activatedin the cuticle during the larval-pupal transformation and early pupal stages. In BmSPH-1 RNAi-treated silkworms, the reducedBmSPH-1 mRNA levels during the spinning stage or the prepupal stage resulted in the arrest of pupation or pupal cuticularmelanization, respectively. The binding assays revealed that BmSPH-1 interacts with B. mori immulectin, proPO, andproPO-activating enzyme. Our findings demonstrate that BmSPH-1 is responsible for the larval-pupal transformation, pupalcuticular melanization and innate immunity of silkworms, illustrating the dual role of BmSPH-1 in development and immunity.

Nitiric oxide (NO) and eicosanoids function as crucial immune mediators in insects. This study focuses on cross-talkbetween two immune mediators in term of humoral immune response in Spodoptera exigua. Up-regulation of eight differentanti-microbial peptides (AMP) was observed against bacterial challenge. In contrast, injection of E. coli along with L-NAMEsignificantly down regulation the AMP production whereas D-NAME was not effective. The injection of E. coli withdexamethasone or SNAP also decreased AMP production whereas arachidonic acid (AA) compensated the dexamethasoneeffects. RNA inerferece against SeNOS showed the down-regulation of defensin mRNA level, whereas dsNOS injectionswith AA reversed the gene regulation.

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in α-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

This study analyzed the effect on weight and average daily gain, carcass grade, and blood characteristics and immunity in case of dietary addition of pegmatite to Hanwoo steers. Relative to Hanwoo steers, initial body weight was 257.3±11.74 kg (8-months old after birth). Forty-eight Hanwoo steers were fed for 24 months using random arrangement (4 treatment plots×4 heads×3 repeat). The treatment plot (498.75~500.82 kg) had higher weight during the early fattening stage compared with that of the control plot (474.37 kg) (p<0.05). Regarding total cholesterol of the blood, the value was similar to one during initiation of testing, but the value increased gradually based on the progress of fattening. In addition, the triglyceride was considerably low in T2~T3 plots with high addition of pegmatite during the late fattening stage compared with other treatment plots (p<0.05). This study revealed a tendency in the IgG content that represented immunity as the addition of pegmatite became higher (p>0.05). This study found that the treatment plot (441.55~452.10 kg) had higher carcass weight compared with the control plot (436.30 kg). However, this study revealed that the treatment plot (2.30~2.55 points) had higher carcass quantity grade compared with the control plot (2.11 points). This study found that the control plot (3.55 points) had higher carcass quality grade compared with the treatment plot (2.67~3.09 points) (p>0.05). With studies combined, it was determined that dietary addition of pegmatite to the feed as clay minerals in fattening Hanwoo steers would improve feed intake, body weight gain and carcass quantity grade.

President Park geun hye recently mentioned "we need to find masters of our traditional culture such as music, dance, art & design and technician for ONDOL as the Korean heating system to develop for our future growth". The government moreover announced the plan proceeds global business by ONDOL system and natural constructing techniques but there aren't specified procedures brought yet. International society of Hanok as a group which is deeply involved in promoting Korean traditional heating system "Ondo!", should now be the most influential group in globalization.

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities, being widely consumed in the world. Various beneficial health effects of coffee have been extensively investigated, but data on habitual coffee consumption and its bio-physiological effect have not been clearly explained as well as it is not proved the cause and effect between drinking coffee and its bio-physiological reactions. We made the dialyzed coffee extract (DCE), which is absorbable through gastrointestinal tract, in order to elucidate the cellular effect of whole small coffee molecules. RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage lineage, were directly treated with DCE, i.e., DCE-2.5 (equivalent to 2.5 cups of coffee a day), DCE-5, and DCE-10, for 12 hours, and their protein extracts were examined by immunoprecipitation high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). RAW 264.7 cells differently expressed the inflammation-related proteins depending on the doses of DCE. RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed marked increase of cathepsin C, cathepsin G, CD20, CD28, CD31, CD68, indicating the activation of innate immunity. Particularly, the macrophage biomarkers, cathepsin G, cathepsin C, CD31, and CD68 were markedly increased after DCE-5 and DCE-10 treatments, and the lymphocyte biomarkers, CD20 and CD28 were consistently increased and became marked after DCE-10 treatment. On the other hand, RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed consistent increase of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor, but gradual decreases of different pro-inflammatory proteins including TNFα, COX-2, lysozyme, MMP-2, and MMP-3. In particular, the cellular signaling of inflammation was gradually mitigated by the reduction of TNFα, COX-2, IL-12, and M-CSF, and also the matrix inflammatory reaction was reduced by marked deceases of MMP-2, MMP-3, and lysozyme. These anti-inflammatory expressions were consistently found until DCE-10 treatment. Therefore, it is presumed that DCE may have dynamic effects of innate immunity activation and pro-inflammation suppression on RAW264.7 cells simultaneously. These effects were consistently found in the highest dose of coffee, DCE-10 (equivalent to 10 cups of coffee a day in man), that might imply the small coffee molecules were accumulated in RAW 264.7 cells after DCE-10 treatment and produce synergistic cytokine effects for innate immunity activation and anti-inflammatory reaction concurrently.

