우리나라에서는 연간 250건 이상의 해양 기름유출사고가 발생하고 있으며, 이는 지역 사회 및 환경에 큰 영향을 미친다. 국제 협약 및 국내법에서는 오염자부담의 원칙을 바탕으로 기름유출에 대한 피해 배상을 유출 당사자에게 책임지도록 하고 있으며, 민·형사적 책임 규명을 위해 유출 행위자에 대한 적극적인 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 기름 유출사고의 행위자 조사의 중요성 확대에 따라서 CEN 15522-2, ASTM D 3248 등의 표준을 이용해 기름 시료 간의 유사성 판정을 하고 있다. 이 중 가장 활발히 활용되고 있는 유럽표준인 CEN 15522-2가 2023년 EN 15522-2로 3차 개정되었다. 본 연구는 EN 15522-2를 이용하여 국내 발생한 해양 기름유출사고 시료를 분석하고, 적용 성에 대하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 경질유 유출사고가 40% 이상을 차지하는 국내 유출사고의 특징을 비춰볼 때 Adamamtanes와 같은 저비 점의 물질이 추가된 EN 15522-2의 적용은 효용성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

Working during decommissioning of nuclear facilities can subject workers to a number of industrial health and safety risks. Such facilities can contain hazardous processes and materials such as hot steam, harsh chemicals, electricity, pressurized fluids and mechanical hazards. Workers can be exposed to these and other hazards during normal duties (including slips, trips and falls, driving accidents and drowning). Industrial safety accidents, along with their direct impacts on the individuals involved, can negatively affect the image of nuclear facilities and their general acceptance by the public. Industrial safety is the condition of being protected from physical danger as a result of workplace conditions. Industrial safety program in a nuclear context are the policies and protections put in place to ensure nuclear facility workers are protected from hazards that could cause injury or illness. Preventive actions are those that detect, preclude or mitigate the degradation of a situation. They can be conducted regularly or periodically, one time in a planned manner, or in a predictive manner based on an observed condition. Corrective actions are those that restore a failed or degraded condition to its desired state based on observation of the failure or degradation. In industrial safety, the situations or conditions of interest are those observed via the performance monitoring, investigations, audits and management reviews. Preventive and corrective actions are those designed to place or return the system to its desired state. Preventive actions where possible are preferred as they eliminate the adverse condition prior to it occurring. When an accident or incident occurs, the primary focus is on obtaining appropriate treatment for injured people and securing the scene to prevent additional hazards or injuries. Once the injured personnel have been cared for and the scene has been secured, it is necessary to initiate a formal investigation to determine the extent of the damage, causal factors and corrective actions to be implemented. Certain tools may be needed to investigate such incidents and accidents. Initial identification of evidence immediately following the incident includes a list of people, equipment and materials involved and a recording of environmental factors such as weather, illumination, temperature, noise, ventilation and physical factors such as fatigue and age of the workers. The five Ws (what, who, when, where and why) are useful to remember in investigation of incidents and accidents.

Despite of careful planning of decommissioning projects, there are often surprises when facilities are opened for dismantling purposes, or when material is removed from hot cells, etc. Unexpected incidents and findings during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities have been referred to in the past as unknowns. However, many of the problems encountered during implementation of decommissioning are well known, it is simply that they were not expected to arise. In some other cases, the problem may not have been encountered in the decommissioning team’s experience, forcing the development of new techniques, tools and procedures to address the unexpected problem, with the attendant delays and cost overruns that this often involves. Unknowns in decommissioning cannot be eliminated, regardless of the efforts applied. This is especially the case in old facilities where documentation may have been lost or where modifications were carried out without updates to reports. As a result, when planning for decommissioning, it is prudent to assume that such problems will occur, and ensure that arrangements are in place to deal with them when they arise. This approach will not only improve the efficiency of the decommissioning project, but will also improve the safety of the operations. One of the most common root causes of unexpected events in decommissioning is the lack of detailed design information or missing records of modifications, maintenance issues and incidents during operation. It is therefore necessary to check the completeness of design information in existing plants and to ensure that configuration management techniques are applied at all stages of the lifetime of a plant. In the case of a new plant, archiving samples of materials can be a valuable source of information to support decommissioning planning. During the lifetime of plants, it is likely that modifications will be carried out involving the construction of new buildings. The opportunity should be taken in these circumstances to consider the layout, the physical size and other attributes of the plant to ensure that they do not make decommissioning of existing facilities more difficult and also to optimize the potential for reuse in support of the decommissioning of the whole site, later in the life of the facility. Characterization of all aspects of a plant is essential to reduce the number of unknowns and the likelihood of unexpected events. This characterization should be extensive, but there is a limit to the level of detail that should be sought as the cost versus benefit gain may reduce. Reducing unknowns by retrospectively obtaining physical data associated with a facility is a useful means of characterization, and there are many tools in existence that can be used to carry this out accurately and effectively. Regardless of the efforts that are employed in decommissioning planning, unexpected events should be anticipated and contingency plans prepared. Although the details of the event itself may not be anticipated, its impact may affect safety and environmental discharge, and may or may not involve radiological impacts. Regardless of more serious impacts, unexpected events are likely to result in modifications to the decommissioning plan, incur delays and cost money. Finally, regardless of the status of a facility, whether at the concept stage or at the decommissioning stage of its life cycle, it is never too early to begin thinking and planning for decommissioning.

이 연구는 교도관들이 직무수행 중 경험하는 교정사고와 폭력피해의 유형과 규모를 측정하고, 교정사고와 폭력피해의 경험이 교도관들의 직무스트레스와 직무만족도에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하는 목적으로 진행하였다. 4개 지방교정청 산하의 15개 교정시설을 선정한 후 총 385명의 교도관을 대상으로 그들의 각종 교정사고 경험에 대한 데이터를 수집하였으며 더불어서 직무스트레스 와 직무만족도를 측정하였다. 먼저 12개의 교정사고 유형별로 경험빈도를 측정하였는데, 빈도와 비율이 가장 높 은 것부터 5개를 순서대로 나열해 보면, 수용자 간 언어적 폭력, 수용자 간 정서적 폭력, 교도관에 대한 수용자의 언어적 폭력, 교도관에 대한 수용자의 정서적 폭력, 수 용자들의 소란과 난동의 순이었다. 교도관에 대한 수용자의 신체적 폭력은 수용자들 의 자해와 비슷한 빈도와 비율을 보였으며(60% 내외), 교도관의 직접 경험담을 통해알아 본 교도관의 폭력피해의 구체적 사례를 감안하면 교도관을 향한 수용자들의 폭 력의 심각성이 상당히 크다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 교정사고 경험과 수용자로 부터의 폭력피해가 교도관의 직무스트레스와 직무만족도 에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석결과, 선행연구들의 결과와 일치하는 경향을 보였다. 다시 말해, 수용자들이 교정시설 안에서 일으키는 각종사고와 교도관에 대한 폭력은 교도 관들의 직무스트레스에 부정적인 영향을 준다는 것이 입증되었다. 특히 교도관들의 폭력피해가 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향이 상대적으로 크다는 것도 알 수 있었다. 교정사고 경험과 폭력피해가 직무만족도에 미치는 과정에서 직무스트레스의 효과 여부를 확인하기 위해 시행한 분석에서 직무스트레스는 교정사고 경험과 폭력피해 경 험이 직무만족도에 미치는 영향을 매개한다는 것도 경험적으로 지지되었다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 교도소의 안전을 달성하고, 교도관들의 직무 위험을 낮추 며, 폭력피해의 트라우마를 회복하도록 도와주기 위해서는 교도소의 각종 폭력에 대 한 보다 본격적인 연구와 연구결과에 기반한 근거기반 정책의 수립과 집행이 필요하 다는 것을 제언하였다.