Insect immulectins are involved in various aspects of the innate immunity, including encapsulation, melanization, and phagocytosis. Although the silkworm Bombyx mori immulectin (BmIML) has been reported previously, the ligand and functions of BmIML have not been investigated. Here, we show the dual roles of BmIML in cuticular melanization and immunity of B. mori. BmIML recognizes carbohydrates in a Ca2+-dependent manner and binds to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and yeast. BmIML was expressed in the fat body during infections and localized to the hemocytes of silkworms. Additionally, BmIML was expressed in the epidermis during the prepupal stage and localized to the cuticle of silkworms. After treatment with E. coli, dopa, dopamine, or tyrosine injections, BmIML production was induced in the fat body but not in the epidermis of silkworms. Treatment with BmIML RNAi resulted in the arrest of pupal cuticular melanization. Therefore, we concluded that BmIML is involved in pupal cuticular melanization and innate immunity responses of silkworms, suggesting dual roles for BmIML.

In insects, serine proteases are involved in a variety of physiological processes including digestion, development, and immunity. Bombyx mori serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization and is recruited into nodules from the hemolymph by B. mori lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Here, we show the dual role of BmSPH-1 in development and immunity of B. mori. BmSPH-1 was expressed in the hemocytes during larval-pupal transformation and localized to the cuticle of silkworms, which indicates that BmSPH-1 is secreted from hemocytes and then transported to the cuticle via the hemolymph. BmSPH-1 was proteolytically activated in the cuticle during larval-pupal transformation and the early pupal stage. BmSPH-1 RNAi resulted in the arrest of larval-pupal transformation and pupal cuticular melanization. Furthermore, the expression of BmSPH-1 was up-regulated in the hemocytes during infection. Taken together, we found that BmSPH-1 is involved in larval-pupal transformation and pupal cuticular melanization as well as the innate immunity of silkworms, which indicates that BmSPH-1 is responsible for either development or immunity.

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments⨯4 heads⨯3 repeats). Their start weights were 361.2±14.39 kg to 380.5±27.33 kg; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity

헌법 제84조는 대통령은 내란 또는 외환의 죄를 범한 경우를 제외하 고는 재직 중 형사상의 소추를 받지 아니한다. 고 규정함으로써 대통령에 게 형사상 특권을 부여하고 있다. 따라서 대통령은 내란 또는 외환의 죄 를 제외한 나머지 범죄에 대하여 재직 중 형사상의 소추를 받지 아니하 며 대통령 임기 동안 공소시효진행은 정지된다. 만약 검사가 대통령을 기소하는 경우 법원은 재판권의 부존재를 이유로 형사소송법 제327조 제1호에 따라 판결로써 공소기각의 선고를 하여야 한다. 현직 대통령에 대하여 수사기관이 수사를 할 수 있는가와 관련하여 헌법 제84조의 규정 취지 및 대통령의 지위와 원활한 직무수행 등을 고려할 때 강제수사는 할 수 없으나 당사자의 동의나 승낙을 받아서 행하는 임의수사는 가능하 다고 해석하는 것이 타당하다. 대통령에 대한 수사가 가능하다고 할 때 수사의 주체는 검찰청법상의 검사가 아닌 특별검사가 되는 것이 바람직 하다. 대통령에 대한 수사는 수사의 독립성을 유지하고 정치적 중립성 논란을 잠재울 필요성이 특히 요청되기 때문이다. 정치적 논란을 예방하 고 특별검사의 수사에 대하여 신뢰를 부여하기 위해서 특별검사의 추천 과 관련하여서는 대법원장이 특별검사를 추천하는 방식이 상대적으로 바 람직하다고 하겠다.

Absolute immunity means that a State cannot exercise legislative, judicial or executive powers over another State due to the mere fact that the latter is sovereign. Today, it is rejected by a considerable number of States which represent various legal systems. States argue that private acts of a State performed jure gestionis, apart from the conducts performed jure impreii, are justiciable. It can be asserted that the current State practice embracing the restrictive approach is the direction in which international law has been evolving. That said, States’ interests which led to the adoption of State immunity still continue to induce legislative bodies and courts to be cautious in formulating a broad exception to immunity for employment contracts, causing them to refocus on the question of whether the employment relationship is destined for governmental, public, or sovereign purposes.

최근에 법무부와 검찰은 사법협조자 형벌감면제도 플리바게닝 , 사 법방해죄 (즉, 참고인의 허위진술죄), 중요참고인 출석의무제(즉, 참고인 강제구인죄) , 영상녹화물의 증거능력 인정 등과 함께 도입을 추진하였 다. 하지만 플리바게닝, 사법방해죄, 중요참고인 출석의무제 모두 수사의 편의성, 공판중심주의를 형해화한다는 비판에 직면해 그것의 도입추진이 중단되었다. 이 글에서는 사법협조자 형벌감면제도의 도입과정을 비롯해 그것의 도 입 찬성 논거와 도입 반대 논거가 무엇인지, 그리고 그 논거들이 논거로 서 설득력을 갖는지 여부 그리고 형법 및 형사소송법 개정법률안의 사법 협조자 소추면제 및 형벌감면제도를 검토하였다. 이 사법협조자 형벌감 면제도는 우리 국민들의 법감정은 물론이고 형사사법의 기본원칙과도 조 화되지 않는다. 가령 사법협조자 형벌감면제도의 도입에 대해 긍정적 입 장을 취하는 부류의 절대 다수가 그것의 도입으로 실질적 혜택을 받는 검사와 법무부인데 반해, 부정적 입장을 취하는 부류의 절대 다수가 사 법협조자 형벌감면제도의 도입에 대해 중립적 입장에 있는 학자들과 그 밖에 사회단체와 법원이라는 것이 그것이다. 또한 사법협조자 형벌감면 제도는 수사의 편의성 을 추구하고 공판중심주의를 형해화한다 는 지적 을 받고 있다. 여기에다 사법협조자 형벌감면제도의 도입 찬성 논거 가 운데 어느 하나 제대로 논거 지워지는 것이 없다. 가령 사법협조자 형벌 감면제도는 형사소송법의 기본원칙인 검사의 거증책임원칙을 침해한다는 것이 그것이다. 그밖에도 사법협조자 형벌감면제도가 구조적 범죄․조직범 죄․부패범죄의 척결을 위해 필요하다 는 것, 형사법의 운영에 있어 경제 성과 효율성을 추구할 필요가 있다 는 것, 수사의 객관적 신뢰확보에 기 여한다 는 것, 수사환경 변화에 대응하기 위해 사법협조자 형벌감면제도 가 필요하다 는 것, 과학수사의 한계를 보완하기 위해 사법협조자 형벌감 면제도가 필요하다 는 것을 포함해, 도입찬성논거를 비판한 논거, 즉 사 법협조자 형벌감면제도가 자기부죄금지의 특권을 침해한다 는 것, 사법 협조자의 진술의 임의성이 의심된다 는 것, 사법협조자 형벌감면제도가 오․남용될 가능성이 있다 는 것, 사법협조자 형벌감면제도가 실체적 진실 주의에 위배될 수 있다 는 것, 사법협조자 형벌감면제도가 국민의 법감정 상 도입하기 어렵다 는 것, 기소편의주의로 검사는 자의적 면책권을 행사할 수 있다 는 것 가운데 어느 하나 제대로 논증되는 것이 없다. 더욱이 미국이라는 사회적 토양위에서 자연발생적으로 형성된 미국의 공범증인 면책제도가 아무리 미국에서 성공적이라고 하더라도 우리의 사회와 법 현실에 부합하지 않으면 그것의 도입은 - 하나의 법과 제도는 한 사회 의 시대적․장소적 특성을 반영하는 속성을 가지고 있다는 점에서 - 적절 하지 않다. 만약 사법협조자 형벌감면제도가 도입된다면 공판중심주의나 검사의 거증책임원칙 등이 투영된 우리나라 형사사법의 구조와 우리 국 민의 법인식과 충돌할 수 있기 때문이다.

Insect immunity is innate and consists of cellular and humoral immune responses. Cellular immune response usually requires hemocyte-spreading behavior, which is accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangement. A glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), catalyzes an oxidation reaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate in the cytosol. Another function of GAPDH in mammalian cell is to bind C-terminal α-tubulin to facilitate cytoskeletal arrangement. An immunoprecipitation (IP) of viral protein, CpBV-CrV1, against hemocyte protein lysate revealed that CpBV-CrV1 binds to GAPDH, identified by MALDI-TOF analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) of GAPDH significantly suppressed cellular immune response, but neither RNAi of hexokinase nor aldolase suppressed the cellular immune response. A common molecular motif of CpBV-CrV1 and a-tubulin at C-terminal region supported the IP analysis. To test the role of α-tubulin motif in CpBV-CrV1, point mutations of CpBV-CrV1 were applied and resulted in loss of the biological activity of CpBV-CrV1. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay indicates CpBV-CrV1 colocalized with a-tubulin in hemocytes collected from Plutella xylostella parasitized by Cotesia plutellae possessing C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). This result suggests that GAPDH plays a critical role in hemocyte-spreading behavior during immune challenge, and it is a molecular target of the pathogenic virus.