As drone technology and industry develop around the world, the use of drones are increasing in number and expanding to different fields. On the other hand, illegal flight and terrorist incidents using drones are also increasing day by day. In Korea, it is reflected in the “Design Basis Threat (DBT)”, which is the standard for designing and evaluating the physical protection system of nuclear power plants in accordance with the “Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency”, that nuclear power plants continue to establish physical protection against drone threats. A total of 141 drone attacks or incidents have occurred around the world since 2015. Cases related to the Russian-Ukraine war, in which so many cases occurred, were excluded. There were 112 cases (79%) of terrorism or suspected terrorism using a single drone. There were 4 cases of terrorism using more than 5 drones, and a total of 20 drones were used to attack an oil facility in Yemen (2019). By region, a total of 111 incidents occurred in Middle East & North Africa. By country, there were 49 cases in Iraq, 35 cases in Saudi Arabia, and 8 cases in Syria. Among major countries, three cases occured in Korea, five in the United States, two in England, Canada, and Italy, and one in Japan and France. Since 2021, there have been 15 drone attacks. Multiple drones were used in attacks targeting military or large-scale Important National Facilities such as the Saudi oil refinery, Indian Kashmir air base, and reconnaissance of Iranian Natanz nuclear and surrounding military facilities. Also in 89% of the cases, the drones were loaded with explosives in order to cause large-scale damage. Accordingly, nuclear power plants, which are important national facilities, need to establish a system that can detect and respond to multiple drones. Furthermore, additional protective measures are needed for areas that are expected to be severely damaged which can be established by evaluating the impact of explosives on major points in the plant. In additionthere is a high possibility of terrorism by organizations aiming for national turmoil rather than individual terrorists. So it is important to identify signs of terrorism in advance and prepare through cooperation with related agencies.

본 연구에서는 석유화학제품 산적운송선(화학유조선)에 의한 해상운송 과정에서 발생한 위험․유해물질(HNS) 관련 해상화학사 고에 대하여 국내 및 국외의 주요 사례를 조사․분석함으로써 얻은 교훈을 소개하고, 이러한 교훈을 바탕으로 국내 해상HNS 교육과정 개 선방안을 제시하였다. 6건의 사고사례를 통하여 얻은 교훈을 1) 사고관련정보, 2) 안전, 3) 오염, 4) 대응, 5) 구난, 6) 기타와 같은 6개 분야로 분류하였다. 각 분야의 세부항목별로 요약된 교훈을 바탕으로 해양환경교육원(MERTI) 유해액체물질운반선 해양오염방지관리인 교육과정을 현행 8개 교과목(16시간)의 2일간 교육을 16개 교과목(24시간)의 3일간 교육으로 개선하는 방안을 제시하였으며, 또한 해양경찰교육원 (KCGA) 전문교육 해양화학사고대응 과정을 현행 15개 교과목(35시간)의 5일간 교육을 32개 교과목(48시간)의 6일간 교육으로 개선하는 방안을 제시하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 해상화학사고 대응에 관한 경험과 교훈을 서로 공유하는 데에 기여하고, 해상HNS사고에 대비한 대응 인력 교육․훈련과정 개선의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' experiences on patient safety incidents in special departments. Methods: Data were collected from June 1 to July 31, 2019 through in-depth interviews with 8 nurses who worked in tertiary hospitals. Data were analyzed using Braun & Clarke's thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes and fourteen sub-themes emerged. Four themes are as follows: ‘Incidents occurred by missing confirmation in the operating room’, ‘Unexpected incidents in ICU’, ‘Incidents related to difficult intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients’, ‘Nurses are near to patient safety’. Conclusion: The findings provided valuable information on the hospital nurses' experiences on patient safety incidents in special departments, which may have serious consequences and have not been easily addressed. Programs to sustain patient safety and nursing systems to guard against these incidents should be developed.

This paper presents a review of the research literature on overweight and obesity problem by incorporating medical, economic and marketing research perspectives to shed lights on the growing problem across all ages and socioeconomic strata. We draw upon multidisciplinary research literature to gain a better understanding of the major causes as well as proposed remedies. Some are more likely to be more successful in addressing the difficult problem. Our conclusion is that as the issues are quite complex, no one single solution will work. It probably will require all stakeholders to be involved in order to come up with a reasonable solution to address this difficult problem. More researches need to be conducted, especially research involving cross country comparison to provide greater insights since this problem has become a global problem and not just confined to the developed economies in the West.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of patient safety incidents. Methods: Data were collected from June 1 to August 31, 2019 through in-depth interviews with 10 nurses who worked in tertiary hospitals. Data were analyzed using Braun & Clarke’s thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes and eighteen sub-themes emerged as follows. ‘Falls resulted in fatal consequences, the importance of precaution education’, ‘Errors occurred due to incompliance to verification protocol’, ‘Responsibility for catching other people's errors’, ‘Hospital environment from the viewpoint of patient safety’. Conclusion: The findings provided valuable information on the nurses’ experiences of patient safety incidents, which may have serious consequences and are not easily addressed. Programs to prevent patient safety incidents and systems to guard against these incidents should be established. Organizational safety culture also needs to be improved.