Insect cuticular melanization is regulated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system, which is a component of innate immunity. However, the differentiation between cuticular melanization and innate immunity is not well defined. Here, we demonstrate that the proPO-activating system regulates cuticular melanization in the silkworm pupae using a different mechanism. Our results indicate that the differential and spatial regulation of key components, such as the proPO-activating factor, tyrosine hydroxylase, proPOs, and immulectin, primes the proPO-activating system for either cuticular melanization or innate immunity. This dual strategy for cuticular melanization in development and innate immunity upon infection demonstrates a two-pronged defense mechanism mediated by the priming of the proPO system.

The Riptortus (stinkbug) has a specialized symbiotic organ, M4 midgut, to harboring symbiont Burkholderia. M4 midgut is located in abdomen and surrounded with insect hemolymph. Recently our group demonstrated that symbiotic Burkholderia showed different physiology after adapting in M4 gut compare with in vitro cultured Burkholderia. And population of symbiotic Burkholderia in the M4 midgut is regulated by special organ. However, the molecular mechanism to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont bacteria to other host tissues from symbiotic organ is not clear. Therefore, we assumed that symbiont Burkholderia are susceptible to host humoral immunity after established infection in M4 midgut to prevent spreading and migrating into the other host tissues through Riptortus hemolymph. To prove this assuming, we tested the susceptibility and survival rate of symbiont Burkholderia in hemolymph of Riptortus in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the susceptibility of symbiont Burkholderia using purified antimicrobial peptides (AMP), pyrrhocoricin-like, thanatin-like and defensin-like AMPs. Finally, we tested inducing ability for AMPs by systemic infection of symbiotic Burkholderia. Gene expression of purified AMPs was not different after systemic infection of both symbiont and in vitro cultured Burkholderia. Surprisingly, in vitro cultured Burkholderia resisted on bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMPs but symbiont Burkholderia were highly susceptible in bacteria injected hemolymph and purified AMP. These results suggest that symbiont Burkholderia can't survive in the hemolymph after escaping symbiotic organ. Moreover, humoral immunity of host Riptortus is important to prevent spreading and migrating symbiont Burkholderia into the other host tissue or organ from symbiotic organ.

Insects have a highly efficient innate immunity consisting of cellular and humoral responses. Upon microbial pathogen infection, pattern recognition receptors specifically recognize pathogen types and trigger the programmed immune responses via immune mediators, such as cytokine, biogenic monoamines, and eicosanoids. In addition to these canonical immune mediators, two insect developmental hormones of juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) also modulate immune responses. JH suppresses a cellular immune response, while 20E antagonizes the JH action. In Tribolium castaneum, JH mediates cellular immune responses via non-nuclear receptor(s). When Met (the JH nuclear receptor) expression was silenced by its specific double-stranded RNA, T. castaneum underwent precocious metamorphosis. Under these RNA interference (RNAi) conditions, JH still mediates the cellular immune responses. The addition of calphostin C (a PKC inhibitor) or ouabain (a Na + -K + ATPase inhibitor) significantly suppressed the JH mediation on the cellular immune responses, suggesting the presence of a novel JH receptor(s) at nonnuclear regions. Eicosanoids are a group of oxygenated C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They mediate various insect physiological processes including reproduction, excretion, and immunity. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a main precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes AA release from phospholipids. Subsequent oxygenases of cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) transform AA to prostaglandins (PGs) or leukotrienes (LTs). In a model insect, Spodoptera exigua, both PGs and LTs mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition to the physiological significance of the secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), a recent genome analysis identified a novel cellular PLA2 (cPLA2) in S. exigua, which mediates the immune responses. Especially, eicosanoids mediate prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation by stimulating release of PPO from oenocytoid hemocytes. A G protein-coupled receptor is identified in oenocytoids and highly specific to PGE2. Subsequent calcium and PKC pathways mediate PG signal to activate a specific ion channel, Na + -K + -Cl - -cotransporter (NKCC), which generates an osmotic shock to induce cell lysis of oenocytoids to release internal PPO. The released PPO would be activated by a cascade of serine proteases and involved in various immune responses. Eicosanoids also mediate antimicrobial peptide gene expression in response to the bacterial infection. Lack of eicosanid biosynthesis results in a significant immunosuppression. This kind of immunosuppression is exploited by an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, to proliferate in the infected larvae without adverse attack to the bacteria by host immune defense. Eight PLA2 inhibitors have been chemically identified and used to develop novel biopesticides. Even though several chemical analyses using various insect systems indicate PG and LT eicosanoids, COX and LOX genes are not identified. Furthermore, little information is available in PG receptors in insects. Thus, signal transduction of eicosanoids in insects remains unresolved. Eicosanoid biosynthesis and signal transduction need to be explored to understand the significant roles of eicosanoids in insect physiological processes.